Download or read book Development of a Unified Land Model with Multi criteria Observational Data for the Simulation of Regional Hydrology and Land atmosphere Interaction written by Ben Livneh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unified land model (ULM) is described that combines the surface flux parameterizations in the Noah land surface model (used in most of NOAA's coupled weather and climate models) with the Sacramento soil moisture accounting model (Sac; used for hydrologic prediction within the National Weather Service). The major motivation was to develop a model that has a history of strong hydrologic performance, while having the ability to be used as the land surface parameterization in coupled land-atmosphere models. Initial comparisons were made with observed surface fluxes and soil moisture wherein ULM performed well compared with its parent models (Noah, Sac) with a notably improved representation of the soil drying cycle. Parameter tuning was ultimately needed to capture streamflow dynamics, leading to a parameter estimation framework that utilized multiple independent data sets over the continental United States. These included a satellite-based evapotranspiration (ET) product based on MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Geostationary Operation Environmental Satellites (GOES) imagery, an atmospheric-water balance based ET estimate that uses North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric fields, terrestrial water storage content (TWSC) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and streamflow (Q) primarily from United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges. At large scales (e"105 km2) calibrations using Q as an objective function resulted in the best overall multi-criteria performance. At small scales (

Download or read book Land Surface Observation Modeling and Data Assimilation written by Shunlin Liang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is unique in its ambitious and comprehensive coverage of earth system land surface characterization, from observation and modeling to data assimilation, including recent developments in theory and techniques, and novel application cases. The contributing authors are active research scientists, and many of them are internationally known leading experts in their areas, ensuring that the text is authoritative.This book comprises four parts that are logically connected from data, modeling, data assimilation integrating data and models to applications. Land data assimilation is the key focus of the book, which encompasses both theoretical and applied aspects with various novel methodologies and applications to the water cycle, carbon cycle, crop monitoring, and yield estimation.Readers can benefit from a state-of-the-art presentation of the latest tools and their usage for understanding earth system processes. Discussions in the book present and stimulate new challenges and questions facing today''s earth science and modeling communities.

Download or read book Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling written by E.F. Wood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.

Download or read book Hyper Resolution Global Land Surface Model at Regional to Local Scales with Observed Groundwater Data Assimilation written by Raj Shekhar Singh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modeling groundwater is challenging: it is not readily visible and is difficult to measure, with limited sets of observations available. Even though groundwater models can reproduce water table and head variations, considerable drift in modeled land surface states can nonetheless result from partially known geologic structure, errors in the input forcing fields, and imperfect Land Surface Model (LSM) parameterizations. These models frequently have biased results that are very different from observations. While many hydrologic groups are grappling with developing better models to resolve these issues, it is also possible to make models more robust through data assimilation of observation groundwater data. The goal of this project is to develop a methodology for high-resolution land surface model runs over large spatial region and improve hydrologic modeling through observation data assimilation, and then to apply this methodology to improve groundwater monitoring and banking. The high-resolution LSM modeling in this dissertation shows that model physics performs well at these resolutions and actually leads to better modeling of water/energy budget terms. The overarching goal of assimilation methodology is to resolve the critical issue of how to improve groundwater modeling in LSMs that lack sub-surface parameterizations and also run them on global scales. To achieve this, the research in this dissertation has been divided into three parts. The first goal was to run a commonly used land surface model at hyper resolution (1 km or finer) and show that this improves the modeling results without breaking the model. The second goal was to develop an observation data assimilation methodology to improve the high-resolution model. The third was to show real-world applications of this methodology. The need for improved accuracy is currently driving the development of hyper-resolution land surface models that can be implemented at a continental scale with resolutions of 1 km or finer. In Chapter 2, I describe our research incorporating fine-scale grid resolutions and surface data into the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model (CLM v4.0) for simulations at 1 km, 25 km, and 100 km resolution using 1 km soil and topographic information. Multi-year model runs were performed over the southwestern United States, including the entire state of California and the Colorado River basin. Results show changes in the total amount of CLM-modeled water storage and in the spatial and temporal distributions of water in snow and soil reservoirs, as well as in surface fluxes and energy balance. We also demonstrate the critical scales at which important hydrological processes--such as snow water equivalent, soil moisture content, and runoff--begin to more accurately capture the magnitude of the land water balance for the entire domain. This proves that grid resolution itself is also a critical component of accurate model simulations, and of hydrologic budget closure. To inform future model progress, we compare simulation outputs to station and gridded observations of model fields. Although the higher grid resolution model is not driven by high-resolution forcing, grid resolution changes alone yield significant reductions in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between model outputs and actual observations: the RMSE decreases by more than 35% for soil moisture, 36% for terrestrial water storage anomaly, 34% for sensible heat, and 12% for snow water equivalent. The results of a 100 m resolution simulation over a spatial sub-domain indicate that parameters such as drainage, runoff, and infiltration are significantly impacted when hillslope scales of ~100 meters or finer are considered. We further show how limitations in the current model physics, including no lateral flow between grid cells, can affect model simulation accuracy. The results presented in Chapter 2 are encouraging, but also highlight the limitations in improving an LSM by only increasing spatial resolution of the model and the surface datasets. As was shown with the water table depth analysis, increasing model resolution cannot compensate for parameterization errors and lack of sub-surface information in CLM. However, this problem can be solved by providing additional information to the model in the form of water table depth via data assimilation. In Chapter 3, I discuss the development and verification of a methodology for assimilating observed groundwater depth measurements from multiple wells into the high spatial resolution LSM. A kriging-based interpolation technique is employed to overcome the problem of spatially and temporally sparse observations, and the interpolated data is assimilated into the CLM4.0 at 1 km resolution in a test region in northern California. Direct insertion and Ensemble Adjusted Kalman Filter (EAKF) based techniques are used for assimilation with direct insertion, producing better results and demonstrating major improvement in the simulation of water table depth. The Linear Pearson correlation coefficient between the observed well data and the assimilated model is 0.810, as opposed to only 0.107 for the non-assimilated model. This improvement is most significant where the water table depth is greater than 5 m. Assimilation also improves soil moisture content, especially in the dry season when the water table is at its lowest. Other variables, including sensible heat flux, ground evaporation, infiltration, and runoff are also analyzed in order to quantify the effect of this assimilation methodology. Though the changes in these variables seem small, they can be very important in coupled models, and the improved simulation of groundwater in the assimilated model can explain the changes in these results. This assimilation technique has been designed for use in regions with sparse and varied observation data, and it can be easily adapted to work in LSMs with a functional groundwater component. This gives us the capability to better model groundwater for the recent past and present, and also the potential to apply climate projections to probabilistically predict groundwater for future climate-change scenarios. We have collaborated with Wellintel Inc. to implement our methodology on the ground using their observation data. We are in the process of setting up our model over a large region along the central California coast, where for the past few months Wellintel has implemented a pilot with measurements based on its water table depth measuring devices. The aim of this collaboration is to provide users with actionable water table depth data in and around their properties for the past, present, and near future. We are combining this methodology with Wellintel data to create a groundwater-management and groundwater-banking monitoring tool. This is the first time that groundwater assimilation has been simulated in a high-resolution LSM, and as such this project provides proof-of-concept and application of a unique methodology that can be run at hyper resolution with data assimilation. The assimilation method is a very powerful tool that researchers can now apply to model land surface parameters much better than previously.

Download or read book Advancing Land Change Modeling written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People are constantly changing the land surface through construction, agriculture, energy production, and other activities. Changes both in how land is used by people (land use) and in the vegetation, rock, buildings, and other physical material that cover the Earth's surface (land cover) can be described and future land change can be projected using land-change models (LCMs). LCMs are a key means for understanding how humans are reshaping the Earth's surface in the past and present, for forecasting future landscape conditions, and for developing policies to manage our use of resources and the environment at scales ranging from an individual parcel of land in a city to vast expanses of forests around the world. Advancing Land Change Modeling: Opportunities and Research Requirements describes various LCM approaches, suggests guidance for their appropriate application, and makes recommendations to improve the integration of observation strategies into the models. This report provides a summary and evaluation of several modeling approaches, and their theoretical and empirical underpinnings, relative to complex land-change dynamics and processes, and identifies several opportunities for further advancing the science, data, and cyberinfrastructure involved in the LCM enterprise. Because of the numerous models available, the report focuses on describing the categories of approaches used along with selected examples, rather than providing a review of specific models. Additionally, because all modeling approaches have relative strengths and weaknesses, the report compares these relative to different purposes. Advancing Land Change Modeling's recommendations for assessment of future data and research needs will enable model outputs to better assist the science, policy, and decisionsupport communities.

Download or read book Development of a Land Surface Hydrologic Modeling and Data Assimilation System for the Study of Subsurface land Surface Interaction written by Yuning Shi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Integrated Regional Models written by Peter Groffman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated regional models are conceptual and mathematical models that describe the physical environment, biological interactions, human decision-making, and human impact on the environment. Efforts are now being made to integrate regional models from the physical, biological and social sciences in order to respond to diverse environmental problems. This volume explores the latest research developments on processes operating at a variety of scales, including regions, and how scientists can combine their efforts to develop models linking biological, physical, and human systems. Data requirements for successful integrated regional models are identified and discussed. Chapters also consider methodological questions, such as whether to integrate disciplinary approaches at the beginning or the end of the modelling process, and whether integrated regional models should focus on specific regions or specific problems. The information in this volume will enable the reader to view problems such as coastal zone management, atmospheric pollution, non-point source pollution, commodity production in forested areas, and urban expansion in a broad, conceptual context. Researchers and graduate students in ecology, biology, geography and geology will benefit from this innovative approach to contemporary environmental problems.

Download or read book Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle written by Venkataraman Lakshmi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is an outcome of the AGU Chapman Conference held in February 2012. This is a comprehensive volume that examines the use of available remote sensing satellite data as well as data from future missions that can be used to expand our knowledge in quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in the terrestrial water cycle. Volume highlights include: An in-depth discussion of the global water cycle Approaches to various problems in climate, weather, hydrology, and agriculture Applications of satellite remote sensing in measuring precipitation, surface water, snow, soil moisture, groundwater, modeling, and data assimilation A description of the use of satellite data for accurately estimating and monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle Discussion of the measurement of multiple geophysical variables and properties over different landscapes on a temporal and a regional scale

Download or read book Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions for Climate Modeling written by E. F. Wood and published by . This book was released on 1990-12-31 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Modelling and Prediction written by Gongbing Peng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the authors consider the natural environment as an integrated system. The physical, chemical and biological processes that govern the behaviour of the environmental system can thus be understood through mathematical modelling, and their evolution can be studied by means of numerical simulation. The book contains a summary of various efficient approaches in atmospheric prediction, such as numerical weather prediction and statistical forecast of climate change, as well as other successful methods in land surface modelling. The authors explore new theories and methods in environment prediction such as systems analysis and information theory. Attention is given to new achievements in remote sensing tele-metering and geographic information systems.

Download or read book Land Atmosphere Coupling in Climate Models Over North America Understanding Inter model Differences written by Almudena García García and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interactions between the lower atmosphere and the land surface are associated with weather and climate phenomena such as the duration, frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Thus, the representation of land- atmosphere interactions in climate model simulations is crucial for projecting future changes in the statistics of extreme events as realistically as possible. Given the importance of the land-atmosphere interaction, the purpose of the thesis is to evaluate climate simulations performed by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and examine the role of the Land Surface Model (LSM) component and the horizontal resolution over North America. For this purpose, I analyze a large set of simulations from GCMs and RCMs used by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as my own simulations performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that GCM simulations present large uncertainties in the representation of land-atmosphere interactions in comparison with observations. This work also reveals a dependence of the simulated land-atmosphere interactions on the LSM components used in regional and global simulations. Additionally, the LSM component is identified as an important source of uncertainty in the simulation of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Increasing the horizontal resolution also affects the simulation of land-atmosphere interactions, which lead to the intensification of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture at low latitudes; that is increased latent heat flux, soil moisture, and precipitation. The impact of both factors, horizontal resolution and the LSM, is larger in summer in agreement with the summer intensification of land-atmosphere interactions reported in the literature. The comparison of model simulations and observations indicates that the use of the most comprehensive LSM component available in WRF, the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), leads to a better representation of temperature climatologies. In contrast, finer horizontal resolutions are associated with larger biases in the WRF simulation of precipitation climatology, due to the overestimation of precipitation in the WRF model. Due to the large effect of the LSM component on the simulation of near-surface conditions shown in this dissertation, the use of simple version of LSM component in GCMs, RCMs or reanalyses can be an important limitation in climate simulations and reanalysis products.

Download or read book Land Surface Processes in Hydrology written by Soroosh Sorooshian and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-09-16 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General circulation models (GCMs) predict certain changes in the amounts and distribution of precipitation, but the conversion of these predictions of impacts on water resources presents novel problems in hydrologic modeling, particularly with regard to the scale of the processes involved. Therefore improved, distributed GCMs are required. New remote sensing technologies provide the necessary spatially distributed data. However, there are many attendant problems with the translation of remotely sensed signals into hydrologically relevant information. This book elucidates how to improve the representation of land surface hydrologic processes in GCMs and in regional and global scale climate studies. It is divided into five sections: Models and Data; Precipitation; Soil Moisture; Evapotranspiration; Runoff.

Download or read book Modeling Methods and Practices in Soil and Water Engineering written by Balram Panigrahi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the development of useful models and their applications in soil and water engineering. It covers various modeling methods, including groundwater recharge estimation, rainfall-runoff modeling using artificial neural networks, development and application of a water balance model and a HYDRUS-2D model for cropped fields, a multi-model approach for stream flow simulation, multi-criteria analysis for construction of groundwater structures in hard rock terrains, hydrologic modeling of watersheds using remote sensing, and GIS and AGNPS.

Download or read book Modelling Land Use Change written by Eric Koomen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-08 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a full overview of land-use change simulation modelling, a wide range of applications, a mix of theory and practice, a synthesis of recent research progress, and educational material for students and teachers. This volume is an indispensable guide for anyone interested in the state-of-the-art of land-use modelling, its background and its application.

Download or read book Land Surface atmosphere Interactions in Regional Modeling Over South America written by Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Review and Assessment of Land use Change Models written by Chetan Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seamless Prediction of the Earth System written by Gilbert Brunet and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book collects together White Papers that have been written to describe the state of the science and to discuss the major challenges for making further advances. The authors of each chapter have attempted to draw together key aspects of the science that was presented at WWOSC-2014. The overarching theme of this book and of WWOSC-2014 is 'Seamless Prediction of the Earth System: from minutes to months'. The book is structured with chapters that address topics regarding: Observations and Data Assimilation; Predictability and Processes; Numerical Prediction of the Earth System; Weather-related Hazards and Impacts. This book marks a point in time and the knowledge that has been accumulating on weather science. It aims to point the way to future developments"--Preface.