Download or read book Control of Microscopic Movement Using Synthetic and Biological Active Matter written by Ashlee Denise McGovern and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Active matter extracts energy from the environment and converts it into mechanical motion. Controlling individual and collective movements of active systems is key for progress toward applications in engineering, materials, and microrobotics. Studying biological active matter develops fundamental understandings of mechanisms of motion, communication, and sensing at the microscopic scale which nature has already been evolving for many years. We can use model systems to develop an understanding of active biological systems to learn what governs their behaviors in order to apply them to synthetic systems. Multi-responsive motion and complex shapes can be used to make micromotors, or self-propelled particles, for applications in fluid transport and cargo delivery. Using shape-programmed design strategies, meaning functionality or responsive behaviors are built directly into the shape and physical properties of the micromotor, will uncover what factors can be used to control and tune swimming behaviors. Advancements in 3D printing with nanoscale precision have opened new avenues for increasing the complexity of micromotor shapes. First, we introduce a novel design concept of chiral shape (e.g., propellers) of self-propelled particles for applications in microscale devices for drug delivery, as well as microcargo transport, and microrobotics. The rotation rate was optimized from three design parameters: propeller height, number of fins, and fin pitch. Propellers are encoded with various types of motion. The chiral shape resulted in the symmetry breaking of magnetic responses and controllable propeller-propeller interactions to either repel or attract. Secondly, we investigate cell dynamics on 3D-printed spiral patterns as a means to enhance control of cellular motion for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, cell sorting, and diagnostic testing. Bladder cancer cells show biased and directed motion towards the spiral center based on extracellular cues from the ridge patterns as a means for cell concentration. More specifically, the spiral patterns impose a left-right symmetry breaking via topography and curvature gradient towards the center of the spiral. Chiral particle shape and symmetry-broken topography show two viable options for imparting control over microscopic movement.
Download or read book Introduction to Soft Matter written by Ian W. Hamley and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-18 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to this exciting and relativelynew subject with chapters covering natural and synthetic polymers,colloids, surfactants and liquid crystals highlighting the many andvaried applications of these materials. Written by an expert in thefield, this book will be an essential reference for people workingin both industry and academia and will aid in understanding of thisincreasingly popular topic. Contains a new chapter on biological soft matter Newly edited and updated chapters including updated coverageof recent aspects of polymer science. Contain problems at the end of each chapter to facilitateunderstanding
Download or read book Out of equilibrium Soft Matter written by Christina Kurzthaler and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2023-03-24 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an expert introduction to active fluids systems, covering simple to complex environments.
Download or read book Microtubule kinesin Based Active Matter written by Amanda Tan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Active matter is a field that continues to grow in interest because of its widespread relevance to fields such as biology and nanotechnology. Active matter describes systems composed of individual entities that consume energy leading to complex motion. Often, active matter systems exhibit collective motion with emerging patterns, structures, and flows. Active materials can span large length scales ranging from macroscopic (i.e. bird flocks, schools of fish, and marching locusts) to microscopic (i.e. bacterial colonies, self-propelled colloidal particles and proteins). This dissertation explores active matter systems using cytoskeletal proteins, microtubules and kinesin motors. The first project in this dissertation explores microtubules propelled by kinesin motors that self-assemble into rotating spools. These structures are an example of a potential bio-actuator that can convert chemical energy into mechanical work. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how to control the spool formation is vital to further development in bio-inspired applications. We explore the role of microtubule gliding velocity during initial spool assembly and once it has reached steady state. Our results show that microtubule spool assembly occurs at a faster rate at higher gliding velocities. Also, slower gliding velocities lead to a lower average spool circumference size. At lower velocities, microtubules do not disperse away from their initial isotropic state as quickly, therefore microtubules are confined to a smaller space when initial spool formation occurs. Once the system has reached a steady state, ~120 minutes later, the gliding velocity no longer plays a role in in spool size or spool density. These results build upon prior work in understanding the fundamental parameters contributing to spool formation. The second project in this dissertation explores a microtubule-kinesin based active system in a different geometry. Here, kinesin motor clusters crosslink microtubule bundles and form an active network. As the kinesin motors move, the microtubule bundles extend, bend, buckle, fracture and recombine with neighboring bundles. This continuous activity generates complex fluid flows in the network. When confined in two dimensions (2D) at an oil/water interface, spontaneous active ±1/2 topological defects emerge. The ±1/2 defects are reminiscent of defects observed in the nematic liquid crystal phase, which is why the term 2D active nematic was coined to describe the confined network. The topological defects are created and annihilated constantly, which generates fluid flows. Until now, only turbulence was considered to characterize the rich dynamics seen in the network. We take a new approach to study this system from the perspective of chaos and introduce concepts from chaos theory to describe the dynamics generated by the defects. Additionally, we propose to consider the fluid as an active fluid, where the fluid material is the microtubule, that is self-mixed. We use topological entropy and Lyapunov exponents to quantify the complexities generated in the active nematic. Using two methods to measure the local stretching of the active nematic, our results show there is exponential stretching at the local level which is a characteristic of chaotic advection. Our results show three independent measures of topological entropy that probe the system at different length scales are all consistent and agree with the computed Lyapunov exponent. This consistency demonstrates these measures of chaos are robust across varying length scales in the system. We then vary the activity in the active nematic by changing the energy injected at the local level (ATP concentration) to study how changes in the dynamics affects mixing. There is a non-monotonic dependence of topological entropy and Lyapunov exponent on the activity level; however, nondimensionalizing these quantities with a time-constant derived from the network velocity and characteristic length scale leads to remarkably constant values for all levels of activity. The insensitivity of the dimensionless topological entropy and dimensionless Lyapunov exponent to activity level indicates that this may be a universal feature. In the third project of this dissertation, we expand on the second project and explore how the active fluid responds to external changes in its environment. To probe this, we change the viscosity of the bounding oil that the active nematic is in contact with at the oil/water interface. We observe both changes in the dynamics and morphology of the active nematic with changing viscosity. We measure defect pair separations for all viscosities to probe local stretching dynamics in the active nematic. Defect pair separations show exponential stretching at the local level which is consistent behavior to our previous work. Again, there are nonmonotonic relationships observed for both topological entropy and Lyapunov exponent as a function of viscosity; however, dimensionless topological entropy and dimensionless Lyapunov exponents result in relatively constant values. The dimensionless topological entropy is about three times the Lyapunov exponent. The source of this discrepancy is still unclear. We speculate that changes in the morphology that result in defect fracturing may enhance defect stretching but may not be captured in computations for the Lyapunov exponent. More work must be done to fully understand this difference. Overall in this dissertation we explore interesting structures and collective behavior that arise from active microtubules driven by kinesin motors. In the first project, we contribute to some fundamental understandings for the mechanism behind spool formation that may be useful for future development of bio-inspired nanomachines. In the last two projects we have introduced a new concept to create a bridge between chaotic advection and active nematics. This new perspective introduces possibilities of new analysis methods to understand the fundamental dynamics in the system. Additionally, we have shown early evidence that the active nematic can be considered to be a self-mixing active fluid.
Download or read book Advanced Research on Material Engineering Chemistry and Environment written by Helen Zhang and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2013-09-04 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2013 International Conference on Material Engineering, Chemistry and Environment (MECE2013), August 24-25, 2013, Wuhan, China. The 160 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Applied Materials Engineering; Chapter 2: Chemistry Engineering; Chapter 3: Technologies of Environmental Engineering; Chapter 4: Materials and Technologies in Building; Chapter 5: New Energy Sources and Modern Technologies of its Storage; Chapter 6: Related Topics.
Download or read book Intelligent Nanotechnology written by Yuebing Zheng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intelligent Nanotechnology: Merging Nanoscience and Artificial Intelligence provides an overview of advances in science and technology made possible by the convergence of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI). Sections focus on AI-enhanced design, characterization and manufacturing and the use of AI to improve important material properties, with an emphasis on mechanical, photonic, electronic and magnetic properties. Designing benign nanomaterials through the prediction of their impact on biology and the environment is also discussed. Other sections cover the use of AI in the acquisition and analysis of data in experiments and AI technologies that have been enhanced through nanotechnology platforms. Final sections review advances in applications enabled by the merging of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, including examples from biomedicine, chemistry and automated research. - Includes recent advances on AI-enhanced design, characterization and the manufacturing of nanomaterials - Reviews AI technologies that have been enabled by nanotechnology - Discusses potentially world-changing applications that could ensue as a result of merging these two fields
Download or read book Biological Motion written by Janina Wellmann and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-06 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A captivating exploration of the changing definitions of life in biology Biological Motion studies the foundational relationship between motion and life. To answer the question, “What is Life?,” prize-winning historian of science Janina Wellmann engages in a transdisciplinary investigation of motion as the most profound definition of living existence. For decades, information and structure have dominated the historiography of the life sciences with its prevailing focus on DNA structure and function. Now more than ever, motion is a crucial theme of basic biological research. Tracing motion from Aristotle’s animal soul to molecular motors, and from medical soft robotics to mathematical analysis, Wellmann locates biological motion at the intersection of knowledge domains and scientific and cultural practices. She offers signposts to mark the sites where researchers, technologies, ideas, and practices opened up new paths in the constitution of the phenomenon of motion. An ambitious rethinking of the life sciences, Biological Motion uncovers the secret life of movement and offers a new account of what it means to be alive.
Download or read book Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy written by Frances M. Ross and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-24 with total page 1052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book on the topic, with each chapter written by pioneers in the field, this essential resource details the fundamental theory, applications, and future developments of liquid cell electron microscopy. This book describes the techniques that have been developed to image liquids in both transmission and scanning electron microscopes, including general strategies for examining liquids, closed and open cell electron microscopy, experimental design, resolution, and electron beam effects. A wealth of practical guidance is provided, and applications are described in areas such as electrochemistry, corrosion and batteries, nanocrystal growth, biomineralization, biomaterials and biological processes, beam-induced processing, and fluid physics. The book also looks ahead to the future development of the technique, discussing technical advances that will enable higher resolution, analytical microscopy, and even holography of liquid samples. This is essential reading for researchers and practitioners alike.
Download or read book Active Materials written by Peter Fratzl and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are active materials? This book aims to introduce and redefine conceptions of matter by considering materials as entities that ‘sense’ and respond to their environment. By examining the modeling of, the experiments on, and the construction of these materials, and by developing a theory of their structure, their collective activity, and their functionality, this volume identifies and develops a novel scientific approach to active materials. Moreover, essays on the history and philosophy of metallurgy, chemistry, biology, and materials science provide these various approaches to active materials with a historical and cultural context. The interviews with experts from the natural sciences included in this volume develop new understandings of ‘active matter’ and active materials in relation to a range of research objects and from the perspective of different scientific disciplines, including biology, physics, chemistry, and materials science. These insights are complemented by contributions on the activity of matter and materials from the humanities and the design field. Discusses the mechanisms of active materials and their various conceptualizations in materials science. Redefines conceptions of active materials through interviews with experts from the natural sciences. Contextualizes, historizes, and reflects on different notions of matter/materials and activity through contributions from the humanities. A highly interdisciplinary approach to a cutting-edge research topic, with contributions from both the sciences and the humanities.
Download or read book Controlled Pulmonary Drug Delivery written by Hugh D.C. Smyth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pace of new research and level of innovation repeatedly introduced into the field of drug delivery to the lung is surprising given its state of maturity since the introduction of the pressurized metered dose inhaler over a half a century ago. It is clear that our understanding of pulmonary drug delivery has now evolved to the point that inhalation aerosols can be controlled both spatially and temporally to optimize their biological effects. These abilities include controlling lung deposition, by adopting formulation strategies or device technologies, and controlling drug uptake and release through sophisticated particle technologies. The large number of contributions to the scientific literature and variety of excellent texts published in recent years is evidence for the continued interest in pulmonary drug delivery research. This reference text endeavors to bring together the fundamental theory and practice of controlled drug delivery to the airways that is unavailable elsewhere. Collating and synthesizing the material in this rapidly evolving field presented a challenge and ultimately a sense of achievement that is hopefully reflected in the content of the volume.
Download or read book Polymer Colloids written by Rodney Priestley and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-12-02 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic and industrial research around polymer-based colloids is huge, driven both by the development of mature technologies, e.g. latexes for coatings, as well as the advancement of new materials and applications, such as building blocks for 2D/3D structures and medicine. Edited by two world-renowned leaders in polymer science and engineering, this is a fundamental text for the field. Based on a specialised course by the editors, this book provides the reader with an invaluable single source of reference. The first section describes formation, explaining basic properties of emulsions and dispersion polymerization, microfluidic approaches to produce polymer-based colloids and formation via directed self-assembly. The next section details characterisation methodologies from microscopy and small angle scattering, to surface science and simulations. The final chapters close with applications, including Pickering emulsions and molecular engineering for materials development. A comprehensive guide to polymer colloids, with contributions by leaders in their respective areas, this book is a must-have for researchers and practitioners working across polymers, soft matter and chemical and molecular engineering.
Download or read book Cell Instructive Materials to Control and Guide Cell Function written by Paolo Netti and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell Instructive Materials to Control and Guide Cell Function: Programmable Bioactive Interfaces looks at the key determinants of the dynamic interface between cell and materials and how this can be applied in developing new, bioactive biomaterials surfaces. The interface between cell and synthetic materials has attracted considerable scientific and technological interest, leading to the awareness that functional interfaces can actively guide and control specific adhesion and recognitions events. - Introduces readers to the fundamentals of complex cell-material interface dynamics - Provides valuable tools for the control of the interfacial dynamics to instruct and control cells or tissues functions - Covers the prospect of encoding specific cell instructions on, or within, a biomaterial by micro- and nano-patterning materials features
Download or read book Control Systems Design of Bio Robotics and Bio Mechatronics with Advanced Applications written by Ahmad Taher Azar and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-30 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control Systems Design of Bio-Robotics and Bio-Mechatronics with Advanced Applications delivers essential and advanced bioengineering information on the application of control and robotics technologies in the life sciences. Judging by what we have witnessed so far, this exciting field of control systems and robotics in bioengineering is likely to produce revolutionary breakthroughs over the next decade. While this book is intended for senior undergraduate or graduate students in both control engineering and biomedical engineering programs, it will also appeal to medical researchers and practitioners who want to enhance their quantitative understanding of physiological processes. - Focuses on the engineering and scientific principles underlying the extraordinary performance of biomedical robotics and bio-mechatronics - Demonstrates the application of principles for designing corresponding algorithms - Presents the latest innovative approaches to medical diagnostics and procedures, as well as clinical rehabilitation from the point-of-view of dynamic modeling, system analysis and control
Download or read book Flowing Matter written by Federico Toschi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-25 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book, published in the Soft and Biological Matter series, presents an introduction to selected research topics in the broad field of flowing matter, including the dynamics of fluids with a complex internal structure -from nematic fluids to soft glasses- as well as active matter and turbulent phenomena. Flowing matter is a subject at the crossroads between physics, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology and earth sciences, and relies on a multidisciplinary approach to describe the emergence of the macroscopic behaviours in a system from the coordinated dynamics of its microscopic constituents. Depending on the microscopic interactions, an assembly of molecules or of mesoscopic particles can flow like a simple Newtonian fluid, deform elastically like a solid or behave in a complex manner. When the internal constituents are active, as for biological entities, one generally observes complex large-scale collective motions. Phenomenology is further complicated by the invariable tendency of fluids to display chaos at the large scales or when stirred strongly enough. This volume presents several research topics that address these phenomena encompassing the traditional micro-, meso-, and macro-scales descriptions, and contributes to our understanding of the fundamentals of flowing matter. This book is the legacy of the COST Action MP1305 “Flowing Matter”.
Download or read book Beyond the Molecular Frontier written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-19 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed significantly in the last decade. They have broadened their scopeâ€"into biology, nanotechnology, materials science, computation, and advanced methods of process systems engineering and controlâ€"so much that the programs in most chemistry and chemical engineering departments now barely resemble the classical notion of chemistry. Beyond the Molecular Frontier brings together research, discovery, and invention across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciencesâ€"from fundamental, molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology. This reflects the way the field has evolved, the synergy at universities between research and education in chemistry and chemical engineering, and the way chemists and chemical engineers work together in industry. The astonishing developments in science and engineering during the 20th century have made it possible to dream of new goals that might previously have been considered unthinkable. This book identifies the key opportunities and challenges for the chemical sciences, from basic research to societal needs and from terrorism defense to environmental protection, and it looks at the ways in which chemists and chemical engineers can work together to contribute to an improved future.
Download or read book Combining Simulations Theory and Experiments into Multiscale Models of Biological Events written by Fabio Trovato and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Autographic Design written by Dietmar Offenhuber and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2023-12-19 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An ambitious vision for design based on the premise that data is material, not abstract. Data analysis and visualization are crucial tools in today's society, and digital representations have steadily become the default. Yet, more and more often, we find that citizen scientists, environmental activists, and forensic amateurs are using analog methods to present evidence of pollution, climate change, and the spread of disinformation. In this illuminating book, Dietmar Offenhuber presents a model for these practices, a model to make data generation accountable: autographic design. Autographic refers to the notion that every event inscribes itself in countless ways. Think of a sundial, for example—a perfectly autographic device that displays information on itself. Inspired by such post-digital practices of visualization and evidence construction, Offenhuber describes an approach to visualization based on the premise that data is a material entity rather than an abstract representation. Emerson wrote, “Every act of the man inscribes itself in the memories of his fellows, and in his own manners and face.” In Autographic Design, Offenhuber introduces a model for design that emphasizes traces, imprints, and self-inscriptions, turning them into sensory displays. In an age where misinformation is harder and harder to identify, Autographic Design makes an urgent and persuasive case for a different approach that calls attention to the production of data and its connection to the material world.
