Download or read book Desegregation of the U S Armed Forces written by Richard M. Dalfiume and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During the years between 1939 and 1953 the United States armed forces moved from a policy of restricting and segregating the Negro soldier, based largely on racial stereotypes that emerged from World War I, to a policy of equal opportunity and integration. Most writers point to 1954 or later as the origin of the Negro Revolution; however, this history of what was in the past an important issue for black Americans sheds light on the 'forgotten years' of the Negro Revolution, particularly World War II. The war's democratic rhetoric had a great impact on the nation's largest minority, a fact overlooked by most scholars. The hypocritical position of the United States - fighting with a racially segregated armed forces to uphold the four freedoms and to defeat an enemy preaching a master race ideology - provided Negro Americans with a clear illustration of the difference between the American creed and practice, and a powerful argument in their struggle for equality. The postwar era made it impossible for the Federal Government and the American people to ignore the race issue any longer. The Truman Administrations' legislative proposals and actions in the field of Negro rights set the pattern for a continuing federal improvement. No longer was it the Federal Government's policy to condone or extend segregation. Of the Truman Administrations' precedent-breaking actions in this area, desegregation of the armed forces was among the first. The President, as Commander-in-chief, could move in this area without legislation from a reluctant Congress. Truman's Executive Order 9981 of July, 1948, which established the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, was one of the first federal actions against the separate-but-equal doctrine, coming six years before the 1954 school desegregation decision of the Supreme Court. A reluctant Army was finally convinced of the wisdom of desegregation when the new policy proved a success in the Korean War, a success that provided a powerful argument for those who sought an end to segregation in the United States. This was truly a social revolution, and the result is indicated by the fact that to this day the armed forces remain the most integrated institution in American society"--Jacket.
Download or read book Foxholes Color Lines written by Sherie Mershon and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Well-written, thoughtful, and incisive... A fresh look at why the armed services took so long to implement a policy imposed upon them by their civilian leaders." -- Journal of Military History
Download or read book The Double V written by Rawn James, Jr. and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The century-long struggle to achieve equality for America's black soldiers and sailors, in a stirring narrative history by the author of Root and Branch
Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945 1964 written by Alan L. Gropman and published by University Press of the Pacific. This book was released on 2002-02 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retired Air Force colonel Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. First published in 1977, this second edition charts policy changes to date. 31 photos.
Download or read book Desegregation of the U S Armed Forces written by Richard M. Dalfiume and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black White Olive Drab written by Andrew H. Myers and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the first Army bases to implement on a large scale President Truman's call for racial integration of the armed forces, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, quickly took its place in the Defense Department's official history of the process. What reporters, and later on, historians, overlooked was the interaction between the integration of Fort Jackson and developments, in particular, the civil rights movement, in the wider communities in which the base is situated.In Black, White, and Olive Drab, Andrew H. Myers redresses this oversight; taking a case-study approach, Myers meticulously weaves together a wide range of official records, newspaper accounts, and personal interviews, revealing the impact of Fort Jackson's integration on the desegregation of civilian buses, schools, housing, and public facilities in the surrounding area. Examining the ways in which commanders and staff at the installation navigated challenges over racial issues in their dealings with municipal authorities, state politicians, federal legislators, and the upper echelons of the military bureaucracy, Myers also addresses how post leaders dealt with the potential for participation in civil rights demonstrations by soldiers under their command. Original and provocative, Black, White, and Olive Drab will engage historians and sociologists who study military-social relations, the civil rights movement, African American history, and the South, as well as those who are interested in or familiar with basic training or the American armed forces.
Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces 1940 1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 1981 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CMH Pub 50-1-1. Defense Studies Series. Discusses the evolution of the services' racial policies and practices between World War II and 1965 during the period when black servicemen and women were integrated into the Nation's military units.
Download or read book Taps for a Jim Crow Army written by Phillip McGuire and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many black soldiers serving in the U.S. Army during World War II hoped that they might make permanent gains as a result of their military service and their willingness to defend their country. They were soon disabused of such illusions. Taps for a Jim Crow Army is a powerful collection of letters written by black soldiers in the 1940s to various government and nongovernment officials. The soldiers expressed their disillusionment, rage, and anguish over the discrimination and segregation they experienced in the Army. Most black troops were denied entry into army specialist schools; black officers were not allowed to command white officers; black soldiers were served poorer food and were forced to ride Jim Crow military buses into town and to sit in Jim Crow base movie theaters. In the South, German POWs could use the same latrines as white American soldiers, but blacks could not. The original foreword by Benjamin Quarles, professor emeritus of history at Morgan State University, and a new foreword by Bernard C. Nalty, the chief historian in the Office of Air Force History, offer rich insights into the world of these soldiers.
Download or read book From Segregation to Desegregation written by Raymond B. Ansel and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the paper is to 1) present a brief historical overview of the use of Blacks in the U.S. Army between the period 1703 to 1948, and 2) to discuss desegregation of the U.S. Army, 1948 through 1954. Throughout our nation's history, Blacks have participated in every American war with patriotism, courage, and honor. White Americans were initially ambivalent about Blacks participating in military organizations and in most instances allowed Blacks to fight only when forced by circumstances to do so. The first part of this paper highlights the use of Black soldiers in the Army between the period 1703 to 1948, and the attitudes of White Americans towards them. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S Truman signed Executive order 9981 which abolished racial segregation in the armed services. This historic document established a policy that guaranteed equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. The Korean War, in 1950, provided the circumstances that accelerated integration in the U.S. Army. Integration proceeded rapidly: first at training bases in the United States; then in combat units in Korea; and finally at U.S. military installations around the world. Racial integration in the Army was accomplished with surprising speed and thoroughness. The process took only five years. The second part of this paper examines the measures taken to promote or inhibit desegregation of the United States Army between 1948-1954. The armed forces led the American nation to the realization that in fact 'all men are created equal' and skin color has no bearing on individual capability.
Download or read book Integrating the US Military written by Douglas Walter Bristol and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2017-05 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Integrating the US Military is an edited collection that examines the US Army's role and place in progressive social change through the lens of the military experience of African Americans, women, and gays since World War II. By making this long overdue comparison, the editors argue this anthology demonstrates how the challenges launched against the racial, gender, and sexual status quo in the years after World War II transformed overarching ideas about power, citizenship, and America's role in the world. This anthology's major contribution is synthesizing recent scholarly work on the history of minorities and women in the US military. It does so by examining connections between GIs and civilian society in the context of ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality. Given the militarization of American society since World War II, revealing the links between these legally marginalized groups within the Armed Services is historically significant in its own right. At the same time, this comparison also sheds new light on a broad range of issues that affected civilian society, such as affirmative action, integration, marriage laws, and sexual harassment. Integrating the US Military is a book designed for college students, military professionals, policy makers, and general readers. Allowing readers to view the history of several civil rights movements within the Armed Forces will prompt them to rethink the way they understand the history of social movements. It will also help them to better understand the relationship between the military and American society. Finally, readers will gain a historical perspective on recent debates about the rights of gays in the military and the implications of deploying women in combat."--Provided by publisher.
Download or read book Let Us Fight as Free Men written by Christine Knauer and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2014-03-07 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, the military is one the most racially diverse institutions in the United States. But for many decades African American soldiers battled racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. In the years after World War II, the integration of the armed forces was a touchstone in the homefront struggle for equality—though its importance is often overlooked in contemporary histories of the civil rights movement. Drawing on a wide array of sources, from press reports and newspapers to organizational and presidential archives, historian Christine Knauer recounts the conflicts surrounding black military service and the fight for integration. Let Us Fight as Free Men shows that, even after their service to the nation in World War II, it took the persistent efforts of black soldiers, as well as civilian activists and government policy changes, to integrate the military. In response to unjust treatment during and immediately after the war, African Americans pushed for integration on the strength of their service despite the oppressive limitations they faced on the front and at home. Pressured by civil rights activists such as A. Philip Randolph, President Harry S. Truman passed an executive order that called for equal treatment in the military. Even so, integration took place haltingly and was realized only after the political and strategic realities of the Korean War forced the Army to allow black soldiers to fight alongside their white comrades. While the war pushed the civil rights struggle beyond national boundaries, it also revealed the persistence of racial discrimination and exposed the limits of interracial solidarity. Let Us Fight as Free Men reveals the heated debates about the meaning of military service, manhood, and civil rights strategies within the African American community and the United States as a whole.
Download or read book The U S Military and Civil Rights Since World War II written by Heather Stur and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through examinations of U.S. military racial and gender integration efforts and its handling of sexuality, this book argues that the need for personnel filling the ranks has forced the armed services to be pragmatically progressive since World War II. The integration of African Americans and women into the United States Armed Forces after World War II coincided with major social movements in which marginalized civilians demanded equal citizenship rights. As this book explores, due to personnel needs, the military was a leading institution in its opening of positions to women and African Americans and its offering of educational and economic opportunities that in many cases were not available to them in the civilian world. By opening positions to African Americans and women and remaking its "where boys become men" image, the military was an institutional leader on the issue of social equality in the second half of the 20th century. The pushback against gay men and women wishing to serve openly in the forces, however, revealed the limits of the military's pragmatic progressivism. This text investigates how policymakers have defined who belongs in the military and counts as a soldier, and examines how the need to attract new recruits led to the opening of the forces to marginalized groups and the rebranding of the services.
Download or read book Hidden Heroism written by Robert Edgerton and published by Westview Press. This book was released on 2001-02-08 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible and well-informed tour through a little-known, important aspect of race in American history.
Download or read book Terrorism and U S Foreign Policy written by Paul R. Pillar and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States government-backed by the overwhelming support of the American public-takes a hard line against international terrorism. The tenets of official U.S. counterterrorist policy are: make no concessions or deals with terrorists; bring them to justice for their crimes; isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism; and bolster the counterterrorist capabilities of countries willing to work with the United States. While these tenets are sound principles, their application, specifically overseas, raises difficult questions. Does the "no deal" policy actually deter terrorists acts? Are there cases where agreements might reduce terrorism, while advancing other U.S. interests? Do isolation and pressure really force offending states to alter their support for terrorists? What factors affect the willingness, not just the capability, of foreign governments to help the United States in counterterrorism? In this critical study, a career CIA officer provides a guide to constructing and executing counterterrorist policy, urging that it be formulated as an integral part of broader U.S. foreign policy. In the first four chapters, Paul R. Pillar identifies the necessary elements of counterterrorist policy, he examines why the United States is a prime terrorist target, and he reveals why the counterterrorist policies that seem strongest are not always the most effective. Chapter 5 examines the widely varying nature of terrorist groups and the policy tools most appropriately applied to them. Chapter 6 focuses on states that sponsor terrorism (including Iran, Libya, North Korea, and Cuba), along with those that enable it to occur (particularly Greece and Pakistan). Pillar examines ways in which the American public's perspective toward terrorism can actually constrain counterterrorist policy, and he concludes that terrorism cannot be "defeated" only reduced, attenuated, and to some degree, controlled. The final chapter summarizes his recommendations f
Download or read book The Rebellious Life of Mrs Rosa Parks written by Jeanne Theoharis and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A must-read for young people.”—Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy Now adapted for readers ages 12 and up, the award-winning biography that examines Rosa Parks’s life and 60 years of radical activism and brings the civil rights movement in the North and South to life The basis for the documentary of the same name executive produced by award-winning journalist Soledad O’Brien, now streaming on Peacock. The documentary is the recepient of the 2022 Television Academy Honors Award. A Chicago Public Library’s “Best of the Best Books of 2021” Selection · A Kirkus Reviews “Best YA Biography and Memoir of 2021” Selection Rosa Parks is one of the most well-known Americans today, but much of what is known and taught about her is incomplete, distorted, and just plain wrong. Adapted for young people from the NAACP Image Award–winning The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks, Jeanne Theoharis and Brandy Colbert shatter the myths that Parks was meek, accidental, tired, or middle class. They reveal a lifelong freedom fighter whose activism began two decades before her historic stand that sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and continued for 40 years after. Readers will understand what it was like to be Parks, from standing up to white supremacist bullies as a young person to meeting her husband, Raymond, who showed her the possibility of collective activism, to her years of frustrated struggle before the boycott, to the decade of suffering that followed for her family after her bus arrest. The book follows Parks to Detroit, after her family was forced to leave Montgomery, Alabama, where she spent the second half of her life and reveals her activism alongside a growing Black Power movement and beyond. Because Rosa Parks was active for 60 years, in the North as well as the South, her story provides a broader and more accurate view of the Black freedom struggle across the twentieth century. Theoharis and Colbert show young people how the national fable of Parks and the civil rights movement—celebrated in schools during Black History Month—has warped what we know about Parks and stripped away the power and substance of the movement. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks illustrates how the movement radically sought to expose and eradicate racism in jobs, housing, schools, and public services, as well as police brutality and the over-incarceration of Black people—and how Rosa Parks was a key player throughout. Rosa Parks placed her greatest hope in young people—in their vision, resolve, and boldness to take the struggle forward. As a young adult, she discovered Black history, and it sustained her across her life. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks will help do that for a new generation.
Download or read book Freedom to Serve Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services written by United States. President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Blacks in the United States Armed Forces Segregation under siege written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
