Download or read book Currency Use and Payment Patterns written by W.C. Boeschoten and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acknowledgements The work underlying this study was performed at the Econometric and Special Studies Department of the Nederlandsche Bank, where many contributed to it. I am indebted to all the statistical assistants of the department, especially to Anja Wouters and Rob Vet for their patient assistance in building up the data sets and analysing the survey data. Also Corina den Broeder rendered devoted and persistent research assistance with respect to the multicountry analysis during her stay at the Bank and I am grateful to Mike Clements of the Bank of England for his careful reading and commenting on that part. My collegues Peter van Els and Carlo Winder made some valuable suggestions. Liesbeth Klein and Coen Collee helped me avoid a number of errors in English, and thanks to the skilful efforts of Marietta Bakker, Gita Gajapersad and Carolien Verhoeven the text looks as it does. Above all, lowe a debt of gratitude to Martin Fase, one of the pioneers in this field of research, for his efforts and contribution to the improvement of this study. INTRODUCTION We seem to be well on the way to a cashless society. Paradoxically, however, the majority of the transactions are still paid in cash even in the most advanced economies. A second paradoxical observation is that, despite the primary and common character of currency, the economic theory on the use of and demand for cash is only rarely supported by empirical evidence.
Download or read book Cash Use Across Countries and the Demand for Central Bank Digital Currency written by Mr.Tanai Khiaonarong and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The level and trend in cash use in a country will influence the demand for central bank digital currency (CBDC). While access to digital currency will be more convenient than traveling to an ATM, it only makes CBDC like a bank debit card—not better. Demand for digital currency will thus be weak in countries where cash use is already very low, due to a preference for cash substitutes (cards, electronic money, mobile phone payments). Where cash use is very high, demand should be stronger, due to a lack of cash substitutes. As the demand for CBDC is tied to the current level of cash use, we estimate the level and trend in cash use for 11 countries using four different measures. A tentative forecast of cash use is also made. After showing that declining cash use is largely associated with demographic change, we tie the level of cash use to the likely demand for CBDC in different countries. In this process, we suggest that one measure of cash use is more useful than the others. If cash is important for monetary policy, payment instrument competition, or as an alternative payment instrument in the event of operational problems with privately supplied payment methods, the introduction of CBDC may best be introduced before cash substitutes become so ubiquitous that the viability of CBDC could be in doubt.
Download or read book Money and the Mechanism of Exchange written by William Stanley Jevons and published by . This book was released on 1877 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Payment System written by Tom Kokkola and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is designed to provide the reader with an insight into the main concepts involved in the handling of payments, securities and derivatives and the organisation and functioning of the market infrastructure concerned. Emphasis is placed on the general principles governing the functioning of the relevant systems and processes and the presentation of the underlying economic, business, legal, institutional, organisational and policy issues. The book is aimed at decision-makers, practitioners, lawyers and academics wishing to acquire a deeper understanding of market infrastructure issues. It should also prove useful for students with an interest in monetary and financial issues."--Introduction (Pg. 20, para 8).
Download or read book The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions written by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.
Download or read book Measuring Global and Country Specific Uncertainty written by Ezgi O. Ozturk and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motivated by the literature on the capital asset pricing model, we decompose the uncertainty of a typical forecaster into common and idiosyncratic uncertainty. Using individual survey data from the Consensus Forecasts over the period of 1989-2014, we develop monthly measures of macroeconomic uncertainty covering 45 countries and construct a measure of global uncertainty as the weighted average of country-specific uncertainties. Our measure captures perceived uncertainty of market participants and derives from two components that are shown to exhibit strikingly different behavior. Common uncertainty shocks produce the large and persistent negative response in real economic activity, whereas the contributions of idiosyncratic uncertainty shocks are negligible.
Download or read book Where Does Money Come From written by Josh Ryan-Collins and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-31 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on detailed research and consultation with experts, including the Bank of England, this book reviews theoretical and historical debates on the nature of money and banking and explains the role of the central bank, the Government and the European Union. Following a sell out first edition and reprint, this second edition includes new sections on Libor and quantitative easing in the UK and the sovereign debt crisis in Europe.
Download or read book Dominant Currency Paradigm A New Model for Small Open Economies written by Camila Casas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most trade is invoiced in very few currencies. Despite this, the Mundell-Fleming benchmark and its variants focus on pricing in the producer’s currency or in local currency. We model instead a ‘dominant currency paradigm’ for small open economies characterized by three features: pricing in a dominant currency; pricing complementarities, and imported input use in production. Under this paradigm: (a) the terms-of-trade is stable; (b) dominant currency exchange rate pass-through into export and import prices is high regardless of destination or origin of goods; (c) exchange rate pass-through of non-dominant currencies is small; (d) expenditure switching occurs mostly via imports, driven by the dollar exchange rate while exports respond weakly, if at all; (e) strengthening of the dominant currency relative to non-dominant ones can negatively impact global trade; (f) optimal monetary policy targets deviations from the law of one price arising from dominant currency fluctuations, in addition to the inflation and output gap. Using data from Colombia we document strong support for the dominant currency paradigm.
Download or read book Balance of Payments Textbook written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1996-04-15 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Balance of Payments Textbook, like the Balance of Payments Compilation Guide, is a companion document to the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual. The Textbook provides illustrative examples and applications of concepts, definitions, classifications, and conventions contained in the Manual and affords compilers with opportunities for enhancing their understanding of the relevant parts of the Manual. The Textbook is one of the main reference materials for training courses in balance of payments methodology.
Download or read book The Future of Money written by Eswar S. Prasad and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-28 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cutting-edge look at how accelerating financial change, from the end of cash to the rise of cryptocurrencies, will transform economies for better and worse. We think weÕve seen financial innovation. We bank from laptops and buy coffee with the wave of a phone. But these are minor miracles compared with the dizzying experiments now underway around the globe, as businesses and governments alike embrace the possibilities of new financial technologies. As Eswar Prasad explains, the world of finance is at the threshold of major disruption that will affect corporations, bankers, states, and indeed all of us. The transformation of money will fundamentally rewrite how ordinary people live. Above all, Prasad foresees the end of physical cash. The driving force wonÕt be phones or credit cards but rather central banks, spurred by the emergence of cryptocurrencies to develop their own, more stable digital currencies. Meanwhile, cryptocurrencies themselves will evolve unpredictably as global corporations like Facebook and Amazon join the game. The changes will be accompanied by snowballing innovations that are reshaping finance and have already begun to revolutionize how we invest, trade, insure, and manage risk. Prasad shows how these and other changes will redefine the very concept of money, unbundling its traditional functions as a unit of account, medium of exchange, and store of value. The promise lies in greater efficiency and flexibility, increased sensitivity to the needs of diverse consumers, and improved market access for the unbanked. The risk is instability, lack of accountability, and erosion of privacy. A lucid, visionary work, The Future of Money shows how to maximize the best and guard against the worst of what is to come.
Download or read book Mastering Python Design Patterns written by Kamon Ayeva and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2024-05-31 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn Python design patterns such as Observer, Proxy, Throttling, Dependency Injection, and Anti-Patterns to develop efficient, scalable applications. Key Features Master essential design principles to build robust software architecture with the latest features in Python 3.10 Leverage concurrency, async patterns, and testing strategies for optimal performance Apply SOLID principles and advanced patterns to real-world Python projects Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook Book DescriptionAs software systems become increasingly complex, maintaining code quality, scalability, and efficiency can be a daunting challenge. Mastering Python Design Patterns is an essential resource that equips you with the tools you need to overcome these hurdles and create robust, scalable applications. The book delves into design principles and patterns in Python, covering both classic and modern patterns, and apply them to solve daily challenges as a Python developer or architect. Co-authored by two Python experts with a combined experience of three decades, this new edition covers creational, structural, behavioral, and architectural patterns, including concurrency, asynchronous, and performance patterns. You'll find out how these patterns are relevant to various domains, such as event handling, concurrency, distributed systems, and testing. Whether you're working on user interfaces (UIs), web apps, APIs, data pipelines, or AI models, this book equips you with the knowledge to build robust and maintainable software. The book also presents Python anti-patterns, helping you avoid common pitfalls and ensuring your code remains clean and efficient. By the end of this book, you'll be able to confidently apply classic and modern Python design patterns to build robust, scalable applications.What you will learn Master fundamental design principles and SOLID concepts Become familiar with Gang of Four (GoF) patterns and apply them effectively in Python Explore architectural design patterns to architect robust systems Delve into concurrency and performance patterns for optimized code Discover distributed systems patterns for scalable applications Get up to speed with testing patterns to ensure code reliability and maintainability Develop modular, decoupled systems and manage dependencies efficiently Who this book is for With a focus on intermediate and advanced Python programmers, this book offers valuable insights into the best practices for software design, backed by real-world examples and decades of experience. The book is also an excellent resource for software architects and team leaders who want to improve code quality and maintainability across their projects. Prior Python proficiency, including syntax, data structures, and OOP will help you get the most out of this book.
Download or read book Children and Money written by Takahashi Noboru and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-03-01 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the “Pocket Money Project,” researchers from four countries, Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam collaborated and studied how children in those four countries were involved with money, combining various research methods and approaches. What our project tries to present throughout this book is that money is not only just a tool of exchange in the context of the market economy; but, it also serves as a tool to mediate human relationships in individual cultures; and the tool is used and mediated by norms. The structure of the norms differs among cultures, and the same action has different meanings; thus, when the structure of norms in a culture is identified, the meaning of an action in the culture becomes clear. The research practice of “the Cultural Psychology of Differences” does not aim to create inventories of static differences. When a researcher, who is also a member of a specific culture, witnesses common behavior (cultural practices) among the others belonging to a different culture, the researcher is surprised, and, at the same time, reflects on his or her own common behavior (cultural practices); by doing so, mutual understanding and empathy are deepened, and this is exactly what “the Cultural Psychology of Differences” aims to do. Culture of the others appears dynamically, swaying ourselves; theorizing such a process is the task of our “Cultural Psychology of Differences”. We believe this practice of understanding different cultures will provide a practical prescription for mutual understanding through tensions and surprise not only for psychology but also for members of the countries that historically and constantly have had strained relationships. "Cultural Psychology of Differences” is the ideal that cultural psychology to study the relationships between mind and culture should be pursued in the future.
Download or read book Happy Money written by Elizabeth Dunn and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-05-14 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you think money can’t buy happiness, you’re not spending it right. Two rising stars in behavioral science explain how money can buy happiness—if you follow five core principles of smarter spending. If you think money can’t buy happiness, you’re not spending it right. Two rising stars in behavioral science explain how money can buy happiness—if you follow five core principles of smarter spending. Happy Money offers a tour of new research on the science of spending. Most people recognize that they need professional advice on how to earn, save, and invest their money. When it comes to spending that money, most people just follow their intuitions. But scientific research shows that those intuitions are often wrong. Happy Money explains why you can get more happiness for your money by following five principles, from choosing experiences over stuff to spending money on others. And the five principles can be used not only by individuals but by companies seeking to create happier employees and provide “happier products” to their customers. Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton show how companies from Google to Pepsi to Crate & Barrel have put these ideas into action. Along the way, the authors describe new research that reveals that luxury cars often provide no more pleasure than economy models, that commercials can actually enhance the enjoyment of watching television, and that residents of many cities frequently miss out on inexpensive pleasures in their hometowns. By the end of this book, readers will ask themselves one simple question whenever they reach for their wallets: Am I getting the biggest happiness bang for my buck?
Download or read book Global Organized Crime and International Security written by Emilio C. Viano and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-21 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in 1999, this book focuses on organized crime as a worldwide phenomenon that has taken great advantage of enabling technology in banking, communications and transportation to build what is probably the first true 'virtual' corporation in the world. It looks at organized crime as a threat to national and international security ironically stemming, in part, from the collapse of the Soviet empire that provided an already thriving, ruthless and well-organized system of graft, corruption and crime with a new lease of life and also unleashed it on to the world scene. Organized crime is also seen as a system of transnational alliances with the potential to destabilize democratic values and institutions; distort regional, if not worldwide, economies; and subvert the international order by allying itself with terrorist organizations, rogue states and developing countries in search of rapid industrialization and market dominance.
Download or read book Some Lessons from Asian E Money Schemes for the Adoption of Central Bank Digital Currency written by Tao Sun and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2023-06-09 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper synthesizes four lessons from the experiences of six Asian e-money schemes for central banks as they consider adopting central bank digital currency (CBDC): (i) CBDC should embody four attributes: trust, convenience, efficiency, and security; (ii) CBDC service providers can facilitate CBDC adoption through four channels: leveraging digital technology, targeting use cases, developing business models, and complying with legal and regulatory requirements; (iii) central banks could incentivize CBDC service providers to develop these four channels when considering CBDC adoption; and (iv) central banks may be able to establish data-sharing arrangements that preserve privacy while leaving room for CBDC service providers to explore the economic value of data.
Download or read book Balance of Payments Compilation Guide written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-03-15 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A companion document to the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual, the Balance of Payments Compilation Guide shows how the conceptual framework described in the Manual may be implemented in practice. The primary purpose of the Guide is to provide practical guidance for using sources and methods to compile statistics on the balance of payments and the international investment position. the Guide is designed to assist balance of payments compilers and statisticians in understanding the relative strengths and weaknesses of various approaches. The material reflects the emergence of new data sources and adaptations in the application of statistical methodologies to changing circumstances. Discussed in the Guide are all of the tasks that a BOP compiler normally performs. Appendices contain a set of model BOP questionnaires and a set of model BOP publication tables. Relationships between the balance of payments statistics and relevant aspects of national accounts are covered as well.
Download or read book Interest and Inflation Free Money Creating an Exchange Medium That Works for Everybody and Protects the Earth written by Margrit Kennedy and published by Stranger Journalism. This book was released on 1995 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher: Inbook; Rev Sub edition (March 1995)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 0964302500ISBN-13: 978-0964302501
