Download or read book Cyber Security And Online Earning written by Ankesh Godbole and published by Ankesh Godbole . This book was released on with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Is About To Cyber Security Awareness And Online Earning.

Download or read book Finance Cloud Computing Cyber Security and Cyber Heist Beginners Guide to Help Protect Against Online Theft in the Cyber World written by Alex Nkenchor Uwajeh and published by Alex Nkenchor Uwajeh. This book was released on with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a Free Cyber Security Book Finance: Cloud Computing, Cyber Security and Cyber Heist - Beginners Guide to Help Protect Against Online Theft in the Cyber World ***Please Note: This is a Guide to Help Protect against Online Theft in the Cyber World - For Beginners*** With so many different cyber-crime activities to watch for, protecting your security and preventing an attack can seem daunting. Fortunately, there are some things everyone can do to reduce the risk of becoming the target of a cyber-attack. The key factor in keeping cloud-based applications secure and reduce the risk of cyber-attack is to understand that security in the cloud should be a shared responsibility. The cloud provider needs to focus on ensuring that security strategies are as stringent as possible. Other Available Books: *The Power of Positive Affirmations: Each Day a New Beginning *Christian Living: 2 Books with Bonus Content. *Bitcoin and Digital Currency for Beginners: The Basic Little Guide. *Investing in Gold and Silver Bullion - The Ultimate Safe Haven Investments. *Nigerian Stock Market Investment: 2 Books with Bonus Content. *The Dividend Millionaire: Investing for Income and Winning in the Stock Market. *Economic Crisis: Surviving Global Currency Collapse - Safeguard Your Financial Future with Silver and Gold. *Passionate about Stock Investing: The Quick Guide to Investing in the Stock Market. *Guide to Investing in the Nigerian Stock Market. *Building Wealth with Dividend Stocks in the Nigerian Stock Market (Dividends - Stocks Secret Weapon). *Precious Metals Investing For Beginners: The Quick Guide to Platinum and Palladium. *Child Millionaire: Stock Market Investing for Beginners - How to Build Wealth the Smart Way for Your Child - The Basic Little Guide. *Taming the Tongue: The Power of Spoken Words. *The Real Estate Millionaire: Beginners Quick Start Guide to Investing In Properties and Learn How to Achieve Financial Freedom. *Business: How to Quickly Make Real Money - Effective Methods to Make More Money: Easy and Proven Business Strategies for Beginners to Earn Even More Money in Your Spare Time.

Download or read book Internet Security written by J. P. Cross and published by . This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you want to learn how to maintain your privacy online and protect yourself (and your assets) from cyber criminals, then this book is for you!Over the past twenty years, the internet has made our lives much more convenient. However, there are dangers lurking in our digital world. The internet is full of criminals who want to gain access to your personal information so they can use it for their own financial gain. Misuse of your information by criminals can ruin your credit and cause financial devastation. Although it is true that there are dangers associated with the online world, there are also ways of protecting yourself. This book will teach you the importance of protecting your personal information online, and the steps you can take to ensure that your details stay private. You'll learn what to look out for and what to avoid so that you can avert any digital threats. Once you've finished this book, you should know all that you need to minimize your digital footprint (information that can be found about you online), and browse the web in peace, without falling victim to scams run by internet criminals.

Download or read book Cybersecurity written by Quinn Kiser and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-08-29 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you want to discover how to protect yourself, your family, and business against cyber attacks, then keep reading... Have you been curious about how hackers choose their victims or develop their attack plans? Have you been hacked before? Do you want to learn to protect your systems and networks from hackers? If you answered "yes" to any of the questions above, this is the book for you. This book serves as a launchpad for learning more about the Internet and cybersecurity. Throughout this book, you will take a journey into the world of cybercrimes and cybersecurity. The information is designed to help you understand the different forms of hacking and what you can do to prevent being hacked. By the end of this book, you may decide to pursue a career in the domain of information security. In this book, you will discover the following: The importance of cybersecurity. A brief history of cybercrime, the different types, and its evolution over the years. The various types of cyber-attacks executed over the Internet. 10 Types of Cyber hackers-the masterminds behind attacks. The secrets of phishing attacks and how you can protect yourself against them. The different kinds of malware that exist in the digital world. The fascinating tools to identify and tackle malware. Ransomware and how attackers leverage technology to make money. 9 security testing methods you can learn to do. Social engineering and how to identify a social engineering attack. Network Security, Web Application Security, and Smartphone security. Examples of different types of hacks and past incidents to emphasize the need for cybersecurity. If you are keen to know more and get started, click on the "add to cart" button and grab a copy of this book today.

Download or read book Essential Cyber Security Handbook In English written by Nam H Nguyen and published by Nam H Nguyen. This book was released on 2018-02-03 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Essential Cyber Security Handbook is a great resource anywhere you go; it presents the most current and leading edge research on system safety and security. You do not need to be a cyber-security expert to protect your information. There are people out there whose main job it is trying to steal personal and financial information. Are you worried about your online safety but you do not know where to start? So this handbook will give you, students, scholars, schools, corporates, businesses, governments and technical decision-makers the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions on cyber security at home or at work. 5 Questions CEOs Should Ask About Cyber Risks, 8 Most Common Internet Security Issues You May Face, Avoiding Copyright Infringement, Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks, Avoiding the Pitfalls of Online Trading, Banking Securely Online, Basic Security Concepts, Basics of Cloud Computing, Before You Connect a New Computer to the Internet, Benefits and Risks of Free Email Services, Benefits of BCC, Browsing Safely - Understanding Active Content and Cookies, Choosing and Protecting Passwords, Common Risks of Using Business Apps in the Cloud, Coordinating Virus and Spyware Defense, Cybersecurity for Electronic Devices, Data Backup Options, Dealing with Cyberbullies, Debunking Some Common Myths, Defending Cell Phones and PDAs Against Attack, Disposing of Devices Safely, Effectively Erasing Files, Evaluating Your Web Browser's Security Settings, Good Security Habits, Guidelines for Publishing Information Online, Handling Destructive Malware, Holiday Traveling with Personal Internet-Enabled Devices, Home Computer and Internet security, How Anonymous Are You, How to stop most of the adware tracking cookies Mac, Windows and Android, Identifying Hoaxes and Urban Legends, Keeping Children Safe Online, Playing it Safe - Avoiding Online Gaming Risks, Prepare for Heightened Phishing Risk Tax Season, Preventing and Responding to Identity Theft, Privacy and Data Security, Protect Your Workplace, Protecting Aggregated Data, Protecting Portable Devices - Data Security, Protecting Portable Devices - Physical Security, Protecting Your Privacy, Questions Bank Leaders, Real-World Warnings Keep You Safe Online, Recognizing and Avoiding Email Scams, Recognizing and Avoiding Spyware, Recognizing Fake Antiviruses, Recovering from a Trojan Horse or Virus, Recovering from Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses, Reducing Spam, Reviewing End-User License Agreements, Risks of File-Sharing Technology, Safeguarding Your Data, Securing Voter Registration Data, Securing Wireless Networks, Securing Your Home Network, Shopping Safely Online, Small Office or Home Office Router Security, Socializing Securely - Using Social Networking Services, Software License Agreements - Ignore at Your Own Risk, Spyware Home, Staying Safe on Social Networking Sites, Supplementing Passwords, The Risks of Using Portable Devices, Threats to mobile phones, Understanding and Protecting Yourself Against Money Mule Schemes, Understanding Anti-Virus Software, Understanding Bluetooth Technology, Understanding Denial-of-Service Attacks, Understanding Digital Signatures, Understanding Encryption, Understanding Firewalls, Understanding Hidden Threats - Rootkits and Botnets, Understanding Hidden Threats Corrupted Software Files, Understanding Internationalized Domain Names, Understanding ISPs, Understanding Patches, Understanding Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Understanding Web Site Certificates, Understanding Your Computer - Email Clients, Understanding Your Computer - Operating Systems, Understanding Your Computer - Web Browsers, Using Caution with Email Attachments, Using Caution with USB Drives, Using Instant Messaging and Chat Rooms Safely, Using Wireless Technology Securely, Why is Cyber Security a Problem, Why Secure Your Browser, and Glossary of Cybersecurity Terms. A thank you to my wonderful wife Beth (Griffo) Nguyen and my amazing sons Taylor Nguyen and Ashton Nguyen for all their love and support, without their emotional support and help, none of these educational language eBooks and audios would be possible.

Download or read book Go Cyber written by Craig Field and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-08 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives the shortcuts and secrets to achieve $100,000 a year in Cyber Security. The information will help you get there fast and cheap. Cheap meaning hundred dollar certifications instead of thousands of dollars of formal schooling debt. If you develop a passion for Cyber Security great! If you do not, the pay will be good enough to support a family, the skill sets are transferable and the job security is pretty good.As you go down this path to a profession in Cyber Security, the end result might actually be the same one stated by many people in the Cyber Security world -- I love my job!The book is short and to the point. It is built to explain how to achieve your goal as fast as possible with as little debt as possible. Most the knowledge is free. What other time in history has the knowledge for a high income job been freely available?CYBER SECURITYSkills to protect data from theft.WHYInteresting, challenging, important work in high demand. High income and time to spend with family.MOTIVATIONThis might be your passion. Turn off all distractions and nothing can stop you.TRAININGMost training is free. One certification can get the first Cyber Security job.HOWFree online training videos watched at 2 times speed. Obtain inexpensive certifications not expensive degrees.DEMANDGovernment, companies, schools, family, everybody needs your help.MONEYWhen you do finally start making $100,000 go against societal influence and get out of debt. If anybody should be out of debt it should be you.JOB SECURITYThe mountains of data needs somebody to protect it.CODEBecome literate in reading and writing computer code because it's fun and you will be left behind if you are automation illiterate.

Download or read book The Official CompTIA Security Self Paced Study Guide Exam SY0 601 written by CompTIA and published by . This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CompTIA Security+ Study Guide (Exam SY0-601)

Download or read book Cybersecurity The Hacker Proof Guide To Cybersecurity Internet Safety Cybercrime Preventing Attacks written by Trust Genics and published by Trust Genics. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cybersecurity Issues Challenge Literally Everyone In today's connected world, everyone benefits from cybersecurity Cyberattacks are an evolving danger to organizations, employees, and consumers. They may be designed to access or destroy sensitive data, extort money or even put your family at risk. At an individual level, a cybersecurity attack can result in everything from identity theft to extortion attempts, to the loss of important data like family photos. However, there are simple things you can do to protect yourself, your family and your work. In fact, it's easier than you think and you don't need to be a cybersecurity specialist or techie. By the end of this book, you will understand cyber security issues and how to combat them even if you have a non-technical background Here is just a tiny fraction of what you will discover; Why People Still Fall for Phishing Scams - page 17 Protect Your Reputation and Your Website - page 21 Avoid having Your Personal Or Families Data Stolen - page 24 Defend Against Other People Accessing Your Private Information - page 27 How Hackers Are Blackmailing For Money & How To Avoid Being A Victim - page 30 How Businesses Are Affected by Cybersecurity Dangers - page 36 Securing Your Local Network - page 46 Implementing a Cybersecurity Framework To Protect Sensitive or Valuable Information - page 60 Encrypt Sensitive Business Data so that it is unreadable without the use of an encryption key and/or password - page 65 Secure Online Transactions - page 76 Managing Risks & Identifying The Level of Protection Required - page 78 Responding to a Cybersecurity Incident - page 80 How Theives Steal Millions From ATMs & How To Stay Safe - page 91 Staying Up to Date Cybersecurity Threats -page 98 Cyber threats are ever-evolving, save yourself the time and stress by avoiding being the next cyber victim. This book will show you everything you need to know, scroll up and click "add to cart"

Download or read book Spam Nation written by Brian Krebs and published by Sourcebooks, Inc.. This book was released on 2014-11-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now a New York Times bestseller! There is a Threat Lurking Online with the Power to Destroy Your Finances, Steal Your Personal Data, and Endanger Your Life. In Spam Nation, investigative journalist and cybersecurity expert Brian Krebs unmasks the criminal masterminds driving some of the biggest spam and hacker operations targeting Americans and their bank accounts. Tracing the rise, fall, and alarming resurrection of the digital mafia behind the two largest spam pharmacies-and countless viruses, phishing, and spyware attacks-he delivers the first definitive narrative of the global spam problem and its threat to consumers everywhere. Blending cutting-edge research, investigative reporting, and firsthand interviews, this terrifying true story reveals how we unwittingly invite these digital thieves into our lives every day. From unassuming computer programmers right next door to digital mobsters like "Cosma"-who unleashed a massive malware attack that has stolen thousands of Americans' logins and passwords-Krebs uncovers the shocking lengths to which these people will go to profit from our data and our wallets. Not only are hundreds of thousands of Americans exposing themselves to fraud and dangerously toxic products from rogue online pharmacies, but even those who never open junk messages are at risk. As Krebs notes, spammers can-and do-hack into accounts through these emails, harvest personal information like usernames and passwords, and sell them on the digital black market. The fallout from this global epidemic doesn't just cost consumers and companies billions, it costs lives too. Fast-paced and utterly gripping, Spam Nation ultimately proposes concrete solutions for protecting ourselves online and stemming this tidal wave of cybercrime-before it's too late. "Krebs's talent for exposing the weaknesses in online security has earned him respect in the IT business and loathing among cybercriminals... His track record of scoops...has helped him become the rare blogger who supports himself on the strength of his reputation for hard-nosed reporting." -Bloomberg Businessweek

Download or read book Real World Bug Hunting written by Peter Yaworski and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2019-07-09 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how people break websites and how you can, too. Real-World Bug Hunting is the premier field guide to finding software bugs. Whether you're a cyber-security beginner who wants to make the internet safer or a seasoned developer who wants to write secure code, ethical hacker Peter Yaworski will show you how it's done. You'll learn about the most common types of bugs like cross-site scripting, insecure direct object references, and server-side request forgery. Using real-life case studies of rewarded vulnerabilities from applications like Twitter, Facebook, Google, and Uber, you'll see how hackers manage to invoke race conditions while transferring money, use URL parameter to cause users to like unintended tweets, and more. Each chapter introduces a vulnerability type accompanied by a series of actual reported bug bounties. The book's collection of tales from the field will teach you how attackers trick users into giving away their sensitive information and how sites may reveal their vulnerabilities to savvy users. You'll even learn how you could turn your challenging new hobby into a successful career. You'll learn: How the internet works and basic web hacking concepts How attackers compromise websites How to identify functionality commonly associated with vulnerabilities How to find bug bounty programs and submit effective vulnerability reports Real-World Bug Hunting is a fascinating soup-to-nuts primer on web security vulnerabilities, filled with stories from the trenches and practical wisdom. With your new understanding of site security and weaknesses, you can help make the web a safer place--and profit while you're at it.

Download or read book Violent Python written by TJ O'Connor and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-28 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Violent Python shows you how to move from a theoretical understanding of offensive computing concepts to a practical implementation. Instead of relying on another attacker’s tools, this book will teach you to forge your own weapons using the Python programming language. This book demonstrates how to write Python scripts to automate large-scale network attacks, extract metadata, and investigate forensic artifacts. It also shows how to write code to intercept and analyze network traffic using Python, craft and spoof wireless frames to attack wireless and Bluetooth devices, and how to data-mine popular social media websites and evade modern anti-virus. Demonstrates how to write Python scripts to automate large-scale network attacks, extract metadata, and investigate forensic artifacts Write code to intercept and analyze network traffic using Python. Craft and spoof wireless frames to attack wireless and Bluetooth devices Data-mine popular social media websites and evade modern anti-virus

Download or read book Online Danger written by Eric Cole and published by Morgan James Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cybersecurity expert offers helpful tips and easy-to-follow instructions on how to keep you, your family, and your business safer online. The Internet is an informative, fun, and educational resource for the entire family, but it also has its own risks and dangers. From phishing to cyberbullying to identity theft, there are myriad ways you could be harmed online, often with irreparable damage. Fortunately, there are precautions everyone can take to protect themselves, their families, and their businesses—and they don’t require technical expertise. In this book, cybersecurity expert Dr. Eric Cole, provides a layman’s look at how to protect yourself online. Whether you’re a parent wanting to keep your children safe online; a senior citizen who doesn’t want to fall prey to the latest scam; a doctor, lawyer, or teacher who is responsible for safeguarding sensitive data; or simply a technology user who wants to protect themselves in cyberspace, Cole explains in plain language the many steps you can take to make your computer safer, protect your email, guard your online accounts, and more.

Download or read book Cybersecurity Jobs Resume Marketing written by Bruce Brown and published by 1team. This book was released on 2023-03-19 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 100K USD cybersecurity job opportunities are sent to me a few time a week! Earning 6 figures has allowed me to travel, take care of my family and invest. According to the White House, there are 700,000 cybersecurity positions open today. Using the techniques in this series, you can be a part of one of the fastest, highest salary career paths in IT. In this book I tell you: - What cybersecurity skills you need and how to list them - The best resume format to use (spoiler alert its ATS style resume!) - Cybersecurity knowledge and tasks employers are looking for - How to cheat by stealing keywords to put them in your resume - How to list degrees, experience and certifications - Where to get cyber security training for beginners This series tells you how to use all the tricks.

Download or read book Cyber Security Digital Awareness written by Shruti Dalela and published by Shruti Dalela . This book was released on 2023-10-25 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Cybersecurity and Digital Awareness for Students" is an essential book designed for students pursuing various academic disciplines, such as BCA, BA, BCom, BTech, BHSc, and anyone looking to enhance their general awareness in the digital realm. This book combines comprehensive knowledge with a unique feature – multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to help students reinforce their learning. Key aspects of the book include: Cyber Threat Landscape: The book provides a clear understanding of the ever-evolving cyber threats, from malware and hacking to data breaches, making it relevant to students from diverse fields. Digital Literacy: Emphasizing the significance of digital literacy, it equips students with the knowledge needed to navigate and thrive in the digital world effectively. Data Protection and Privacy: In an era of data breaches and privacy concerns, the book educates students on safeguarding their personal information online and understanding relevant laws and regulations. Online Etiquette and Behavior: It delves into appropriate online conduct and addresses topics like cyberbullying and harassment, which are relevant to students in their personal and professional lives. Security Awareness and Education: The book encourages lifelong learning about emerging cyber threats and best practices for online safety, and it includes MCQs to reinforce this knowledge. Cybersecurity as a Career: It introduces the exciting field of cybersecurity as a potential career path, shedding light on various roles and the growing demand for cybersecurity professionals. Emerging Technologies: The book explores how cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) are shaping the digital landscape and the importance of understanding their security implications. Global Perspectives: With a global outlook on cybersecurity, it highlights the international nature of cyber threats and the need to stay informed about worldwide trends. The MCQs interspersed throughout the book offer students the opportunity to test their comprehension and problem-solving skills. This book is a valuable resource for enhancing general awareness, preparing for future careers, and reinforcing knowledge about cybersecurity and digital awareness. It equips students to navigate the digital world confidently and responsibly, making it an invaluable addition to their educational journey.

Download or read book The Incredible Cybersecurity written by Yagnesh Patel and published by Clever Fox Publishing. This book was released on 2021-10-28 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book mainly focuses on cyberthreats and cybersecurity and provides much-needed awareness when cybercrime is on the rise. This book explains how to stay safe and invisible in the online world. Each section covers different exciting points, like how one can be tracked every moment they make? How can hackers watch?. Each section explains how you're being tracked or found online, as well as how you may protect yourself. End of each section, you can also find the real stories that happened! Sounds very interesting. And you will also find a quote that applies to a particular section and covers the entire section in just one sentence! Readers are educated on how to avoid becoming victims of cybercrime by using easy practical tips and tactics. Case studies and real-life examples highlight the importance of the subjects discussed in each chapter. The content covers not only "hacking chapters" but also "hacking precautions," "hacking symptoms," and "hacking cures." If you wish to pursue cybersecurity as a career, you should read this book. It provides an overview of the subject. Practical's with examples of complex ideas have been provided in this book. With the help of practical's, you may learn the principles. We also recommend that you keep your digital gadgets protected at all times. You will be prepared for the digital world after reading this book.

Download or read book The Secret to Cybersecurity written by Scott Augenbaum and published by Forefront Books. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cybercrimes are a threat and as dangerous as an armed intruder—yet millions of Americans are complacent or simply uninformed of how to protect themselves. The Secret to Cybersecurity closes that knowledge gap by using real-life examples to educate readers. It’s 2 a.m.—do you know who your child is online with? According to author Scott Augenbaum, between 80 to 90 percent of students say they do whatever they want on their smartphones—and their parents don’t have a clue. Is that you? What about your online banking passwords, are they safe? Has your email account or bank/debit card ever been compromised? In 2018, there were data breaches at several major companies—If those companies have your credit or debit information, that affects you. There are bad people in the world, and they are on the internet. They want to hurt you. They are based all over the world, so they’re hard at “work” when even you’re sleeping. They use automated programs to probe for weaknesses in your internet security programs. And they never stop. Cybercrime is on the increase internationally, and it’s up to you to protect yourself. But how? The Secret to Cybersecurity is the simple and straightforward plan to keep you, your family, and your business safe. Written by Scott Augenbaum, a 29-year veteran of the FBI who specialized in cybercrimes, it uses real-life examples to educate and inform readers, explaining who/why/how so you’ll have a specific takeaway to put into action for your family. Learn about the scams, methods, and ways that cyber criminals operate—and learn how to avoid being the next cyber victim.

Download or read book China and Cybersecurity written by Jon R. Lindsay and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-02 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's emergence as a great power in the twenty-first century is strongly enabled by cyberspace. Leveraged information technology integrates Chinese firms into the global economy, modernizes infrastructure, and increases internet penetration which helps boost export-led growth. China's pursuit of "informatization" reconstructs industrial sectors and solidifies the transformation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army into a formidable regional power. Even as the government censors content online, China has one of the fastest growing internet populations and most of the technology is created and used by civilians. Western political discourse on cybersecurity is dominated by news of Chinese military development of cyberwarfare capabilities and cyber exploitation against foreign governments, corporations, and non-governmental organizations. Western accounts, however, tell only one side of the story. Chinese leaders are also concerned with cyber insecurity, and Chinese authors frequently note that China is also a victim of foreign cyber -- attacks -- predominantly from the United States. China and Cybersecurity: Espionage, Strategy, and Politics in the Digital Domain is a comprehensive analysis of China's cyberspace threats and policies. The contributors -- Chinese specialists in cyber dynamics, experts on China, and experts on the use of information technology between China and the West -- address cyberspace threats and policies, emphasizing the vantage points of China and the U.S. on cyber exploitation and the possibilities for more positive coordination with the West. The volume's multi-disciplinary, cross-cultural approach does not pretend to offer wholesale resolutions. Contributors take different stances on how problems may be analyzed and reduced, and aim to inform the international audience of how China's political, economic, and security systems shape cyber activities. The compilation provides empirical and evaluative depth on the deepening dependence on shared global information infrastructure and the growing willingness to exploit it for political or economic gain.