Download or read book Development Calibration and Predictive Results of a Simulator for Subsurface Pathway Fate and Transport of Aqueous and Gaseous phase Contaminants in the Subsurface Disposal Area at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document presents the development, calibration, and predictive results of a simulation study of fate and transport of waste buried in the Subsurface Disposal Area (SDA) (which is hereafter referred to as the SDA simulation study). This report builds on incorporates a previous report that dealt only with the calibration of a flow model for simulation of water movement beneath the SDA (Magnuson and Sondrup 1996). The primary purpose of the SDA simulation study was to perform fate and transport calculations to support the IRA. A secondary purpose of the SDA simulation study was to be able to use the model to evaluate possible remediation strategies and their effects on flow and transport in the OU 7-13/14 feasibility study.
Download or read book The Office of Environmental Management Technical Reports A Bibliography written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Office of Environmental Management's (EM) technical reports bibliography is an annual publication that contains information on scientific and technical reports sponsored by the Office of Environmental Management added to the Energy Science and Technology Database from July 1, 1994 through June 30, 1995. This information is divided into the following categories: Focus Areas, Cross-Cutting Programs, and Support Programs. In addition, a category for general information is included. EM's Office of Science and Technology sponsors this bibliography.
Download or read book Preliminary Development of a Comprehensive Calibrated Subsurface Pathway Simulator for the Subsurface Disposal Area at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first detailed comprehensive simulation study to evaluate fate and transport of low-level, mixed, and transuranic wastes buried in the Subsurface Disposal Area (SDA) at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) has recently been conducted. The study took advantage of pertinent information relating to describing aqueous- and vapor-phase movement of contaminants in the primarily fractured basalt subsurface. The study included spatially and temporally variable infiltration, barometric pressure changes, positive down-hole air pressure during well drilling, vapor-vacuum extraction, and regional hydraulic gradients. Use of the TETRAD simulation code allowed all the pertinent information to be included into a single comprehensive model of the SDA subsurface. An overview of the model implementation and comparisons of calibrated model results to the observed vadose zone water distribution, volatile organic vapor concentrations, and aqueous concentrations of volatile organics and nitrate are presented. Additionally, comparisons between simulated and observed concentrations for other contaminants which were not used for model calibration are made. As part of this modeling exercise, inadequacies in the available data relating to characterization of non-sorbing aqueous-phase transport have been identified. Even with the identified data inadequacies, the comparisons between simulated and observed contaminants along with the calibration results give confidence that the model is a conservative representation of flow and transport in the subsurface at the SDA. The results from this modeling study are being used to guide additional data collection activities at the SDA for purposes of increasing confidence in the appropriateness of model predictions.
Download or read book U S Geological Survey Professional Paper written by Ardyth M. Simmons and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXV written by Materials Research Society. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume opens with a keynote lecture by Rodney Ewing, member of the Board of Radioactive Waste Management of the National Research Council. Ewing summarizes 25 years of materials research in nuclear waste, emphasizing the progress that has been made and the challenges that still confront investigators and technologists in materials science and repository performance evaluation. The session is followed by one on container materials and engineered barriers, and includes a discussion on the corrosion performance expected for waste packages in the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Invited papers on performance assessment and repository studies for different national programs are also highlighted, with representation from the United States, Sweden, Japan, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. A large number of papers focus on the structure, properties, and degradation of various waste forms such as glasses, ceramics (mostly for plutonium immobilization), cements, and spent nuclear fuel. For the second consecutive time, the number of papers on ceramics far exceeds those on glass, which had been the dominant material discussed at this symposium over the prior 23 years. New studies on zirconates confirm the recently discovered high radiation damage-resistance of this material. Additional topics include: performance assessment in high-level waste disposal; performance assessment in low-level waste disposal; ceramic structure and corrosion; radiation effects in ceramics; glass structure and corrosion; spent fuel; spent fuel cladding and alternative waste forms; cements in radioactive waste immobilization; contaminant transport; natural analogs; and waste processing.
Download or read book Subsurface Pathway Flow and Transport Modeling for the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory s Subsurface Disposal Area written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration of contaminants through the complex subsurface at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory's Subsurface Disposal Area was simulated for an ongoing Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability (CERCLA) assessment. A previously existing model for simulating flow and transport through the vadose zone for this site was updated to incorporate information obtained from recent characterization activities. Given the complexity of the subsurface at this site, the simulation results were acknowledged to be uncertain. Rather than attempt parametric approaches to quantify uncertainty, it was recognized that conceptual uncertainty involving the controlling processes was likely dominant. So, the effort focused on modeling different scenarios to evaluate the impact of the conceptual uncertainty.
Download or read book UNSAT H Infiltration Model Calibration at the Subsurface Disposal Area Idaho National Engineering Laboratory written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil moisture monitoring data from the expanded neutron probe monitoring network located at the Subsurface Disposal Area (SDA) of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) were used to calibrate numerical infiltration models for 15 locations within and near the SDA. These calibrated models were then used to simulate infiltration into the SDA surficial sediments and underlying basalts for the entire operational period of the SDA (1952--1995). The purpose of performing the simulations was to obtain a time variant infiltration source term for future subsurface pathway modeling efforts as part of baseline risk assessment or performance assessments. The simulation results also provided estimates of the average recharge rate for the simulation period and insight into infiltration patterns at the SDA. These results suggest that the average aquifer recharge rate below the SDA may be at least 8 cm/yr and may be as high as 12 cm/yr. These values represent 38 and 57% of the average annual precipitation occurring at the INEL, respectively. The simulation results also indicate that the maximum evaporative depth may vary between 28 and 148 cm and is highly dependent on localized lithology within the SDA.
Download or read book Scientific Investigations Report written by Sharon E. Kroening and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contaminants in the Subsurface written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-04-23 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.
Download or read book COUPLING STATE OF THE SCIENCE SUBSURFACE SIMULATION WITH ADVANCED USER INTERFACE AND PARALLEL VISUALIZATION written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a Phase I report on a project to significantly enhance existing subsurface simulation software using leadership-class computing resources, allowing researchers to solve problems with greater speed and accuracy. Subsurface computer simulation is used for monitoring the behavior of contaminants around nuclear waste disposal and storage areas, groundwater flow, environmental remediation, carbon sequestration, methane hydrate production, and geothermal energy reservoir analysis. The Phase I project was a collaborative effort between Thunderhead Engineering (project lead and developers of a commercial pre- and post-processor for the TOUGH2 simulator) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (developers of the TOUGH2 simulator for subsurface flow). The Phase I project successfully identified the technical approaches to be implemented in Phase II.
Download or read book Overview of Research and Development in Subsurface Fate and Transport Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US Department of Energy is responsible for the remediation of over 450 different subsurface-contaminated sites. Contaminant plumes at these sites range in volume from several to millions of cubic yards. The concentration of contaminants also ranges over several orders of magnitude. Contaminants include hazardous wastes such as heavy metals and organic chemicals, radioactive waste including tritium, uranium, and thorium, and mixed waste, which is a combination of hazardous and radioactive wastes. The physical form of the contaminants includes solutes, nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), and vapor phase contaminants such as volatilized organic chemicals and radon. The subject of contaminant fate and transport modeling is multi-disciplinary, involving hydrology, geology, microbiology, chemistry, applied mathematics, computer science, and other areas of expertise. It is an issue of great significance in the United States and around the world. As such, many organizations have substantial programs in this area. In gathering data to prepare this report, a survey was performed of research and development work that is funded by US government agencies to improve the understanding and mechanistic modeling of processes that control contaminant movement through subsurface systems. Government agencies which fund programs that contain fate and transport modeling components include the Environmental Protection Agency, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, United States Geological Survey, and National Institutes of Health.
Download or read book Geoenvironmental Engineering written by Lakshmi Reddi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-04-18 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applies science and engineering principles to the analysis, design, and implementation of technical schemes to characterize, treat, modify, and reuse/store waste and contaminated media. Includes site remediation.
Download or read book In Situ Bioremediation of Ground Water and Geological Material written by Robert D. Norris and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1995-08 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a detailed background of the technologies available for the bioremediation of contaminated soil & ground water. Prepared for scientists, consultants, regulatory personnel, & others who are associated in some way with the restoration of soil & ground water at hazardous waste sites. Also provides insights to emerging technologies which are at the research level of formation, ranging from theoretical concepts, through bench scale inquiries, to limited field-scale investigations. 95 tables & figures.
Download or read book STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 1 0 Addendum written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic sequestration is currently being practiced and scientifically evaluated as a critical component in a broad strategy, comprising new practices and technologies, for mitigating global climate change due to anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Demonstrating that geologic sequestration of CO2 is safe and effective, and gaining public acceptance of sequestration technologies are critically important in meeting these global climate change challenges. Monitored field-scale demonstrations of geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide will contribute greatly toward growing trust and confidence in the technology; however, pilot demonstrations ultimately will not be the norm for new geological sequestration deployments. Instead, scientists, engineers, regulators, and ultimately the public will rely on numerical simulations to predict the performance of geologic repositories for carbon dioxide sequestration. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the National Environmental Technology Laboratory (NETL) has requested the development of numerical simulation capabilities for quantifying the permanent storage capacity, leakage rates, and public risks associated with geologic sequestration of CO2. In conjunction with this request. the Zero Emissions Research and Technology Center (ZERT) has been created with the mission of conducting basic and applied research that support the development of new technologies for minimizing emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that impact global climate change. As a member of the ZERT Center, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is conducting research associated with geologic sequestration of CO2 that includes the thermochemistry of supercritical CO2-brine mixtures, mineralization kinetics, leakage and microseepage of CO2, and new materials for CO2 capture. In addition to these research activities, PNNL is developing new scalable CO2 reservoir simulation capabilities for its multifluid subsurface flow and transport simulator, STOMP (Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases). Prior to these code development activities, the STOMP simulator included sequential and scalable implementations for numerically simulating the injection of supercritical CO2 into deep saline aquifers. Additionally, the sequential implementations included operational modes that considered nonisothermal conditions and kinetic dissolution of CO2 into the saline aqueous phase. This addendum documents the advancement of these numerical simulation capabilities to include reactive transport in the STOMP simulator through the inclusion of the recently PNNL developed batch geochemistry solution module ECKEChem (Equilibrium-Conservation-Kinetic Equation Chemistry). Potential geologic reservoirs for sequestering CO2 include deep saline aquifers, hydrate-bearing formations, depleted or partially depleted natural gas and petroleum reservoirs, and coal beds. The mechanisms for sequestering carbon dioxide in geologic reservoirs include physical trapping, dissolution in the reservoir fluids, hydraulic trapping (hysteretic entrapment of nonwetting fluids), and chemical reaction. This document and the associated code development and verification work are concerned with the chemistry of injecting CO2 into geologic reservoirs. As geologic sequestration of CO2 via chemical reaction, namely precipitation reactions, are most dominate in deep saline aquifers, the principal focus of this document is the numerical simulation of CO2 injection, migration, and geochemical reaction in deep saline aquifers. The ECKEChem batch chemistry module was developed in a fashion that would allow its implementation into all operational modes of the STOMP simulator, making it a more versatile chemistry component. Additionally, this approach allows for verification of the ECKEChem module against more classical reactive transport problems involving aqueous systems.
Download or read book Final Report for Grant Number DE FG02 06ER64244 to the University of Idaho RW Smith coupling Between Flow and Precipitation in Heterogeneous Subsurface Environments and Effects on Contaminant Fate and Transport written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineered remediation strategies for inducing mineral precipitation in the subsurface typically involve the introduction of at least one reactant either by direct injection or by in situ generation. The localization of reactant sources means a wide range of saturation states and ion ratios will be created as reactants are mixed: These conditions together can result in a wide range of precipitation rates, as well as impact which mineral phase precipitates. This is potentially important for the capacity of the precipitates to take up of trace metal contaminants, for their long term stability. Aragonite, for example, is able to sequester a larger amount of Sr than calcite. However, aragonite is less stable under typical groundwater conditions, and so may release sequestered Sr over time as the aragonite transforms to a more stable phase. In addition, previous experimental studies have indicated that other system constituents may influence calcium carbonate precipitation and consequently the Sr uptake potential of a system. For example, dissolved organic carbon (at levels typical of groundwaters) can suppress crystal growth. As a result, the continuous nucleation of small crystals, rather than growth of existing crystals, may be the dominant mode of precipitation. This has the potential for greater uptake of Sr because the smaller crystal sizes associated with nucleated calcite may more readily accommodate the distortion resulting from substitution of the larger Sr ion for Ca ions than can larger crystals. However, these smaller crystals may also be less stable and over the long term release Sr as a result of Ostwald ripening. To better understand the formation and composition of relevant calcium carbonate mineral phases two related series of mineral precipitation experiments were conducted. The first series of experiments, conducted using a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) operated at steady state rates of precipitation was focused on understanding the influence of pH and ammonium carbonate (the hydrolysis product of urea: ureolytically driven calcium carbonate precipitation has been demonstrated to be a promising method of inducing mineral precipitation in the field) on calcium carbonate polymorph and Sr co-precipitation. The second series of experiments, conducted at constant pH and saturation state, was focused on understanding the influence of aqueous carbonate to calcium ratios on the precipitation rate of calcite. In 12 CSTR experiments (three pH levels, two ammonium carbonate levels, and two strontium levels) we found that lower pH values and ammonium carbonate concentration promoted the precipitation of calcite and the higher pH values and ammonium carbonate concentration promoted the precipitation of aragonite (as determined by X-ray diffraction). Overall, the rate of calcium carbonate precipitation increased with increasing pH and ammonium carbonate concentration, consistent with increasing values of Q/K. Intermediate conditions resulted in the precipitation of a mixture of calcite and aragonite. There was no discernible effect of strontium on the rate of precipitation or the phase precipitated. In our experiments we precipitated rhombohedral calcite, lath-shaped aragonite and inter-grown calcite-aragonite mixtures. Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer we characterized the composition of solids from an experiment in which both calcite and aragonite precipitates were identified by X-ray diffraction. We found a range in composition from a high Sr and low Mg phase (inferred to be aragonite) to a coexisting lower Sr and higher but variable Mg phase (inferred to be calcite). Values of the distribution coefficient for strontium of 1.1 and 0.2 for aragonite and calcite, respectively were estimated from the data. These values compare to values of 1.1 and 0.1 for aragonite and calcite, respectively, determined from bulk analysis of precipitates from experiments in which only calcite or on ...
Download or read book Septic Tank System Effects on Ground Water Quality written by Canter and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-04-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This valuable reference delineates the ground water quality concerns associated with the planning and usage of septic tank systems. Septic tank systems represent a significant source of ground water pollution in the United States. Since many existing systems are exceeding their design life by several-fold, the usage of synthetic organic chemicals in the household and for system cleaning is increasing, and larger-scale systems are being designed and used.
Download or read book Northeastern Boundary written by United States. Department of State and published by . This book was released on 1846 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
