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Book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The great strength of the arbitration process lies in its independence from any particular legal culture. Inevitably, its (cross-cultural perspective) has brought it to the fore as the preferred means of resolving international commercial disputes. The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London has long been concerned to promote scholarship and research in the law and practice relating to alternative dispute resolution. During its jubilee year, the Institute organised a prestigious series of lectures, which formed the basis of this book on the law pertaining to international arbitration. The nine authors bring a truly international perspective to their work Their combined experience has involved them in arbitrations In many countries in Europe, Asia, North America and South America; several of them have in addition had various posts in international diplomacy and in major international organisations. They include Dr. Christian Boris, on the civil law versus common law in arbitration culture; Professor Andreas F. Lowenfeld, on the 'mix' that creates the international arbitration process; Dr. Serge Lazareff, on the search for a common procedural approach; Sigvard Jarvin, who compares the leading international arbitration seats; Jonathon Crook, on arbitration seats in the Far East; Ambassador Malcolm R. Wilkey, on the practicalities of cross-cultural arbitration; Jean Reed Haynes, on the confidentiality of international arbitration; Dr. Horacio A. Grigera Naon, on Latin American arbitration culture; and Dr. Bernardo M. Cremades, on how interactive arbitration overcomes the clash of legal cultures. Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration brings international arbitration as it is currently practised into sharp focus, and will be of great value to all practitioners, academics and students in the field."--Publisher's website.

Book The Legal Nature of International Commercial Arbitration and the Effects of Conflicts Between Legal Cultures

Download or read book The Legal Nature of International Commercial Arbitration and the Effects of Conflicts Between Legal Cultures written by Alexander J. Belohlavek and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the course of time, several approaches to the nature and the legal basis of arbitration have evolved. These include the jurisdiction theory and then the contract, mixed and the autonomous theory. While the contract theory claims that arbitration is based exclusively on the agreement between the parties, the jurisdiction theory argues that arbitration is based on the delegation of the decision making power from the courts to the arbitrators based on the law and the legal system of the state where the arbitration takes place. Although the author does not deny the significance of agreement in arbitration, he considers the arbitration agreement to be only a condition for initiation of the arbitrators' jurisdiction, but always only on the basis of the legal framework of the state in which the dispute takes place. Arbitration cannot be held in any abstract environment. Such a regime would seriously endanger the legal certainty of the parties who must always know under what conditions the arbitration proceedings will take place and under what conditions they can exercise their rights. This regime is determined exclusively by law as the manifestation of state sovereignty. Theories about the so-called denationalization of arbitration are, according to the author, very dangerous and reveal the lack of arguments on the part of certain authors as concerns the significance of the prescribed legal framework regulating arbitration in a particular country. Arbitration has been undergoing a massive expansion in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The underlying cause is the fact that arbitration proceedings are often much more flexible, less formal and most of all cheaper than litigation in court. The development of arbitration in, for instance, the countries of Western Europe, or the so-called Western legal cultures, must be viewed rather critically. In these countries, on the contrary, arbitration is becoming extremely formal and, especially, very expensive. It is essential that the countries of Eastern and Central Europe maintain this standard of the so-called traditional advantages of arbitration. It is indeed a very interesting alternative to the finding of the law and the resolving of disputes through the mediation of courts [of law, state courts] as public authorities.

Book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration Old Issues and New Trends

Download or read book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration Old Issues and New Trends written by Stefan N. Frommel and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999-09-22 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great strength of the arbitration process lies in its independence from any particular legal culture. Inevitably, its cross-cultural perspective has brought it to the fore as the preferred means of resolving international commercial disputes. The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London has done more than any other group to promote and sustain the development of international arbitration and to define the law and practice that has grown up around it. In a series of remarkable public lectures held during its jubilee year, the Institute reasserted its preeminent and creative role in the field of alternative dispute resolution at the international level. These lectures form the basis of the insightful papers assembled in this book. The nine authors bring a truly international perspective to their work. Their combined experience has involved them in arbitration in many countries in Europe, Asia, North America and South America; several of them have in addition had various posts in international diplomacy and in major international organisations. They include Dr Christian Borris, on the civil law versus common law in arbitration culture; Professor Andreas F. Lowenfeld, on the `mix' that creates the international arbitration process; Dr Serge Lazareff, on the search for a common procedural approach; Sigvard Jarvin, who compares the leading international arbitration seats; Jonathon Crook, on arbitration seats in the Far East; Ambassador Malcolm R. Wilkey, on the practicalities of cross-cultural arbitration; Jean Reed Haynes, on the confidentiality of international arbitration; Dr Horacio A. Grigera NaandÓn, on Latin American arbitration Culture; and Dr Bernardo M. Cremades, on how interactive arbitration overcomes the clash of legal cultures. Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration brings international arbitration as it is currently practised into sharp focus, and will be of great value to all practitioners, academics and students in the field.

Book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration written by George P. Gilligan and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of the significant changes in tax law at domestic, European, and international levels on investment funds, an important part of global financial services, creates a complex environment for practitioners and a source of debate for academics and policymakers. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive legal and practical analysis of the changes to the complex multilevel tax and regulatory framework concerning different types of investment funds. The contributions, updated as of late 2017, were originally presented at a conference held at the University of Luxembourg in November 2016 under the auspices of the ATOZ Chair for European and International Taxation. The book covers the central questions arising in national law and tax policy, explores the regulatory and tax framework of the European Union (EU), and discusses the multifaceted interactions of both national and EU law with bilateral tax treaties. Through fourteen chapters following a brief introduction, leading academic experts and practising specialists provide decisive insight into: - the regulatory regime for European investment funds; - the tax law and reforms in both Luxembourg and Germany; - the role of the European Commission's State-aid practices; - examples of case law concerning the application of non-discrimination rules to various investment vehicles; - the impact of tax-specific EU legislation, such as the Parent-Subsidiary Directive, the Tax Merger Directive, and the Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive; - the availability of tax treaty protection for different collective and non-collective investment funds; - the impact of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) developments on the taxation of cross-border investments; - the value-added tax (VAT) treatment of investment funds and their managers; and - the consequences of the global drive towards automatic exchange of information relating to existing cross-border investment structures. With its particular focus on Luxembourg - the leading centre for investment funds in Europe (and second only to the United States globally) and, thus, an instructive model for domestic-level investment fund regulation and taxation - this volume reveals the common issues that arise in virtually every other jurisdiction with a sizeable fund industry. As the first in-depth treatment of the globally significant nexus between investment funds and taxation, the book will prove valuable to policymakers, practitioners, and academics in both financial services and tax law.

Book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration Old Issues and New Trends

Download or read book Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration Old Issues and New Trends written by Stefan Frommel and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999-09-22 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great strength of the arbitration process lies in its independence from any particular legal culture. Inevitably, its cross-cultural perspective has brought it to the fore as the preferred means of resolving international commercial disputes. The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London has done more than any other group to promote and sustain the development of international arbitration and to define the law and practice that has grown up around it. In a series of remarkable public lectures held during its jubilee year, the Institute reasserted its preeminent and creative role in the field of alternative dispute resolution at the international level. These lectures form the basis of the insightful papers assembled in this book. The nine authors bring a truly international perspective to their work. Their combined experience has involved them in arbitration in many countries in Europe, Asia, North America and South America; several of them have in addition had various posts in international diplomacy and in major international organisations. They include Dr Christian Borris, on the civil law versus common law in arbitration culture; Professor Andreas F. Lowenfeld, on the `mix' that creates the international arbitration process; Dr Serge Lazareff, on the search for a common procedural approach; Sigvard Jarvin, who compares the leading international arbitration seats; Jonathon Crook, on arbitration seats in the Far East; Ambassador Malcolm R. Wilkey, on the practicalities of cross-cultural arbitration; Jean Reed Haynes, on the confidentiality of international arbitration; Dr Horacio A. Grigera NaandÓn, on Latin American arbitration Culture; and Dr Bernardo M. Cremades, on how interactive arbitration overcomes the clash of legal cultures. Conflicting Legal Cultures in Commercial Arbitration brings international arbitration as it is currently practised into sharp focus, and will be of great value to all practitioners, academics and students in the field.

Book Arbitration and Mediation in International Business

Download or read book Arbitration and Mediation in International Business written by Christian Bühring-Uhle and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Arbitration and mediation in international business was first published in 1996 and was one of the first comprehensive studies on the practice of international business dispute resolution, covering both international commercial arbitration and the so-called ?alternative? techniques such as mediation. The book also provided an empirical analysis of how both arbitration and mediation are conducted in a crossborder context, along with a normative guide to the relative costs and benefits of these two methods. This second edition is not just an updated version of the first edition but a new book in itself: Benefitting from the contributions of two co-authors, the work has been enhanced by discussions of innovative tools for making settlement negotiations more effective, and by the in-depth analysis of practical techniques to integrate mediation and arbitration in international business. Also, a comprehensive new empirical survey was conducted in order to capture new trends in this rapidly developing field. The result is a ?must have? resource for anyone having to deal with potential conflict in international business relationships."--Publisher's website.

Book Due Process in International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Due Process in International Commercial Arbitration written by Matti S. Kurkela and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-14 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first publication to identify a universal procedural code for international commercial arbitration. This informative and well-argued discussion of a uniform code for due process is a useful aid for both practitioners and scholars. More than just a useful desk reference, this publication uncovers a unifying arbitration principle in light of the diversity of national traditions. The authors demonstrate how this unifying principle might establish a new standard procedure in arbitration law. Guiding the reader through a step-by-step analysis of due process in international commercial arbitration, the book is comprehensive without being esoteric. Due Process in International Commercial Arbitration, Second Edition thus helps both practitioners new to arbitration procedure and experienced attorneys looking for a cutting-edge discussion of due process issues. It can be used as a handbook for lawyers engaged in arbitral disputes. To provide the necessary guidance for lawyers in need of quick, reliable information, authors Matti Kurkela and Santtu Turunen update readers on the numerous changes made to arbitration law since the book's 2005 edition. Even more helpfully, Kurkela and Turunen have added two new chapters to show lawyers what to expect in the midst of an arbitration proceeding: a chapter on procedural rules from the New York Convention and a chapter on jurisdiction arising from sources outside the arbitration agreement. As corporations engage in more globalized commerce, and as arbitrators resolve more international legal disputes, this resource provides both the broad background and the quick reference information necessary to understand the complexities of arbitration procedure. A thorough Table of Contents, Index, and Appendix of primary documents facilitate practitioners' research in this vital book. This new edition's balance of comprehensiveness and concision make it a one-stop resource for arbitration attorneys around the world.

Book AAA Handbook on International Arbitration and ADR   Second Edition

Download or read book AAA Handbook on International Arbitration and ADR Second Edition written by American Arbitration Association and published by Juris Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assembled from Dispute Resolution Journal - the flagship publication of the American Arbitration Association - the chapters in the Handbook have all, where necessary, been revised and updated prior to publication. The book is succinct, comprehensive and a practical introduction to the use of arbitration and ADR, written by leading practitioners and scholars. The Handbook contains valuable guidance on international commercial arbitration, including the management of arbitration disputes, how to select an international arbitral institution, an explanation of the effect of international public policy, the duties of arbitrators, the presentation and evaluation of evidence in international arbitration, and how to arbitrate against a state sovereign. The enforcement of international arbitral awards is explored, including interim relief and problems with enforcement, the New York Convention, parallel proceedings, and pivotal decisions such as Chromalloy and TermoRio. International mediation is also examined, including guidelines for selecting the best mediator for an international dispute, the power of mediation to resolve international commercial disputes, and the differences in U.S. and European approaches. Lastly, the section on investment and trade arbitration and mediation explores bilateral investment treaties, examines WTO arbitration procedures, offers advice on saving time and money in cross-border commercial disputes, and provides guidance for U.S. investors to follow in dealing with sovereign states. The chapters in the Handbook were selected from an extensive body of writings and, in the main, represent world-class assessments of arbitration and ADR practice. All the major facets of the field are addressed and provide the reader with comprehensive and accurate information, lucid evaluations, and an indication of future developments. They not only acquaint, but also ground the reader in the field.

Book China Africa Dispute Settlement

Download or read book China Africa Dispute Settlement written by Won Kidane and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nature and magnitude of the growth in China-Africa economic relations in recent years is unprecedented and extraordinary. According to recent estimates, the value of China’s trade with African nations grew from a mere USD 10 million in the 1980s to USD 55 billion in 2006, and to more than USD 100 billion by the end of 2009, at which time nearly 1,600 Chinese companies were doing business in Africa with a direct stock investment of about USD 7.8 billion. The accelerating impetus of China-Africa trade has overtaken some crucially important features of an effective trade regime, most notably a fully trustworthy dispute resolution system. It is the current and potential future efficacy of such a system that is taken up in this book with great understanding and skill. The author evaluates existing mechanisms of dispute resolution in all aspects of China-Africa economic relations in light of the parties’ economic and cultural profiles and their evolving legal traditions, and goes on to propose a comprehensive institutional model of dispute resolution that takes full account of the economic needs and legal cultures of both China and the various African countries. Among the topics and issues that arise in the course of the book are the following: suitability of the WTO’s dispute resolution mechanism for China-Africa trade relations; domestic, bilateral, regional, and multilateral law sources affecting China-Africa commerce; the role of intra-Africa bilateral investment treaties; competing interests that underpin international investment law; relevant legal, economic, and political challenges and cultural barriers; permissible scope of regional trade regimes; national treatment versus duty to compensate; and harmonization initiatives—model laws, incoterms, restatements. The author includes in-depth analysis of how China-Africa economic relations fare in the varieties of dispute resolution methods available at the major arbitral European and American institutions—ICSID, AAA, ICC, LCIA, PCA—as well as under the rules of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) and the important arbitral fora in Cairo, Kuala Lumpur, and Lagos. Endorsing institutional arbitration as the most appropriate form of resolving trade, investment, and commercial disputes arising between China and African countries, this ground-breaking analysis outlines the obstacles and shortcomings of the available means of dispute settlement, both in international and domestic contexts, and offers deeply informed recommendations for improvement of the existing system. Although the book will be welcomed by interested scholars and practitioners for its detailed discussion of how China-Africa trade relations are situated within the global trade regime, its most enduring value lies in its thorough evaluation of the available options and its proposals for structuring a legal framework within which future disputes will be effectively resolved.

Book Conflict and Resolution

Download or read book Conflict and Resolution written by Barbara A. Nagle-Lechman and published by Aspen Publishers. This book was released on 1997 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a concise and informative text on the paralegal's role in alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Both brief and affordable, this paperback provides all the essential information required to support any course for paralegals that includes discussion of negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or other forms of ADR. With thoughtful, contemporary perspectives on such issues as race, gender, and cultural expectations, The author explores such key topics as: the nature and sources of conflict, and ways of resolving it negotiation theories, approaches, and practical techniques mediation models, skills, and practicing neutrality the arbitrator's role in resolving disputes other adjudicative and nonadjudicative processes policy issues, such as institutionalizing and regulating ADR... And all the crucial trends in this growing area of today's legal practice. Chapters include role plays and skill development exercises, As well as detailed discussion of ethical issues and practical applications in various spheres where disputes commonly arise---from families and schools to construction projects And The environment. Give your students the opportunity to apply theory to real-life situations and test newly-learned skills in the classroom with Conflict and Resolution. Useful appendices include: common forms; Standards of Conduct for Mediators; Code of Ethics for Arbitration in Commercial Disputes; and recommendations for mandatory mediation.

Book Conflict of Laws in International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Conflict of Laws in International Commercial Arbitration written by Franco Ferrari (juriste).) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La 4e de couverture indique : "It is often asserted that conlfict of laws rules are not as relevant in the context of international arbitration as they are in that of judicial proceddings. Acording to some commentators, it is, inter alia, to avoid the complicated conflict of laws methodology that parties opt for international arbitration, since they assume that arbitral tribunals do not apply conflict of laws rules. As recent case law from a number of jurisdictions shows, the assumtions behind these assertions is incorrect. This book addresses some of the most important conflicts of laws problems that may arise in connection with the various stages of arbitral proceddings."

Book Commercial Arbitration

    Book Details:
  • Author : Nicholas R. Weiskopf
  • Publisher : Vandeplas Pub.
  • Release : 2014-07
  • ISBN : 9781600422171
  • Pages : 636 pages

Download or read book Commercial Arbitration written by Nicholas R. Weiskopf and published by Vandeplas Pub.. This book was released on 2014-07 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few decades, the United States Supreme Court has led an extraordinary embrace of commercial arbitration as a favored form of alternative dispute resolution. First, using an extremely broad definition of "interstate commerce," it has extended the preemptive reach of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and the underlying federal caselaw of arbitration, to the fullest possible constitutional limit so as to preempt state law attempts to regulate arbitral processes in any manner deemed at all hostile to federal policies. Second, operating under the FAA, the Court has ruled that so-called "public" statutory claims for discrimination, securities fraud, antitrust and RICO are covered by conventional pre-dispute agreements to arbitrate, even under contracts of adhesion. With this incredible growth of arbitration, on both the national and international levels, has come increased focus on whether and, if so, when, arbitrators may depart from specific rules of law to do perceived "justice." So too, as the Supreme Court continues to resolve issues as to which lower courts are in conflict, certain legal uncertainties are given resolution, but others are created, including those of the maintainability of arbitral class actions and party flexibility to expand the scope of otherwise highly limited judicial review of awards. This text attempts to combine the theoretical with the practical, so it also focuses on arbitral procedures and discusses differences in handling certain types of cases in arbitration as opposed to court. To the extent arbitration is a creature of contract, there is also attention paid to the use of drafting to accomplish client objectives. There are also ample Appendices containing rules of arbitral tribunals, statutory texts, and other authoritative materials. Hopefully, this book will serve not only as the basis for a two or three point law school course, but as a useful law office reference as well. Nicholas R. Weiskopf is Professor of Law, St. John's University School of Law. He graduated from Columbia College in 1966, and Columbia Law School (Magna Cum Laude) in 1969. He practiced as a litigator in major New York City firms for over a decade, during which time he was Lecturer in Law at Columbia Law School. At St. John's since 1982, Professor Weiskopf teaches Contracts and Commercial Arbitration. He has served as a neutral and as a designated arbitrator in major commercial disputes, and as an expert witness in arbitrations both here and abroad. He has also participated in many commercial and securities arbitrations as counsel. He has written in the areas of securities regulation, contracts and commercial arbitration over a forty year span.

Book Legal Interpretation in International Commercial Arbitration

Download or read book Legal Interpretation in International Commercial Arbitration written by Joanna Jemielniak and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-22 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills a gap in legal academic study and practice in International Commercial Arbitration (ICA) by offering an in-depth analysis on legal discourse and interpretation. Written by a specialist in international business law, arbitration and legal theory, it examines the discursive framework of arbitral proceedings, through an exploration of the unique status of arbitration as a legal and semiotic phenomenon. Historical and contemporary aspects of legal discourse and interpretation are considered, as well as developments in the field of discourse analysis in ICA. A section is devoted to institutional and structural determinants of legal discourse in ICA in which ad hoc and institutional forms are examined. The book also deals with functional aspects of legal interpretation in arbitral discourse, focusing on interpretative standards, methods and considerations in decision-making in ICA. The comparative examinations of existing legal framework and case law reflect the international nature of the subject and the book will be of value to both academic and professional readers.

Book Conflict of Laws and Arbitral Discretion

Download or read book Conflict of Laws and Arbitral Discretion written by Benjamin Hayward and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-05 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arbitration is the dispute resolution method of choice in international commerce, but it rests on a complex legal foundation. In many international commercial contracts, the parties will choose the law governing any future disputes. However, where the parties do not choose a governing law, theprevailing approach in arbitration is to afford arbitrators broad and largely unfettered discretion to choose the law considered most appropriate or most applicable. The uncertainty resulting from this discretion potentially affects the parties' rights and obligations, the performance of theircontract, the presentation of their cases, and negotiations undertaken to settle their disputes.In this text, Dr Benjamin Hayward critically reviews the prevailing approach to the conflict of laws in international commercial arbitration. The text adopts a focused and detail-oriented analysis - being based on a study of more than 130 sets of arbitral laws and rules from around the world, anddrawing heavily on arbitral case law. Nevertheless, it remains both practical and accessible, taking as its focus the needs and expectations of commercial parties, who are the ultimate users of international commercial arbitration.This text identifies the difficulties that result from resolving conflicts of laws through broad and unconstrained arbitral discretions. It establishes that a bright-line test would be a preferable way to resolve arbitral conflicts of laws. Specifically, it recommends a modified Art. 4 RomeConvention rule as the ideal basis for law reform in this area of arbitral procedure.

Book Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management in Construction

Download or read book Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management in Construction written by Edward Davies and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-10-05 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many construction conflicts and disputes are not limited to particular jurisdictions or cultures, but are increasingly becoming common across the industry worldwide. This book is an invaluable guide to international construction law, written by a team of experts and focusing on the following national systems: Australia, Canada, China, England and Wales, Estonia, Hong Kong, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Oman, Portugal, Quebec, Romania, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA. The book provides a consistent and rigorous analysis of each national system as well as the necessary tools for managing conflict and resolving disputes on construction projects.

Book Comparing Legal Cultures

    Book Details:
  • Author : David Nelken
  • Publisher : Routledge
  • Release : 2017-03-02
  • ISBN : 1351949969
  • Pages : 421 pages

Download or read book Comparing Legal Cultures written by David Nelken and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume cross-examines mainstream approaches to studying legal culture (e.g. those of Friedman and Blankenburg). It includes debates over the concept of legal culture and a variety of case studies of different legal cultures.

Book Parallel Proceedings in International Arbitration

Download or read book Parallel Proceedings in International Arbitration written by Nadja Erk and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book depicts and evaluates, in a European context, the pleas and actions which parties may make use of to dissolve the parallel jurisdiction of a national court and an arbitral tribunal. The author undertakes a thorough comparative analysis of the motivations for, and practice of, such pleas and actions with special regard to the major hubs where elaborate arbitration laws are tried and tested by the arbitration community - Germany, France, Switzerland, and England. 0On the basis of four scenarios of parallel proceedings before national courts and arbitral tribunals, the analysis tackles such issues and topics as the following: motivations for initiating parallel proceedings from the various parties' perspectives; remedies available to parties in situations of jurisdictional conflicts; effect of the principle of competence-competence on national courts' review of arbitration agreements; pleas restricting national courts' exercise of jurisdiction to a review of core principles (arbitration defence); self-restraining pleas independent of an arbitration agreement (plea of litispendence); actions for declaratory relief; actions aimed at restraining another court's or tribunal's jurisdiction (anti-suit/anti-arbitration injunctions); pleas invoked to avoid procedural inefficiencies and inconsistencies (plea of res judicata); counsel's duty of care and arbitral tribunal's mandate to issue an enforceable award; and litigation culture versus arbitration-friendliness.