Download or read book Development and Evaluation of a New Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesive from Renewable Materials for Making Interior Plywood written by Yonghwan Jang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic adhesives, such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, have dominated the wood adhesive market since they were introduced in the wood products industry. Formaldehyde, as a key component in the manufacturing of PF and UF resins, has been classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The UF and PF resins are derived from petroleum and natural gas. However, petroleum resources are not infinite and not renewable. In recent years, with concerns over fluctuating prices and future-exhaustion of oil, as well environmental issues of the UF resins, soy-based adhesives have again drawn people's attention as one of the most promising alternatives to petroleum-based adhesives. A soy-based adhesive, consisting of soy flour (SF) and a curing agent (CA) (polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin) has been commercialized for production of plywood since 2004. The PAE resin is derived from petrochemicals and is the most expensive component of the soy-based adhesive. In this study, a new formaldehyde-free adhesive, consisting of soy flour (SF) and a new curing agent (CA), was developed and evaluated for making interior plywood. The CA was developed from the reaction of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ammonium hydroxide in water. ECH can be derived from renewable glycerol. The weight ratio of SF/CA was 7/1 with the total solids content of 36 wt% for the resulting adhesive. The reaction time, reaction temperature, and addition order of reactants in the preparation of the CA; the heat-treatment and storage time of the CA; and the NaOH usage in the SF-CA adhesive were investigated in terms of their effects on the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels. All adhesives containing the CAs (prepared by adding ECH and ammonium hydroxide all at once in water at the temperature of 45 °C to 60 °C) enabled all types of plywood panels to meet the water-resistance requirements for interior applications. The heat-treatment of all CAs, except the CA prepared at 50 oC for five-ply aspen panels, had no effects on improving the water resistance. The storage time of both heat-treated and untreated CAs within at least two months had no significant effects on their viscosities, and the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels.

Download or read book Development and Characterization of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Adhesives for Making Interior Plywood written by Jian Huang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives dominate the current wood adhesive market. However, these adhesives are derived from petrochemicals and carcinogenic formaldehyde. In this study, we developed two formaldehyde-free adhesives based on abundant, renewable, and inexpensive soy flour (SF). The first adhesive was mainly composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), and maleic anhydride (MA). The optimum formulation of this adhesive and the optimum hot-press conditions for making plywood were investigated. A three-cycle soak test and a boiling water test (BWT) were employed to evaluate the strength and water-resistance of plywood bonded with the soy flour-based adhesive. Results showed that SF, PEI, MA and NaOH were all essential components for the adhesive and the SF/PEI/MA weight ratio of 7/1.0/0.32 resulted in the highest water-resistance. When the hot-press temperature was in the range of 140-170 ° C, both the water-resistance and the shear strengths of plywood bonded with the adhesive remained statistically the same, except that the dry shear strength of plywood at 170°C was statistically lower than that at 160 o.C. When the hot-press time ranged from 2 to 6 min at 160°C, the plywood panels made at the hot-press time of 5 min led to the highest boiling water test/wet (BWT/w) shear strength among all samples, and the plywood panel made at the hot-press time of 5 min had a higher dry shear strength than that at 3 min. Plywood panels bonded with this SF/PEI/MA adhesive exceeded the water-resistance requirements for interior applications. The second adhesive consisted of SF, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMTE) and a catalyst. The following catalysts were investigated: calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, triethylamine, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide, phosphoric acid and ammonium sulfate. The effects of these catalysts on the water-resistance of plywood bonded with the SF-TMTE adhesive under different hot-press conditions were investigated. It was found that all catalysts improved the water-resistance of the resulting plywood to some extent. Among all catalysts investigated, calcium hydroxide and triethylamine were better than other catalysts in terms of improving the water-resistance of the resulting plywood panels. These preliminary results also revealed that increasing hot-press temperature and increasing hot-press time enhanced the water-resistance. The water-resistance of plywood panels bonded with these SF-TMTE adhesives still could not meet water-resistance requirements for interior applications.

Download or read book Performance of Bio based Building Materials written by Dennis Jones and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-07-07 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performance of Bio-based Building Materials provides guidance on the use of bio-based building materials (BBBM) with respect to their performance. The book focuses on BBBM currently present on the European market. The state-of-the-art is presented regarding material properties, recommended uses, performance expectancies, testing methodology, and related standards. Chapters cover both ‘old and traditional’ BBBM since quite a few of them are experiencing a comeback on the market. Promising developments that could become commercial in the near future are presented as well. The book will be a valuable reference resource for those working in the bio-based materials research community, architects and agencies dealing with sustainable construction, and graduate students in civil engineering. Takes a unique approach to bio-based materials and presents a broad overview of the topics on relevant areas necessary for application and promotion in construction Contains a general description, notable properties related to performance, and applications Presents standards that are structured according to performance types

Download or read book Evaluation of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Wood Adhesives for Making Particleboard written by Kai Gu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF) are widely applied in wood-based composite industry. However, these adhesives are all petrochemical-based and could not sustain in a long term due to a limited reserve of oil and natural gas. Moreover, these adhesives emit carcinogenic formaldehyde in the production or use of wood composite panels, thus reducing indoor air quality and posing a health risk to human beings. Soy flour (SF) is an abundant, readily available, renewable, and inexpensive material and is mainly used for food application at present. Its potential for industrial applications has not been fully realized. In this study, we evaluated two SF-based formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for making M-2 Grade particleboard panels. The first adhesive was composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The weight ratio of SF/PEI/MA/NaOH was 7/1.0/0.32/0.1. The hot-press temperature, hot-press time, panel density and adhesive usages were optimized in terms of enhancing the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB) of the particleboard panels. It was found that the MOR, MOE and IB exceeded the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboards under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 170 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 10 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 8 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3. The second adhesive consisted of SF, a new curing agent (CA) and NaOH. Effects of the weight ratio of adhesive components on strengths of the particleboard panels were investigated. It was found that this adhesive resulted in the highest strengths at the SF/NaOH/CA weight ratio of 9/0.3/1. Effects of hot-press temperature and hot-press time on strengths of the panels were also investigated. The MOR, MOE and IB met the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboard panels under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 190 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 12 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 10 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3.

Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis Fronds Lignin Penerbit USM written by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin and published by Penerbit USM. This book was released on with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenol formaldehyde (PF) is one of the widely used wood adhesives in the wood industry. The raw materials in the production of phenol formaldehyde resin are petroleum-derived and formaldehyde-based materials which corresponds to public health issues, environmental problems and non-economical costing. In recent years, the increasing price of petrochemical due to energy shortage and environmental problems such as global warming and climate change as results from the burning of fossil fuels have been brought to great public attention. Public health issues related to the emission of formaldehyde-based adhesives in most buildings and constructions, have also been given notice. Thus, lignin phenol glyoxal (LPG) wood adhesives have been formulated by partially replacing phenol with Kraft and organosolv lignins at varying weight percentages. Results showed that 50 % organosolv LPG (OLPG) resin may cure as a stronger, natural, green, cost-effective and sustainable wood adhesive to replace PF resin in the wood industry.

Download or read book Green Adhesives written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-03 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications deals with the fabrication methods, characterization, and applications of green adhesives. It also includes the collective properties of waterborne, bio, and wound-healing green adhesives. Exclusive attention is devoted to discussing the applications of green adhesives in biomedical coatings, food, and industrial applications.

Download or read book Refinement and Mill Trial of a New Moisture Tolerant Plywood Adhesive System written by Alberta. Forest Service and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reputation of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins as strong, durable, and reliable wood adhesives has led to their use in plywood manufacture. The demands for increased panel production volumes and cost efficiency has revealed some curing and application limitations in certain PF formulations. Preliminary experiments have established that filler free adhesives for bonding higher moisture content veneers can be formed with mixtures of insoluble phenolic dispersions with soluble phenolic resin. This project used this technology to formulate a PF system combining high and low molecular weight components which are suitable for bonding veneer of between 8-10 percent moisture content; develop procedures for preparing and applying large scale quantities of these adhesives; and conduct a limited number of mill trials with these formulations.

Download or read book Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesives from Soybean Protein and Lignin written by Yuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently, the production of wood composites relies on the formaldehyde-based wood adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea-formaldehyde (UF). However, their dependence on exhaustible fossil fuels and the emission of carcinogenic formaldehyde prompt to develop an environmentally friendly adhesive from renewable natural resources. This work focuses on development and characterization of forma1dehydefree wood adhesives from renewable soybean protein and lignin. Soybean protein is an abundant, inexpensive, and readily available natural product. Soybean protein-based adhesives were widely used as wood adhesives in 1930s-1960s and are completely replaced by synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives today because wood composites bonded with soybean protein-based adhesives have relatively lower strength and lower water resistance than those bonded with formaldehyde-based adhesives. Marine adhesive protein from mussels is a strong and water-resistant adhesive. However, the production of marine adhesive protein is difficult and costly. The marine adhesive protein contains three key functional groups: a catechol moiety, a primary amino group, and a mercapto group. In this research, soybean protein was modified using marine adhesive protein as a model. We found that imparting soybean protein with one of the three key functional groups found in the marine adhesive protein converted soybean protein into a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. Another formaldehyde-free new wood adhesive was also developed through modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride followed by mixing with polyethylenimine (PEI). Wood composites bonded with this new adhesive were very strong and very water-resistant. The reaction mechanisms in the modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride and the curing mechanisms of the adhesive were investigated in detail. Demethylated kraft lignin (DKL) has a high amount of the same key functional group, catechol moiety, as the marine adhesive protein. We found that a combination of DKL and PEI (a polyamine with abundant primary amino groups) was a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. It was found that the curing mechanism of the DKL-PEI adhesive is similar to that of marine adhesive protein. The effects of DKL/PEI weight ratio, hot-press conditions and the molecular weight of PEI on adhesive performance were also investigated in detail.

Download or read book Wood Adhesives written by A. Pizzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The perfect companion to the highly acclaimed Volume 1 of Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 presents stimulating discussions on technically and economically importantadhesives for wood bonding-covering their preparation and formulation, as well astechniques and suggestions for their application.Like its companion book, Wood Adhesives, Volume 2 provides up-to-date informationand analysis of new technologies and recent breakthroughs ... gives insightinto the relationship between adhesive chemistry and technical application . . . anddiscusses present and future trends likely to have considerable impact on the field.Elaborating upon general overviews presented in Volume 1, Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 includes a chapter on protein adhesives ... fills the gap on the chemistryof polyvinyl acetate wood adhesives ... contains a detailed discussion of formaldehydeemission ... and much more.A complementary and much needed follow-up to Volume 1, Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 is essential reading for wood technologists; adhesives and physicalchemists; forest products researchers; polymer scientists; chemical, mechanical, process,and civil engineers who must choose and apply wood adhesives; and advancedundergraduate and graduate students in the above disciplines.

Download or read book Adhesives for Wood and Lignocellulosic Materials written by R. N. Kumar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique and ground-breaking book from two leading specialists on adhesion and adhesives for wood and lignocellulosic materials The book is a comprehensive treatment covering a wide range of subjects uniquely available in a single source for the first time. A material science approach has been adopted in dealing with wood adhesion and adhesives. The approach of the authors is to bring out hierarchical cellular and porous characteristics of wood with polymeric cell wall structure, along with the associated non-cell wall extractives, which greatly influence the interaction of wood substrate with polymeric adhesives in a very unique manner not existent in the case of other adherends. Environmental aspects, in particular formaldehyde emission from adhesive bonded wood products, has been included. A significant feature of the book is the inclusion of polymeric matrix materials for wood polymer composites.

Download or read book Bio based Wood Adhesives written by Zhongqi He and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive application for maximal benefits. This book covers information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives in fifteen chapters written by an international group of accomplished contributors. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocators and government agency regulators who work and deal with enhanced utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.

Download or read book History of Industrial Uses of Soybeans Nonfood Nonfeed 660 CE 2017 written by William Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi and published by Soyinfo Center. This book was released on 2017-12-03 with total page 2055 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's most comprehensive, well documented and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 145 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format on Google Books.

Download or read book Eco Friendly Adhesives for Wood and Natural Fiber Composites written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of eco-friendly resins and their composite materials covering their synthesis, sources, structures and properties for different industrial applications to support the ongoing research and development in eco-friendly and renewable commercial products. It provides comparative discussions on the properties of eco-friendly resins with other polymer composites. It is a useful reference on bio-based eco-friendly polymer resins, wood-based composites, natural fibers and biomass materials for the polymer scientists, engineers and material scientists.

Download or read book Adhesives and Finishes for Wood written by Moon G. Kim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-14 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesives and Finishes for Wood Understand the science of joining wood with this comprehensive guide Long seen as an old-fashioned material with narrowing modern applications, wood has seen increased popularity as a material in building and manufacturing in recent years. This has been driven by the need for sustainable resources and environmentally friendly materials. As a result of increased emphasis on wood, however, there is a corresponding need to understand the wood adhesives, the crucial materials in wood-based manufacture and craftsmanship. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood meets this need with a comprehensive but accessible introduction to the chemistry and applications of wood adhesives. Its easy-to-follow presentation nonetheless presents wood adhesives and finishes in significant detail. Ideal for readers without considerable preexisting knowledge in chemistry, this book includes everything the reader needs to understand and apply wood adhesives in their work or industry. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood readers will also find: Coverage ranging from the fundamentals of wood adhesive polymer chemistry to the properties of specific wood structures and resins A presentation suitable for both academic students and wood manufacture professionals An author with decades of experience in both academia and industry Adhesives and Finishes for Wood is a useful reference for advanced students and professionals in industries or manufacturing disciplines that incorporate wood, as well as for chemists, materials scientists, vocational school instructors, and more.

Download or read book Adhesives from Renewable Resources written by Richard W. Hemingway and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an up-to-date source of information from the leading world authorities on the use of lignins, tannins, carbohydrates, terpenes and proteins in adhesive formulations. Examines new alternatives based on the renewable resources that are available. Covers a broad range of natural products directed to a wide variety of bonding applications, from tire cords to eye surgery. Also addresses opportunities for future development of adhesives from renewable resources.

Download or read book Adhesives written by Anna Rudawska and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents some information regarding adhesives which have applications in industry, medicine and dentistry. The book is divided into two parts: "Adhesives Applications in Medicine and Dentistry" and "Properties of Adhesive." The aim of such a presentation is to present the usage in very different aspects of application of the adhesives and present specific properties of adhesives. Adhesives' advantageous properties and relatively uncomplicated processing methods contribute to their increasing application and their growing popularity in the industry, medicine and other branches. Some adhesives represent properties superior to those of most adhesive materials, due to their excellent adhesion and chemical resistance. A wide variety of adhesives' considerable flexibility in modification of properties of adhesives allows adjusting the composition to particular applications.

Download or read book Developing Soybean based Adhesives for Heat treated Plywood written by Yizhou Chen and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat treatment on wood in the absence of oxygen is commonly practiced in industry to improve raw wood properties. However, heat treatment is not widely applied to engineered wood such as plywood because most synthetic adhesives such as urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesives fail in high temperature. In addition, synthetic adhesives, upon heat treatment, would release toxic substances to pollute the environment. In this study, inspired by the high-temperature, controlled, (non-)oxygen condition used in baking, we explored the idea of using plant-protein-based adhesives for heat-treated plywood. Soybean protein (SP) is a proven material for making biobased adhesives for plywood; however, soy flour (SF) is a more affordable candidate. In this study, soy flour was used as the base material for wood adhesives and further modified and formulated with low-value lignin to improve adhesion properties and reduce cost. Glucose was then added in the formula to reveal the effect of the Maillard reaction. Yellow pine plywood samples were prepared and heat treated at different temperatures (190-200 °C) for varied times from 1 to 4 h. The key results were that heat treatment improved the wet adhesion strength of plywood made with SF-based adhesives. Even with unmodified, SF-only adhesives, plywood exhibited robust adhesion and strong water resistance after heat treatment. For example, after 200 °C treatment for 2 h, the wet strength of SF plywood improved from 0 MPa to 1.28 MPa, while plywood made with UF adhesives became delaminated after heat treatment. A content ratio of 50% was the most lignin that can be added into the formula, and it achieved a wet strength of 1.31 MPa. Lignin25%-SF75% was the most practical application, achieving a wet stregnth of 1.43 MPa after heat treatment. Changing the pH of the lignin-SF slurry changed the adhesion of plywood. At a higher pH, more lignin content can be added to the adhesive formula. Heat-treated plywood prepared using soy flour and glucose (SFG) adhesives exhibited a better water resistance of 1.51MPa. The treatment temperature range overlapped with that of the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction forms crosslink structures and plays an important role in the water resistance of heat-treated soybean adhesives. It was proposed that hydrophilic functional group loss, protein denaturation, and crosslinking after denaturation helped heat treatment to improve wet adhesion. This study points to new applications of protein-based adhesives and ways to improve plywood properties at a considerably lower cost.