Download or read book Corrosion Behavior of Buried Pipeline in Presence of AC Stray Current in Controlled Environment written by Elmira Ghanbari and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cathodic protection (CP) and other corrosion mitigation strategies to preserve the integrity of pipelines are reported have failed in the presence of AC. This type of failure is a threat for catastrophic failure and there is a lack of well-agreed mitigation criteria for it. AC grounding systems as well as "consensus" standards that recommend limits on the maximum allowable AC current density and critical ratios of AC and CP currents are the only available techniques for preventing AC corrosion. Unclear mechanism of AC corrosion is the main reason for the uncertainty on the CP criteria in the presence of AC interference. AC interference can occur by conduction or induction mechanism where pipelines share right of way with some interference sources such as a high-voltage transmission line typically fed by a high voltage line at 50 or 16.7 Hz frequency. The goal of this work is to understand the mechanism of AC induced corrosion by studying the effects of AC interference on steel at different DC potentials.This work consists of two phases. In the first phase, the influence of simultaneous presence of different AC and DC potentials on corrosion rate of API grade X65 pipeline steel by performing both electrochemical techniques and weight loss analysis in sodium chloride solution was studied. Experimental test results showed that the effect of AC is most pronounced near the open circuit potential; at more positive potentials the rates approach those of the ohmic drop/mass transport-limited DC rates. Correspondingly, at negative potentials the rates decrease. Surprisingly, at all potentials, it was found that the AC corrosion rate was equal to the average AC current in the system. The data generated from weight loss experiments were compared with the results from a model for AC corrosion that was developed using a modified Butler-Volmer approach. The model considers the anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes, diffusion limited oxygen transport, interfacial capacitance and solution resistance. The model was used to explain the observation that the AC corrosion rate was equal to the average AC current in the system. Both experimental and model results showed the importance of the solution resistance and interfacial capacitance on the rate of AC corrosion, especially at the frequency of 60Hz or higher.As it relates to the pipeline, one of the factors that influences this interfacial capacitance is the composition of the soil around the pipeline. For example, alkaline earth mineral content of the soil such as calcium or magnesium base minerals produce calcareous deposits on the coating fault. In the second phase of this project, the influence of the solution resistance and interfacial capacitance on the rate of AC corrosion was investigated in more detail. This was done by performing AC experiments in both extracted soil environment and soil simulated solution. Additionally, artificial scales were grown on X65 pipeline steel, which were then exposed to different AC and DC potentials in a soil-simulating solution. These films were meant to simulate those that might deposit on the surface of the steel in calcium and carbonate rich soils during long-term exposure to cathodic protection (CP). In these experiments films in the order of 2[micron]m were deposited onto X65 carbon steel. After the deposition process, the properties of these films were characterized extensively including film capacitance. Results showed that the interfacial capacitance is one of the key parameters that ties together different factors controlling the magnitude of AC induced corrosion, such as the magnitude of AC voltage, AC current density, AC frequency and soil properties. In the light of the developed model and the experimental results, some misconceptions about AC corrosion were discussed. For example, it was shown that the current density is not a good candidate as a basis of AC mitigation criteria.
Download or read book Underground Pipeline Corrosion written by Mark Orazem and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underground pipelines transporting liquid petroleum products and natural gas are critical components of civil infrastructure, making corrosion prevention an essential part of asset-protection strategy. Underground Pipeline Corrosion provides a basic understanding of the problems associated with corrosion detection and mitigation, and of the state of the art in corrosion prevention. The topics covered in part one include: basic principles for corrosion in underground pipelines, AC-induced corrosion of underground pipelines, significance of corrosion in onshore oil and gas pipelines, numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines, and use of corrosion inhibitors in managing corrosion in underground pipelines. The methods described in part two for detecting corrosion in underground pipelines include: magnetic flux leakage, close interval potential surveys (CIS/CIPS), Pearson surveys, in-line inspection, and use of both electrochemical and optical probes. While the emphasis is on pipelines transporting fossil fuels, the concepts apply as well to metallic pipes for delivery of water and other liquids. Underground Pipeline Corrosion is a comprehensive resource for corrosion, materials, chemical, petroleum, and civil engineers constructing or managing both onshore and offshore pipeline assets; professionals in steel and coating companies; and academic researchers and professors with an interest in corrosion and pipeline engineering. Reviews the causes and considers the detection and prevention of corrosion to underground pipes Addresses a lack of current, readily available information on the subject Case studies demonstrate how corrosion is managed in the underground pipeline industry
Download or read book Corrosion Control for Buried Water Mains written by and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book AC Corrosion of Piplelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by Ampp. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AC Corrosion of Pipelines covers the essential topics related to AC corrosion of pipelines, a problem affecting the safety and reliability of underground pipelines. In addition to the basic principles of AC interference induced by adjacent AC power lines and other sources, the book details the adverse effects of the interference on collocated pipelines, including corrosion and pitting corrosion, coating degradation, deviating of cathodic protection potentials, and the ineffectiveness of cathodic protection systems. Moreover, effective management measures to this problem are discussed. It also covers the DC interference and DC corrosion of the pipelines, as compared to the AC corrosion phenomenon. The book, the first of its kind, provides a complete and comprehensive understanding to the phenomenon from both the fundamentals and the author's research experiences. The reader can learn and understand the basics associated with AC corrosion. Moreover, the book provides solutions and industry practice to mitigate, control, and manage AC corrosion of pipelines. The reader can thus learn the appropriate solutions to the problem. Finally, the book also includes DC corrosion of pipelines, in addition to AC corrosion, another essential problem to the buried pipelines with the increasing development of HVDC power lines. All of them contribute to improved knowledge base and recommended solutions for the actual problem threating the integrity and safety of pipelines.
Download or read book Development of an Assessment Model and Graphical User Interface for Monitoring Alternating Current Interference Induced Corrosion of Buried Pipelines written by Kazeem Bolade Adedeji and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alternating current (AC) induced corrosion of pipelines has been a major threat to owners of pipelines around the world. There are continuous cases of pipelines being installed in the energy utility corridors such as high voltage transmission lines. As a result of the shared corridor, the time varying electromagnetic field produced by the transmission line currents couples to any metallic structures such as metallic pipelines in its right of way with an attendant problem of induced voltage on the metallic pipeline. This induced voltage causes current circulation between the pipeline and the surrounding soil through the pipeline coating defect, thereby causing accelerated corrosion at the precise point where stray current leaves the pipeline. The induced voltage on the pipeline as a result of this coupling can cause danger to working personnel touching the exposed part of the pipeline, such as above ground equipment (valve station for example). The pipeline materials and its coating can also be destroyed, leading to high cost of maintenance and repairs most especially for buried pipelines. Rand Water South Africa, over the years, has experienced corrosion of her pipelines due to AC interference from high voltage transmission lines. This research work focused on the development of an assessment model leading to the development of an indigenous computer simulation tool for predicting and monitoring the corrosion risk of buried pipelines due to AC interference from overhead high voltage transmission lines.
Download or read book External Corrosion and Corrosion Control of Buried Water Mains written by Andrew E. Romer and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2004 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water utilities often do not know the specific cause of external corrosion observed on their water mains, and consequently, the chosen preventative measure may not work effectively. Historically, these choices are based on data from other industries (e.g., gas and oil) and may not be suitable for the water industry. Corrosion of metallic pipes can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, each of which requires a different solution. Determining which corrosion mechanism is at work is not a simple matter, because the resulting pipe damage looks similar for all of them. The failure to properly identify corrosion sources may produce prevention systems that are ineffective or do not last. For example, it is not effective to install an anode bag on a main that has a bacteriological corrosion problem. Similarly, an anode bag installed to reduce corrosion caused by a stray impressed current would be quickly used up and would provide only short-term protection. Much recent research on corrosion has focused on internal corrosion, primarily related to water-quality issues, such as lead and copper control and red water. This project will examine external corrosion, which affects the structural integrity of the pipe and makes it vulnerable to leaks and breakage. After identifying the causes of external corrosion, the study will find economical solutions for each type of corrosion and verify them through field trials.
Download or read book Evaluation of A C Corrosion Likelihood of Buried Pipelines Application to Cathodically Protected Pipelines written by British Standards Institute Staff and published by . This book was released on 2006-03-31 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion, Alternating current, Corrosion protection, Cathodic protection, Pipelines, Pipes, Underground, Structures, Metals, Electric power transmission lines, Overhead power lines, Railway electric traction equipment, Electrical measurement, Mathematical calculations
Download or read book External Corrosion written by American Water Works Association and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basics are explained along with how to institute a corrosion control program. This book explains how to evaluate the potential for damage by studying soil content, pipe material, and other variables. Includes information on installing and protecting distribution system pipe.
Download or read book Proceedings of the 7th International Corrosion Prevention Symposium for Research Scholars written by Azman Jalar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-29 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the latest research, innovations, and applications in the field of corrosion prevention and control, as presented by leading national and international academics, researchers, engineers, and postgraduate students at the AWAM International Conference on Civil Engineering 2022 (AICCE’22), held 7th International Corrosion Prevention Symposium for Research Scholars (CORSYM 2021), held as a virtual conference on November 2021. The CORSYM 2021 theme, Nurturing Future Corrosionist for Better Corrosion Mitigation, covered key topics such as corrosion and inhibitors, corrosion of biomaterials, top of line corrosion, H2S and CO2 corrosion, coatings and composites for biomedical devices, electrochemical testing techniques, advanced materials and coatings, corrosion in concrete structures, welding and hot Corrosion, corrosion in ships and marine structures, corrosion of biomaterials, corrosion Under insulation, digitalization in corrosion. The contributions introduce numerous exciting ideas that spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations between various specialists in the field of corrosion engineering.
Download or read book Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures written by Ramesh Singh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-12 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variable game changer for those companies operating in hostile, corrosive marine environments, Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures provides critical corrosion control tips and techniques that will prolong structural life while saving millions in cost. In this book, Ramesh Singh explains the ABCs of prolonging structural life of platforms and pipelines while reducing cost and decreasing the risk of failure. Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures places major emphasis on the popular use of cathodic protection (CP) combined with high efficiency coating to prevent subsea corrosion. This reference begins with the fundamental science of corrosion and structures and then moves on to cover more advanced topics such as cathodic protection, coating as corrosion prevention using mill applied coatings, field applications, and the advantages and limitations of some common coating systems. In addition, the author provides expert insight on a number of NACE and DNV standards and recommended practices as well as ISO and Standard and Test Methods. Packed with tables, charts and case studies, Corrosion Control for Offshore Structures is a valuable guide to offshore corrosion control both in terms of its theory and application. Prolong the structural life of your offshore platforms and pipelines Understand critical topics such as cathodic protection and coating as corrosion prevention with mill applied coatings Gain expert insight on a number of NACE and DNV standards and recommended practices as well as ISO and Standard Test Methods.
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry written by Linda Garverick and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive collection of peer-reviewed data and information on corrosion in the petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical processing industries from a number of ASM International publications. The principal sources are Corrosion, Volume 13, and Failure Analysis and Prevention, Volume 11 of ASM H
Download or read book Corrosion of Steel in Concrete written by Luca Bertolini and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-26 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steel-reinforced concrete is used ubiquitously as a building material due to its unique combination of the high compressive strength of concrete and the high tensile strength of steel. Therefore, reinforced concrete is an ideal composite material that is used for a wide range of applications in structural engineering such as buildings, bridges, tunnels, harbor quays, foundations, tanks and pipes. To ensure durability of these structures, however, measures must be taken to prevent, diagnose and, if necessary, repair damage to the material especially due to corrosion of the steel reinforcement. The book examines the different aspects of corrosion of steel in concrete, starting from basic and essential mechanisms of the phenomenon, moving up to practical consequences for designers, contractors and owners both for new and existing reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It covers general aspects of corrosion and protection of reinforcement, forms of attack in the presence of carbonation and chlorides, problems of hydrogen embrittlement as well as techniques of diagnosis, monitoring and repair. This second edition updates the contents with recent findings on the different topics considered and bibliographic references, with particular attention to recent European standards. This book is a self-contained treatment for civil and construction engineers, material scientists, advanced students and architects concerned with the design and maintenance of reinforced concrete structures. Readers will benefit from the knowledge, tools, and methods needed to understand corrosion in reinforced concrete and how to prevent it or keep it within acceptable limits.
Download or read book Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring written by Lietai Yang and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-01 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring, Second Edition, reviews electrochemical techniques for corrosion monitoring, such as polarization techniques, potentiometric methods, electrochemical noise and harmonic analyses, galvanic sensors, differential flow through cells and multielectrode systems. Other sections analyze the physical or chemical methods of corrosion monitoring, including gravimetric, radioactive tracer, hydrogen permeation, electrical resistance and rotating cage techniques, and examine corrosion monitoring in special environments such as microbial systems, concrete and soil, and remote monitoring and model predictions. A final group of chapters case studies covering ways in which corrosion monitoring can be applied to engine exhaust systems, cooling water systems, and more. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, this book is a valuable reference guide for engineers and scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion in such areas as automotive engineering, power generation, water suppliers and the petrochemical industry. Provides an in-depth presentation of what current corrosion monitoring techniques are available Presents insights into how to choose the best technique(s) for specific corrosion monitoring needs Includes case studies that highlight the main issues Serves as a valuable reference guide for engineers and scientific and technical personnel who deal with corrosion
Download or read book Evaluation of A c Corrosion Likelihood of Buried Pipelines written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion and Corrosion Control written by R. Winston Revie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-05-16 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic book on corrosion science and engineering—now in a valuable new edition The ability to prevent failures by managing corrosion is one of the main global challengesof the twenty-first century. However, most practicing engineers and technologists have only a basic understanding of how they can actively participate in this urgent economic and environmental issue. Now, students and professionals can turn to this newly revised edition of the trusted Corrosion and Corrosion Control for coverage of the latest developments in the field, including advances in knowledge, new alloys for corrosion control, and industry developments in response to public demand. This Fourth Edition presents an updated overview of the essential aspects of corrosion science and engineering that underpin the tools and technologies used for managing corrosion, enhancing reliability, and preventing failures. Although the basic organization of the book remains unchanged from the previous edition, this new update includes: An introduction to new topics, including the element of risk management in corrosion engineering and new advanced alloys for controlling corrosion Expanded discussions on electrochemical polarization, predicting corrosion using thermodynamics, steel reinforcements in concrete, and applications of corrosion control technologies in automotive, nuclear, and other industries A stronger emphasis on environmental concerns and regulations in the context of their impact on corrosion engineering A discussion of the challenge of reliability in nuclear reactors; stainless steels; the concept of critical pitting temperature; and information on critical pitting potential (CPP) Complemented with numerous examples to help illustrate important points, Corrosion and Corrosion Control, Fourth Edition enables readers to fully understand corrosion and its control and, in turn, help reduce massive economic and environmental loss. It is a must-read for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in engineering and materials science courses, as well as for engineers, technologists, researchers, and other professionals who need information on this timely topic.
Download or read book Non Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion assisted Cracking written by Raman Singh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive text to the non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment that takes an interdisciplinary approach Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking is an important resource that covers the critical interdisciplinary topic of non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment. The authors—noted experts in the field—offer an overview of the wide-variety of approaches to non-destructive evaluation and various types of corrosion. The text is filled with instructive case studies from a range of industries including aerospace, energy, defense, and processing. The authors review the most common non-destructive evaluation techniques that are applied in both research and industry in order to evaluate the properties and more importantly degradation of materials components or systems without causing damage. Ultrasonic, radiographic, thermographic, electromagnetic, and optical are some of the methods explored in the book. This important text: Offers a groundbreaking interdisciplinary approach to of non-destructive evaluation of corrosion and corrosion-assisted cracking Discusses techniques for non-destructive evaluation and various types of corrosion Includes information on the application of a variety of techniques as well as specific case studies Contains information targeting industries such as aerospace, energy, processing Presents information from leading researchers and technologists in both non-destructive evaluation and corrosion Written for life assessment and maintenance personnel involved in quality control, failure analysis, and R&D, Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking is an essential interdisciplinary guide to the topic.
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
