Download or read book Contribution a la gestion du contexte pour un systeme de comprehension automatique de la langue written by Christophe Demko and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book CONTRIBUTION A LA GESTION DU CONTEXTE POUR UN SYSTEME DE COMPREHENSION AUTOMATIQUE DE LA LANGUE written by Christophe Demko and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LA POLYSEMIE EST PEUT-ETRE L'UN DES PLUS SERIEUX PROBLEMES AUXQUELS SONT CONFRONTES LES CHERCHEURS EN TRAITEMENT AUTOMATIQUE DE LA LANGUE. LORS DE LA COMPREHENSION D'UN TEXTE, IL EST NECESSAIRE DE DISPOSER D'INFORMATIONS EXTRA-TEXTUELLES. CES INFORMATIONS SE RAPPROCHENT DES DONNEES ENCYCLOPEDIQUES ET REPRESENTENT LES CONNAISSANCES GLOBALES D'UN INDIVIDU SUR LE MONDE. DE NOMBREUSES THEORIES ONT PROPOSE DES STRUCTURES DE DONNEES PERMETTANT DE LES REPRESENTER FORMELLEMENT. LA THEORIE DES GRAPHES CONCEPTUELS UNIFIE ET GENERALISE UN NOMBRE IMPORTANT DES METHODES UTILISEES POUR REPRESENTER LE SENS. L'OBJET DU TRAVAIL A DONC ETE DE RENDRE OPERATIONNELLE CETTE THEORIE ET DE L'UTILISER POUR LA LEVEE D'AMBIGUITE. NOUS AVONS INTRODUIT POUR CELA UNE REPRESENTATION DES CONNAISSANCES SOUS LA FORME D'HYPERGRAPHES. NOUS MONTRONS QUE LES OPERATIONS DE BASE SUR LES GRAPHES CONCEPTUELS DECOULENT D'UNE OPERATION D'INTERSECTION MAXIMALE ENTRE DEUX HYPERGRAPHES. AUSSI MNOUS SOMMES NOUS ATTACHES A DEFINIR UN ALGORITHME OPTIMISE POUR LA CALCULER. DANS NOTRE METHODE DE LEVEE D'AMBIGUITE, LES SENS DU TEXTE A ANALYSER, AINSI QUE LES CONTEXTES LIES AU DOMAINE, SONT REPRESENTES SOUS LA FORME D'HYPERGRAPHES CONCEPTUELS. LA LEVEE D'AMBIGUITE CONSISTE A TROUVER LA PAIRE SENS-CONTEXTE POUR LAQUELLE UN COEFFICIENT DE RECOUVREMENT, QUE NOUS AVONS DEFINI, EST OPTIMAL. NOUS PROPOSONS EGALEMENT UN APPRENTISSAGE AUTOMATIQUE DE CONTEXTES A L'AIDE DE L'ANALYSE DE PLUSIEURS TEXTES. L'APPRENTISSAGE PROCEDE EN GENERALISANT ET EN VERIFIANT LES CONNAISSANCES CONTENUES DANS LES DIFFERENTS CONTEXTES. LES METHODES PRESENTEES SONT ENCOURAGEANTES ET LAISSENT ENTREVOIR DE NOMBREUSES APPLICATIONS QUANT A LA RECONNAISSANCE DES FORMES EN GENERAL ET A LA LEVEE D'AMBIGUITE EN PARTICULIER. EN EFFET, LA PLUPART DES REPRESENTATIONS CHOISIES A L'HEURE ACTUELLE POUR REPRESENTER LES CONNAISSANCES SONT ESSENTIELLEMENT BASEES SUR LA THEORIE DES GRAPHES. NOS ALGORITHMES, BIEN QUE DEVELOPPES POUR LES GRAPHES CONCEPTUELS, PEUVENT AUSSI S'APPLIQUER A DES DOMAINES BEAUCOUP PLUS VARIES ET RESTENT ASSEZ GENERAUX POUR PERMETTRE DE RESOUDRE D'AUTRES PROBLEMES
Download or read book PASCAL written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book PROMOTION DE LA SANTE ET AUTONOMISATION DANS LE CONTEXTE AFRICAIN written by David HouŽto and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Le terme promotion de la santé en Afrique, près de 30 ans après l'adoption de la Charte d'Ottawa, continue d'avoir des connotations complètement hors du sens que lui confère cette charte. Cela n'est pas étonnant quand on sait que la notion de santé dans ce contexte africain équivaut à la lutte contre la maladie à travers les soins de santé dispensés par des professionnels de la santé dans des formations sanitaires et les hôpitaux. L'évolution que connait le continent depuis quelques décennies est de donner un peu plus de place à la communauté à travers les relais communautaires dans une participation communautaire vidée de son contenu, car le pouvoir n'est jamais passé entre les mains des communautés.C'est au vu de tout ceci que le présent ouvrage à sa raison d'être pour expliquer les fondements de l'autonomisation communautaire et de la promotion de la santé avec leur importance pour la région africaine en proie aux mauvais indicateurs de santé comparativement aux autres régions du monde.
Download or read book Eudised R D Bulletin written by Documentation Centre for Education in Europe and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains research project reports arranged by subject with descriptors from the EUDISED Multilingual Thesaurus.
Download or read book Election Observation and Democratization in Africa written by NA NA and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an authoritative study of election observation in Africa and its relation with democratization processes. Election observation is a hotly debated issue in contemporary international relations and in political science. It is seen by donor- countries and the international community as a means to enhance democratization, but has been controversial with regard to the `mandates' of the observers, the cases of its misappropriation by authoritarian governments and its masking of other donor-country interests. The book addresses fundamental issues of elections and democrat-ization in Africa, evaluation policies and implementation, as well as the historical backgrounds. A range of case studies leads to new interpretations, which challenge previous empiricist accounts of election observation in Africa. Greater attention to historical and cultural context is required than has been present in previous, somewhat prescriptive accounts. An interdisciplinary approach gives fair coverage of the historical, political and cultural issues involved in elections and election observation in Africa. Key examples of the interface between election observation and democratization processes in various important countries in Africa are presented, linking an analysis of policies and practice. The book contributes to topical debates on the dilemmas and challenges of 'good governance' and on the varieties of democracy as a global phenomenon.
Download or read book Online Communication in Language Learning and Teaching written by M. Lamy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-11-12 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This offers a framework for thinking about technologies that allow online communication, for example, forums, chats, real-time platforms as well as virtual worlds and mobile devices, and the practical issues of using them. The authors offer a thorough appraisal of the potential benefits and challenges of learning and teaching a language online.
Download or read book Your Mindful Compass written by Andrea Maloney Schara and published by . This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Your Mindful Compass" takes us behind the emotional curtain to see the mechanisms regulating individuals in social systems. There is great comfort and wisdom in knowing we can increase our awareness to manage the swift and ancient mechanisms of social control. We can gain greater flexibility by seeing how social controls work in systems from ants to humans. To be less controlled by others, we learn how emotional systems influence our relationship-oriented brain. People want to know what goes on in families that give rise to amazing leaders and/or terrorists. For the first time in history we can understand the systems in which we live. The social sciences have been accumulating knowledge since the early fifties as to how we are regulated by others. S. Milgram, S. Ashe, P. Zimbardo and J. Calhoun, detail the vulnerability to being duped and deceived and the difficulty of cooperating when values differ. Murray Bowen, M.D., the first researcher to observe several live-in families, for up to three years, at the National Institute of Mental Health. Describing how family members overly influence one another and distribute stress unevenly, Bowen described both how symptoms and family leaders emerge in highly stressed families. Our brain is not organized to automatically perceive that each family has an emotional system, fine-tuned by evolution and "valuing" its survival as a whole, as much as the survival of any individual. It is easier to see this emotional system function in ants or mice but not in humans. The emotional system is organized to snooker us humans: encouraging us to take sides, run away from others, to pressure others, to get sick, to blame others, and to have great difficulty in seeing our part in problems. It is hard to see that we become anxious, stressed out and even that we are difficult to deal with. But "thinking systems" can open the doors of perception, allowing us to experience the world in a different way. This book offers both coaching ideas and stories from leaders as to strategies to break out from social control by de-triangling, using paradoxes, reversals and other types of interruptions of highly linked emotional processes. Time is needed to think clearly about the automatic nature of the two against one triangle. Time and experience is required as we learn strategies to put two people together and get self outside the control of the system. In addition, it takes time to clarify and define one's principles, to know what "I" will or will not do and to be able to take a stand with others with whom we are very involved. The good news is that systems' thinking is possible for anyone. It is always possible for an individual to understand feelings and to integrate them with their more rational brains. In so doing, an individual increases his or her ability to communicate despite misunderstandings or even rejection from important others. The effort involved in creating your Mindful Compass enables us to perceive the relationship system without experiencing it's threats. The four points on the Mindful Compass are: 1) Action for Self, 2) Resistance to Forward Progress, 3) Knowledge of Social Systems and the 4) The Ability to Stand Alone. Each gives us a view of the process one enters when making an effort to define a self and build an emotional backbone. It is not easy to find our way through the social jungle. The ability to know emotional systems well enough to take a position for self and to become more differentiated is part of the natural way humans cope with pressure. Now people can use available knowledge to build an emotional backbone, by thoughtfully altering their part in the relationship system. No one knows how far one can go by making an effort to be more of a self-defined individual in relationships to others. Through increasing emotional maturity, we can find greater individual freedom at the same time that we increase our ability to cooperate and to be close to others.
Download or read book Chomsky on Democracy Education written by Noam Chomsky and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Download or read book First Exposure to a Second Language written by ZhaoHong Han and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The initial state of learner spontaneous input processing in foreign language learning, as well as the extent to which this processing leads to intake, is of central importance to theoreticians and teachers alike. In this collection of original studies, leading experts examine a range of issues, such as what learners do when faced with a language they know little or nothing about, what factors appear to mediate beginning learners' processing of input, how beginners treat two types of information - form and meaning - in the input, and how adult cognition deals with stimulus frequency at this initial stage. This book provides a microscopic view on learners' processing of foreign language input at the early stages of learning, and evaluates a variety of methodological options within the context of ab initio processing of foreign languages other than English, such as German, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, and Spanish.
Download or read book Teaching and Learning Second Language Listening written by Christine C. M. Goh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reader-friendly text, firmly grounded in listening theories and supported by recent research findings, offers a comprehensive treatment of concepts and knowledge related to teaching second language (L2) listening, with a particular emphasis on metacognition. The metacognitive approach, aimed at developing learner listening in a holistic manner, is unique and groundbreaking. The book is focused on the language learner throughout; all theoretical perspectives, research insights, and pedagogical principles in the book are presented and discussed in relation to the learner. The pedagogical model─a combination of the tried-and-tested sequence of listening lessons and activities that show learners how to activate processes of skilled listeners ─ provides teachers with a sound framework for students’ L2 listening development to take place inside and outside the classroom. The text includes many practical ideas for listening tasks that have been used successfully in various language learning contexts.
Download or read book Terra 2008 written by Leslie Rainer and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2011-06-14 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.
Download or read book Politics Property and Production in the West African Sahel written by Tor Arve Benjaminsen and published by Nordic Africa Institute. This book was released on 2001 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a number of case studies from the West African Sahel, this book links and explores natural resources management from the perspectives of politics, property and production.
Download or read book Anglophone Students Abroad written by Rosamond Mitchell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identity, social relationships and language learning during residence abroad presents the findings of a major study of British students of French and Spanish undertaking residence abroad.
Download or read book The Handbook of Language Teaching written by Michael H. Long and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2009-07-27 with total page 803 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together an international and interdisciplinary team of contributors, this Handbook is a wide-ranging and invaluable reference guide to language teaching. A comprehensive reference work on language teaching, which combines the latest research findings, coverage of core topics, and examples of teaching experience from a variety of languages and settings Provides a unique breadth of coverage, including: the psycholinguistic underpinnings of language learning; social, political, and educational contexts; program design; materials writing and course design; teaching and testing; teacher education; and assessment and evaluation Offers a balanced evaluation of the major positions and approaches, including examining the increasingly important social and political context of language teaching Written by an international and interdisciplinary group of authors from a dozen different countries; English is only one of the many languages used as examples throughout the volume
Download or read book Contemporary Approaches to Second Language Acquisition written by María del Pilar García Mayo and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Second language acquisition (SLA) is a field of inquiry that has increased in importance since the 1960s. Currently, researchers adopt multiple perspectives in the analysis of learner language, all of them providing different but complementary answers to the understanding of oral and written data produced by young and older learners in different settings. The main goal of this volume is to provide the reader with updated reviews of the major contemporary approaches to SLA, the research carried out within them and, wherever appropriate, the implications and/or applications for theory, research and pedagogy that might derive from the available empirical evidence. The book is intended for SLA researchers as well as for graduate (MA, Ph.D.) students in SLA research, applied linguistics and linguistics, as the different chapters will be a guide in their research within the approaches presented. The volume will also be of interest to professionals from other fields interested in the SLA process and the different explanations that have been put forward to account for it.
Download or read book Faecal Sludge Management written by Linda Strande and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
