Download or read book Development and Characterization of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Adhesives for Making Interior Plywood written by Jian Huang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives dominate the current wood adhesive market. However, these adhesives are derived from petrochemicals and carcinogenic formaldehyde. In this study, we developed two formaldehyde-free adhesives based on abundant, renewable, and inexpensive soy flour (SF). The first adhesive was mainly composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), and maleic anhydride (MA). The optimum formulation of this adhesive and the optimum hot-press conditions for making plywood were investigated. A three-cycle soak test and a boiling water test (BWT) were employed to evaluate the strength and water-resistance of plywood bonded with the soy flour-based adhesive. Results showed that SF, PEI, MA and NaOH were all essential components for the adhesive and the SF/PEI/MA weight ratio of 7/1.0/0.32 resulted in the highest water-resistance. When the hot-press temperature was in the range of 140-170 ° C, both the water-resistance and the shear strengths of plywood bonded with the adhesive remained statistically the same, except that the dry shear strength of plywood at 170°C was statistically lower than that at 160 o.C. When the hot-press time ranged from 2 to 6 min at 160°C, the plywood panels made at the hot-press time of 5 min led to the highest boiling water test/wet (BWT/w) shear strength among all samples, and the plywood panel made at the hot-press time of 5 min had a higher dry shear strength than that at 3 min. Plywood panels bonded with this SF/PEI/MA adhesive exceeded the water-resistance requirements for interior applications. The second adhesive consisted of SF, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMTE) and a catalyst. The following catalysts were investigated: calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, triethylamine, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide, phosphoric acid and ammonium sulfate. The effects of these catalysts on the water-resistance of plywood bonded with the SF-TMTE adhesive under different hot-press conditions were investigated. It was found that all catalysts improved the water-resistance of the resulting plywood to some extent. Among all catalysts investigated, calcium hydroxide and triethylamine were better than other catalysts in terms of improving the water-resistance of the resulting plywood panels. These preliminary results also revealed that increasing hot-press temperature and increasing hot-press time enhanced the water-resistance. The water-resistance of plywood panels bonded with these SF-TMTE adhesives still could not meet water-resistance requirements for interior applications.
Download or read book Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesives from Soybean Protein and Lignin written by Yuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently, the production of wood composites relies on the formaldehyde-based wood adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea-formaldehyde (UF). However, their dependence on exhaustible fossil fuels and the emission of carcinogenic formaldehyde prompt to develop an environmentally friendly adhesive from renewable natural resources. This work focuses on development and characterization of forma1dehydefree wood adhesives from renewable soybean protein and lignin. Soybean protein is an abundant, inexpensive, and readily available natural product. Soybean protein-based adhesives were widely used as wood adhesives in 1930s-1960s and are completely replaced by synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives today because wood composites bonded with soybean protein-based adhesives have relatively lower strength and lower water resistance than those bonded with formaldehyde-based adhesives. Marine adhesive protein from mussels is a strong and water-resistant adhesive. However, the production of marine adhesive protein is difficult and costly. The marine adhesive protein contains three key functional groups: a catechol moiety, a primary amino group, and a mercapto group. In this research, soybean protein was modified using marine adhesive protein as a model. We found that imparting soybean protein with one of the three key functional groups found in the marine adhesive protein converted soybean protein into a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. Another formaldehyde-free new wood adhesive was also developed through modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride followed by mixing with polyethylenimine (PEI). Wood composites bonded with this new adhesive were very strong and very water-resistant. The reaction mechanisms in the modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride and the curing mechanisms of the adhesive were investigated in detail. Demethylated kraft lignin (DKL) has a high amount of the same key functional group, catechol moiety, as the marine adhesive protein. We found that a combination of DKL and PEI (a polyamine with abundant primary amino groups) was a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. It was found that the curing mechanism of the DKL-PEI adhesive is similar to that of marine adhesive protein. The effects of DKL/PEI weight ratio, hot-press conditions and the molecular weight of PEI on adhesive performance were also investigated in detail.
Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis Fronds Lignin Penerbit USM written by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin and published by Penerbit USM. This book was released on with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenol formaldehyde (PF) is one of the widely used wood adhesives in the wood industry. The raw materials in the production of phenol formaldehyde resin are petroleum-derived and formaldehyde-based materials which corresponds to public health issues, environmental problems and non-economical costing. In recent years, the increasing price of petrochemical due to energy shortage and environmental problems such as global warming and climate change as results from the burning of fossil fuels have been brought to great public attention. Public health issues related to the emission of formaldehyde-based adhesives in most buildings and constructions, have also been given notice. Thus, lignin phenol glyoxal (LPG) wood adhesives have been formulated by partially replacing phenol with Kraft and organosolv lignins at varying weight percentages. Results showed that 50 % organosolv LPG (OLPG) resin may cure as a stronger, natural, green, cost-effective and sustainable wood adhesive to replace PF resin in the wood industry.
Download or read book Research Progress on Formaldehyde Free Wood Adhesive Derived from Soy Flour written by Chengsheng Gui and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soy-based adhesives have been regarded as the most suitable candidates for wood industry. For a widespread use of soy-based adhesives, new technologies need to be developed to improve the water resistance. An overview on the methods to improve water resistance of soy-based adhesives is presented. Denaturants were once considered necessary to modify soy protein. However, water-resistant soy adhesives could be prepared by simply removing water-soluble carbohydrates and low molecular peptides from soy flour. In addition, proper grafting and cross-linking agents help to prepare water-resistant soy-based adhesives, which are used widely to bond interior wood composites. In particular, a new type of polyamidoamine (PADA) resin and an itaconic acid-based polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (IA-PAE) resin were synthesized to perform as cross-linking agents for soy-based adhesives. This review concludes that soy-based adhesives have great potential for use in numerous applications. However, future work is still needed to make soy-based adhesives more competitive with synthetic adhesives.
Download or read book Bio based Wood Adhesives written by Zhongqi He and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive application for maximal benefits. This book covers information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives in fifteen chapters written by an international group of accomplished contributors. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocators and government agency regulators who work and deal with enhanced utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.
Download or read book Evaluation of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Wood Adhesives for Making Particleboard written by Kai Gu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF) are widely applied in wood-based composite industry. However, these adhesives are all petrochemical-based and could not sustain in a long term due to a limited reserve of oil and natural gas. Moreover, these adhesives emit carcinogenic formaldehyde in the production or use of wood composite panels, thus reducing indoor air quality and posing a health risk to human beings. Soy flour (SF) is an abundant, readily available, renewable, and inexpensive material and is mainly used for food application at present. Its potential for industrial applications has not been fully realized. In this study, we evaluated two SF-based formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for making M-2 Grade particleboard panels. The first adhesive was composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The weight ratio of SF/PEI/MA/NaOH was 7/1.0/0.32/0.1. The hot-press temperature, hot-press time, panel density and adhesive usages were optimized in terms of enhancing the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB) of the particleboard panels. It was found that the MOR, MOE and IB exceeded the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboards under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 170 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 10 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 8 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3. The second adhesive consisted of SF, a new curing agent (CA) and NaOH. Effects of the weight ratio of adhesive components on strengths of the particleboard panels were investigated. It was found that this adhesive resulted in the highest strengths at the SF/NaOH/CA weight ratio of 9/0.3/1. Effects of hot-press temperature and hot-press time on strengths of the panels were also investigated. The MOR, MOE and IB met the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboard panels under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 190 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 12 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 10 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3.
Download or read book Frontiers of Manufacturing and Design Science II written by Dong Ye Sun and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2011-10-24 with total page 5440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). This collection of 949 peer-reviewed papers on the Frontiers of Manufacturing and Design Science is intended to promote the development of Manufacturing, Design and Materials Science, the strengthening of international academic cooperation and communications and the exchange of research ideas. This book provides readers with a broad overview of the latest advances in the field of Manufacturing and Design Science.
Download or read book Biobased Adhesives written by Manfred Dunky and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biobased Adhesives Unique and comprehensive book edited by acknowledged leaders on biobased adhesives that will replace petroleum-based adhesives. This book contains 23 chapters covering the various ramifications of biobased adhesives. The chapters are written by world-class scientists and technologists actively involved in the arena of biobased adhesives. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1: Fundamental Aspects; Part 2: Classes of Biobased Adhesives; and Part 3: Applications of Biobased Adhesives. Topics covered include: an introduction to biobased adhesives; adhesion theories and adhesion and surface issues with biobased adhesives; chemistry of adhesives; biorefinery products as biobased raw materials for adhesives; naturally aldehyde-based thermosetting resins; natural crosslinkers; curing and adhesive bond strength development in biobased adhesives; mimicking nature; bio-inspired adhesives; protein adhesives; carbohydrates as adhesives; natural polymer-based adhesives; epoxy adhesives from natural materials; biobased polyurethane adhesives; nanocellulose-modified adhesives; debondable, recyclable, and biodegradable biobased adhesives; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-based adhesives; adhesive precursors from tree-derived naval stores; and applications in various diverse arenas such as wood bonding, controlled drug delivery, and wearable bioelectronics. Audience This book will interest materials scientists, adhesionists, polymer chemists, marine biologists, food and agriculture scientists, and environmentalists. R&D personnel in a slew of wide-ranging industries such as aviation, shipbuilding, railway, automotive, packaging, construction, wood bonding, and composites should find this book a repository of current and much-needed information.
Download or read book Adhesives written by Anna Rudawska and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents some information regarding adhesives which have applications in industry, medicine and dentistry. The book is divided into two parts: "Adhesives Applications in Medicine and Dentistry" and "Properties of Adhesive." The aim of such a presentation is to present the usage in very different aspects of application of the adhesives and present specific properties of adhesives. Adhesives' advantageous properties and relatively uncomplicated processing methods contribute to their increasing application and their growing popularity in the industry, medicine and other branches. Some adhesives represent properties superior to those of most adhesive materials, due to their excellent adhesion and chemical resistance. A wide variety of adhesives' considerable flexibility in modification of properties of adhesives allows adjusting the composition to particular applications.
Download or read book Green Chemistry for Surface Coatings Inks and Adhesives written by Rainer Hoefer and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many modern surface coatings and adhesives are derived from fossil feedstocks. With fossil fuels becoming more polluting and expensive to extract as supplies dwindle, industry is turning increasingly to nature, mimicking natural solutions using renewable raw materials and employing new technologies. Highlighting sustainable technologies and applications of renewable raw materials within the framework of green and sustainable chemistry, circular economy and resource efficiency, this book provides a cradle-to-cradle perspective. From potential feedstocks to recycling/reuse opportunities and the de-manufacture of adhesives and solvents, green chemistry principles are applied to all aspects of surface coating, printing, adhesive and sealant manufacture. This book is ideal for students, researchers and industrialists working in green sustainable chemistry, industrial coatings, adhesives, inks and printing technologies.
Download or read book Developing Soybean based Adhesives for Heat treated Plywood written by Yizhou Chen and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat treatment on wood in the absence of oxygen is commonly practiced in industry to improve raw wood properties. However, heat treatment is not widely applied to engineered wood such as plywood because most synthetic adhesives such as urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesives fail in high temperature. In addition, synthetic adhesives, upon heat treatment, would release toxic substances to pollute the environment. In this study, inspired by the high-temperature, controlled, (non-)oxygen condition used in baking, we explored the idea of using plant-protein-based adhesives for heat-treated plywood. Soybean protein (SP) is a proven material for making biobased adhesives for plywood; however, soy flour (SF) is a more affordable candidate. In this study, soy flour was used as the base material for wood adhesives and further modified and formulated with low-value lignin to improve adhesion properties and reduce cost. Glucose was then added in the formula to reveal the effect of the Maillard reaction. Yellow pine plywood samples were prepared and heat treated at different temperatures (190-200 °C) for varied times from 1 to 4 h. The key results were that heat treatment improved the wet adhesion strength of plywood made with SF-based adhesives. Even with unmodified, SF-only adhesives, plywood exhibited robust adhesion and strong water resistance after heat treatment. For example, after 200 °C treatment for 2 h, the wet strength of SF plywood improved from 0 MPa to 1.28 MPa, while plywood made with UF adhesives became delaminated after heat treatment. A content ratio of 50% was the most lignin that can be added into the formula, and it achieved a wet strength of 1.31 MPa. Lignin25%-SF75% was the most practical application, achieving a wet stregnth of 1.43 MPa after heat treatment. Changing the pH of the lignin-SF slurry changed the adhesion of plywood. At a higher pH, more lignin content can be added to the adhesive formula. Heat-treated plywood prepared using soy flour and glucose (SFG) adhesives exhibited a better water resistance of 1.51MPa. The treatment temperature range overlapped with that of the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction forms crosslink structures and plays an important role in the water resistance of heat-treated soybean adhesives. It was proposed that hydrophilic functional group loss, protein denaturation, and crosslinking after denaturation helped heat treatment to improve wet adhesion. This study points to new applications of protein-based adhesives and ways to improve plywood properties at a considerably lower cost.
Download or read book Adhesives from Renewable Resources written by Richard W. Hemingway and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an up-to-date source of information from the leading world authorities on the use of lignins, tannins, carbohydrates, terpenes and proteins in adhesive formulations. Examines new alternatives based on the renewable resources that are available. Covers a broad range of natural products directed to a wide variety of bonding applications, from tire cords to eye surgery. Also addresses opportunities for future development of adhesives from renewable resources.
Download or read book Eco Friendly Adhesives for Wood and Natural Fiber Composites written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of eco-friendly resins and their composite materials covering their synthesis, sources, structures and properties for different industrial applications to support the ongoing research and development in eco-friendly and renewable commercial products. It provides comparative discussions on the properties of eco-friendly resins with other polymer composites. It is a useful reference on bio-based eco-friendly polymer resins, wood-based composites, natural fibers and biomass materials for the polymer scientists, engineers and material scientists.
Download or read book Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites written by Roger M. Rowell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-02-18 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The degradable nature of high-performance, wood-based materials is an attractive advantage when considering environmental factors such as sustainability, recycling, and energy/resource conservation. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites provides an excellent guide to the latest concepts and technologies in wood chemistry and bio-based composites. The book analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of wood cellulose and its response to natural processes of degradation. It describes safe and effective chemical modifications to strengthen wood against biological, chemical, and mechanical degradation without using toxic, leachable, or corrosive chemicals. Expert researchers provide insightful analyses of the types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood, emphasizing the mechanisms of reaction involved and resulting changes in performance properties. These include modifications that increase water repellency, fire retardancy, and resistance to ultraviolet light, heat, moisture, mold, and other biological organisms. The text also explores modifications that increase mechanical strength, such as lumen fill, monomer polymer penetration, and plasticization. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites concludes with the latest applications, such as adhesives, geotextiles, and sorbents, and future trends in the use of wood-based composites in terms of sustainable agriculture, biodegradability and recycling, and economics. Incorporating over 30 years of teaching experience, the esteemed editor of this handbook is well-attuned to educational demands as well as industry standards and research trends.
Download or read book Handbook of Adhesive Technology Revised and Expanded written by Antonio Pizzi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-06 with total page 1060 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Second Edition exceeds the ambition of its bestselling forerunner by reexamining the mechanisms driving adhesion, categories of adhesives, techniques for bond formation and evaluation, and major industrial applications. Integrating modern technological innovations into adhesive preparation and application, this greatly expanded and updated edition comprises a total of 26 different adhesive groupings, including three new classes. The second edition features ten new chapters, a 40-page list of resources on adhesives, and abundant figures, tables, equations.
Download or read book Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology written by A. Pizzi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1994-08-10 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work discusses the latest innovations in the manufacture of wood adhesives, and shows how to test their composition. Methods of varying parameters to obtain particular effects are explained, and background summaries of each class of adhesives are provided.
Download or read book Wood Based Panels International written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
