Download or read book Detecting Diesel Particulate Matter Using Real Time Monitoring Under the Influence of an Exhaust Fan System written by Yasir Helal Alghamdi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) is a complex mixture of diesel exhaust gas that consists of carbon, ash, metallic abrasion particles, sulfates and silicates. The diesel soot particle includes a solid core made of elemental carbon, and organic carbon compound attached to the surface of the soot particle. The main source of DPM is diesel exhaust gas. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have determined that DPM is the source of most of the emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxide of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons in underground coal, metal and non metal mines. It has become a significant health issue, particularly in underground mines where diesel engines are more active in confined areas. The studies have shown that exposure to DPM is the main risk for lung cancer and other lung diseases. Providing an accurate underground ventilation plan can help to dilute the concentration of emissions. Diesel particulate matter should be monitored constantly to ensure it does not exceed MSHA's emission standards. This paper will show the behavior of diesel exhaust emission under the influence of exhaust fan with different speeds, and how the DPM can be detected by using a real time personal sampler. The experiment was conducted in the experimental mine at Missouri University of Science and Technology (MS&T). It is shown that there is a variance of the concentration of elemental carbon depending on the type of diesel source and the speed of exhaust fan. Understanding the relationship between the source and the ventilation system can give a better understanding of what ventilation plan is appropriate to keep the emission concentration as low as possible while taking into account the other affecting factors such as leakage. Some of the tests have not shown a good dilution of the gas but they can suggest other factors to be used for a high probability of reducing emissions. These other factors are recommended in this paper for more research"--Abstract, page iii.

Download or read book Real time Diesel Particulate Matter Monitoring in Underground Mine Atmospheres Association with the Standard Method and Related Challenges written by Muhammad Usman Khan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Diesel-powered equipment is a significant component of underground mining operations. Miners' exposure to diesel exhaust is harmful. The standard Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) monitoring method (NIOSH 5040 method) has limitations that preclude rapid DPM estimation and detailed understanding of DPM variations over time. However, real-time DPM monitors do not inherit these limitations. Biodiesel is often used as a substitute for regular petroleum-diesel because of its ability to emit less DPM. However, accuracy of available real-time DPM monitors has not been determined in mines using 70% to 99% (high-percent) biodiesel. The present research addresses this need by rigorous testing of a commercial real-time DPM monitor against the NIOSH 5040 method in active underground metal mines using high-percent biodiesel. The real-time DPM monitor was used to collect transient DPM data at mines' work faces, in exhaust air and intake air drifts. The extensive amount of data is characterized by use of Frequency Distribution (FD) models. The collected data revels strong variations in local DPM levels and suggests that attention to DPM area concentrations would provide a valuable complement to the miners' personal DPM exposure determinations. The results also highlight the potential importance of monitoring miners' short term DPM exposure. The measured data also revels the significance of DPM recirculation by auxiliary fan and ventilation duct systems. This research uses a 2D CFD model to examine stope ventilation parameters for a dead-end mine entry and identifies improved ventilation practices for efficient ventilation. Lastly, good work practices for the real-time DPM monitor (FLIR Airtec) used in this research are suggested"--Abstract, page iii.

Download or read book Indoor Air Quality Assessment for Smart Environments written by J. Saini and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2022-05-18 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indoor air quality (IAQ) and indoor air pollution (IAP) are a matter of concern in many countries because they can significantly influence the general health and well-being of those who spend most of their time inside, whether at home or work. Poor IAQ and repeated exposure to dangerous concentrations of pollutants can contribute significantly to the healthcare burden along with increased absenteeism and lost productivity worldwide. This book, Indoor Air Quality Assessment for Smart Environments, explores the problem of IAQ and highlights potential challenges, gaps, and opportunities in the field. As the title suggests, it focuses on assessing IAQ in smart environments using emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), that can further contribute to the development of intelligent building management systems. The book contains 8 chapters, written by various experts in the field and addressing significant elements of IAQ management, including: definition, state-of-the-art and applications; sensing techniques; technological interventions and smart environments; smart monitoring devices; green and smart hospitals; health risks of nano building products; the optimization of household ventilation; and an assessment of smart environments. While providing a useful source of knowledge for researchers, policymakers, public health professionals and government agencies wishing to enhance the air quality in buildings, the book will also serve as a guide to building occupants who wish to take the necessary measures to enhance the built environment with improved ventilation arrangements.

Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.

Download or read book An Investigation of Urban Mobile Source Aerosol Using Optical Properties Measured by CRDT N written by Monica Elizabeth Wright and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mobile source emissions are a major contributor to global and local air pollution. Governments and regulatory agencies have been increasing the stringency of regulations in the transportation sector for the last ten years to help curb transportation sector air pollution. The need for regulations has been emphasized by scientific research on the impacts from ambient pollution, especially research on the effect of particulate matter on human health. The particulate emissions from diesel vehicles, diesel particulate matter (DPM) is considered a known or probable carcinogen in various countries and increased exposure to DPM is linked to increased cardiovascular health problems in humans. The toxicity of vehicle emissions and diesel particulate emissions in particular, in conjunction with an increased awareness of potential petroleum fuel shortages, international conflict over petroleum fuel sources and climate change science, have all contributed to the increase of biodiesel use as an additive to or replacement for petroleum fuel. The goal of this research is to determine how this increased use of biodiesel in the particular emission testing setup impacts urban air quality. To determine if biodiesel use contributes to a health or climate benefit, both the size range and general composition were investigated using a comprehensive comparison of the particulate component of the emissions in real time. The emissions from various biodiesel and diesel mixtures from a common diesel passenger vehicle were measured with a cavity ring-down transmissometer (CRDT) coupled with a condensation particle counter, a SMPS, a nephelometer, NOx, CO, CO2, and O3 measurements. From these data, key emission factors for several biodiesel and diesel fuel mixtures were developed. This approach reduces sampling artifacts and allows for the determination of optical properties, particle number concentration, and size distributions, along with several important gas phase species' concentrations. Findings indicate that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel do not necessarily have an air quality benefit for particulate emissions in this emission testing scenario. The often cited linear decrease in particulate emissions with increasing biodiesel content was not observed. Mixtures with half diesel and half biodiesel tended to have the highest particulate emissions in all size ranges. Mixtures with more than 50% biodiesel had slightly lower calculated mass for light absorbing carbon, but this reduction in mass is most likely a result of a shift in the size of the emission particles to a smaller size range, not a reduction in the total number of particles. Evaluation of the extensive optical properties from this experimental set-up indicates that biodiesel additions to diesel fuel has an impact on emission particle extinction in both visible and near-IR wavelengths. The B99 mixture had the smallest emission factor for extinction at 532 nm and at 1064 nm. For the extinction at 532 nm, the trend was not linear and the emission factor peaked at the B50 mixture. Results from intensive properties indicate that emissions from B5 and B25 mixtures have Ångström exponents close to 1, typical for black carbon emissions. The mixtures with a larger fraction of biodiesel have Ångström exponent values closer to 2, indicating more absorbing organic matter and/or smaller particle size in the emissions. Additional experimental testing should be completed to determine the application of these results and emission factors to other diesel vehicles or types of diesel and biodiesel fuel mixtures.

Download or read book Journal of the Air Waste Management Association written by and published by . This book was released on 2007-07 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Laboratory Evaluation of Real time Smoke Particulate Monitors written by Anthony Trent and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the results of tests of new instruments that can be used to measure the particulate concentrations from forest fire smoke in real time. These instruments use the optical properties of light passed through air samples or other properties of sampled air to estimate particulate levels in real time. The new instruments included two samplers by MetOne Instruments, Inc., the E-BAM and the E-Sampler, and one by MIE, an improved version of the DataRAM4 monitor. All the instruments being tested were mounted side-by-side alongside a Federal Reference Method gravimetric sampler that was the standard all machines were judged against. Gravimetric samplers capture particulate that can be weighed to determine particulate concentration. Smoke was generated by burning beds of white pine needles in the burn chamber of the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula. The E-BAM samplers overestimated smoke particulate by 13 percent compared to the Federal Reference Method sampler, but the four E-BAM samplers, results were within 12 percent of each other. The E-Samplersgas results were similar to each other. The new MIE DataRAM4 monitor has a particulate-size correction feature that should be enabled for the most accurate results. The DataRAM4 monitor overestimated particulate concentrations by 172 percent, but the results of the two machines tested were within 11 percent of each other. Earlier studies (Laboratory Evaluation of Two Optical Instruments for Real-Time Particulate Monitoring, 9925-2806-MTDC, and Evaluation of Optical Instruments for Real-Time Continuous Monitoring of Smoke Particulates, 0025-2860-MTDC) tested older instruments in the laboratory. Results of field tests of older instruments are reported in Real-Time Smoke Particulate Sampling, Fire Storm 2000 (0125-2832-MTDC).

Download or read book A Real time Fine Particulate Matter Monitor Based on Inertial Size separation and Optical Detection in a Microchannel written by Leon Ching Fung Yuen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer Eeps for Real Time Measurements of Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Particulate Matter written by Jim Dunshee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even at low concentrations, the criteria air pollutant particulate matter (PM) is an environmental and public health hazard. Emissions levels legislated for modern diesel vehicles are so low (~90% lower than 2003) that it has become difficult to accurately measure PM by the regulatory metric: the mass of particles collected on a filter (i.e., the gravimetric method). Additionally, gravimetric analysis cannot measure real-time emission rates, and therefore is unable to characterize high-emitting transient events (e.g., engine starts, stop-and-go driving). By an alternate method, PM can be estimated by measuring the number-weighted particle size distribution (PSD) and calculating mass with a combination of theoretical and empirical constants (e.g., particle effective density). This integrated particle size distribution (IPSD) method is capable of high measurement sensitivity and real-time resolution. Real-time measurements by the IPSD method require fast-sizing spectrometers, such as the TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS), which sizes (between 5.6-560 nm) and counts particles based on their electrical mobility. The EEPS utilizes a unipolar charger to quickly charge particles for sizing and counting, however this mechanism has been shown to produce a less predictable charge distribution than bipolar chargers used in Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) systems – the gold standard “slow-sizing” spectrometer. Several evaluations have shown deficiencies in EEPS PSD measurements due to charging differences (associated with particle morphology) unaccounted for in the transfer function matrix used to calibrate the EEPS. Specifically, the unipolar charger multiply charges a higher percentage of soot agglomerates (fractal-like particles common in diesel engine exhaust) than bipolar chargers. Because inaccurate PSDs are a primary reason for reported discrepancies between IPSD calculated mass and the gravimetric method, it is important to correct this deficiency in EEPS measurements. Recently, TSI has released additional EEPS calibration matrices (“Soot” and “Compact”) which have shown better agreement with SMPS measurements under preliminary test conditions. This study further evaluates the performance of these new matrices relative to the original “Default” matrix for diesel and biodiesel exhaust particles. Steady-state (75% engine load) emissions were generated by a light-duty diesel engine operating on (1) ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and (2) 100% soybean biodiesel. Raw EEPS data processed with each matrix were compared to simultaneously collected reference measurements from an SMPS. PSDs were evaluated based on their shape – i.e., multimodal fits of geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) – and concentration at peak particle diameter. For both fuels, all measurements agreed well in terms of the shape of the PSD: primary mode (accumulation) GMD ± 10nm, GSD ± 0.3. For ULSD, EEPS Default, Soot, and Compact concentrations were higher than the SMPS by factors of 1.9, 1.3, and 2.5, respectively. For biodiesel, EEPS Default, Soot, and Compact concentrations were higher than the SMPS by factors of 2.1, 1.7, and 2.4, respectively. Based on these results, the Soot matrix produced acceptable agreement between EEPS and SMPS measurements of ULSD exhaust particles. However, based on the factor of ~2 difference observed here, an additional calibration matrix may be necessary for the EEPS to accurately measure biodiesel exhaust particles. The IPSD method for estimating PM mass was applied to available data sets with corresponding gravimetric measurements (one ULSD transient cycle test and the same biodiesel steady-state test used for PSD evaluation). Real-time PSDs from each of the three EEPS matrices were used in combination with three sets of values assumed for size-dependent particle effective density (representing a range of potential conditions), resulting in nine IPSD estimates of PM mass corresponding to each gravimetric sample (one ULSD, one biodiesel). For the transient ULSD test, a widely used effective density distribution for fractal-like soot agglomerates resulted in good agreement between IPSD estimated mass and the gravimetric measurement (within 9% and 6% for Soot and Compact matrices, respectively). For the steady-state biodiesel test, assuming unit density (1g/cm3 for all particles) resulted in good agreement between IPSD estimated mass and the gravimetric measurement (within 7% and 2% for Soot and Compact matrices, respectively). These results support previous findings that the Soot matrix is currently the best available option for measurement of ULSD exhaust particles by the EEPS and that particle effective density distributions similar to the “fractal-like” one used here are an accurate estimate for ULSD exhaust particles under many conditions. However, based on the discrepancies between the EEPS and SMPS measured biodiesel exhaust PSDs observed here, as well as a current lack of information on the effective density of biodiesel exhaust particles, it is clear that additional research is necessary in order to understand the properties of biodiesel exhaust particles, especially as they relate to electrical mobility measurements and IPSD estimation of PM mass.

Download or read book Diesel Particulate Filter Technology written by Timothy V Johnson and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2007-03-28 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently, the complexity of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system has hindered its commercial success. Stringent regulations of diesel emissions has lead to advancements in this technology, therefore mainstreaming the use of DPFs in light- and heavy-duty diesel filtration applications. This book covers the latest and most important research in DPF systems, focusing mainly on the advancements of the years 2002-2006. Editor Timothy V. Johnson selected the top 29 SAE papers covering the most significant research in this technology.

Download or read book Technical Literature Abstracts written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impact of Particulate Matter Composition on Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Filtration and Regeneration on a Steady State Research Diesel Engine written by Matthew Bohm and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book In line Real time Particulate Matter Sensors for Obd and Exhaust After treatment System Control Applications written by Marc Cyrill Besch and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Practical Guide To Chemometrics written by Paul Gemperline and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-04-16 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The limited coverage of data analysis and statistics offered in most undergraduate and graduate analytical chemistry courses is usually focused on practical aspects of univariate methods. Drawing in real-world examples, Practical Guide to Chemometrics, Second Edition offers an accessible introduction to application-oriented multivariate meth

Download or read book Effect of Particulate Matter and Exhaust Gas Composition on Diesel Particulate Filter Regenration written by Amy E. Fischer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Diesel Particulate Matter Sensor written by Desiree Y. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Protection Agency and European Commission are requiring in-situ on-board diagnostic systems to increase accuracy in monitoring nitrous oxides and particulate matter vehicle emissions. Particulate Matter (PM) sensors are a derivative of this regulation and have been implemented to assess diesel particulate filter failure, as well as solid particle number. The design of PM sensors is varied by company (e.g., Honeywell, Bosch, Emisense, and Delphi) in addition to the applied method. The method of investigation in this study is electrical charging and the capacity for corona discharge generation.