Download or read book Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act Of 1977 written by United States Accounting Office (GAO) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
Download or read book Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by United States. General Accounting Office. Office of the Chief Economist and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA; P.L. 95-128, 12 U.S.C. §§ 2901-2908) addresses how banking institutions meet credit needs in low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The federal banking regulatory agencies—the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)—currently implement the CRA. The regulators conduct examinations to evaluate how banks are fulfilling the objectives of the CRA and issue performance ratings. Having a satisfactory or better CRA rating is desirable when banks request to merge with other banking institutions. The CRA, which was enacted in 1977, was subsequently revised in 1989 to require public disclosure of bank CRA ratings and for the CRA examination to have a four-tiered system of descriptive performance levels (i.e., Outstanding, Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Noncompliance). In 1995, the CRA examination was customized to account for differences in bank sizes and business models. In 2005, the bank size definitions were revised and indexed to the Consumer Price Index. The definition of community development was also modified to expand CRA opportunities for public welfare investments. In addition, the CRA has evolved to include consumer and business lending, community investments, and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities. Congressional concerns regarding the CRA stem from various perceptions of its effectiveness. Some contend that the CRA creates incentives for banks to make loans to unqualified borrowers likely to have repayment problems, which can translate into losses for lenders. Others are concerned that the CRA is not generating sufficient incentives to increase credit availability to qualified LMI borrowers, which may impede economic recovery for some following the 2007- 2009 recession. This report informs the congressional debate concerning the CRA's effectiveness in incentivizing bank lending and investment activity to LMI borrowers. After a discussion of the CRA's origins, it presents the CRA's examination process and bank activities that are eligible for consideration of CRA credits. Next, it discusses the difficulty of determining the CRA's influence on bank behavior. For example, it could be argued that, by encouraging lending in LMI neighborhoods, the CRA may also encourage the issuance of higher-risk loans. Regulators, however, generally do not award CRA credits for payday and most subprime (nontraditional mortgage) loans, even if these loans originated in LMI areas. This regulatory practice suggests the CRA has little or no influence on higher-risk lending. In addition, banks face a variety of financial incentives (e.g., capital requirements, the current interest rate environment, consumer credit demand, and consumer credit history) that influence how much (or how little) they lend to LMI borrowers. Because financial and CRA incentives concurrently exist, it is difficult to separate how much influence should be attributed solely to the CRA. Furthermore, compliance with CRA does not require adherence to lending quotas or benchmarks. In the absence of benchmarks, determining the extent to which CRA incentives have influenced LMI credit availability relative to other factors is not straightforward.
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by Roland E. Brandel and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by Susan Elizabeth Jaster and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book GAO Documents written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalog of reports, decisions and opinions, testimonies and speeches.
Download or read book Preliminary Inquiry Into Allegations Regarding Senators Cranston DeConcini Glenn McCain and Riegle and Lincoln Savings and Loan written by United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Ethics and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Access and Availability of Credit to the Poor in Developing Countries and the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reports Issued in written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by William T. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fair Housing Planning Guide written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions written by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.
Download or read book Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Low income Homeownership written by Nicolas Paul Retsinas and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers the observations of housing experts on low-income homeownership and its effects on households and communities.
Download or read book Investing in what Works for America s Communities written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "'Investing in What Works for America's Communities' is a new book that calls on leaders from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to build on what we know is working to move the needle on poverty. The book's impressive list of authors represents a broad range of sectors including federal agencies, philanthropy, housing academia, health, and the private sector. This collection of essays provides dozens of innovative ideas that can bring new opportunities to America's struggling communities. It calls on leaders, from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to recognize that they can work smarter and achieve more by working together."--Book website.
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by Walter W. Eubanks and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report begins with a brief outline of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA) statute and the regulations. It also assesses the costs and the benefits of the 1977 act. The report then turns to regulatory agencies’ recent CRA compliance rules. The two last sections of the report briefly summarize the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Modernization Act of 2007 and conclude with some implications.
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
