Download or read book Complexity of Internet Interconnections written by Peyman Faratin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: End-to-End (E2E) packet delivery in the Internet is achieved through a system of interconnections between heterogeneous entities called Autonomous Systems (ASes). As of March 2007, there were over 26,000 in use. Most ASes are ISPs, but they also include enterprises, governmental or educational institutions, and increasingly large content providers with mostly outbound traffic such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube as well as overlay content distribution networks such as Akamai and Limelight. Each AS controls or administers its own domain of addresses but ASes must physically interconnect to provide end-to-end connectivity across the Internet. Interconnection is not only important from a reachability perspective but also quality and performance perspective, because how ASes interconnect, both physically and contractually, determines how packets are routed and impacts the quality and choice of services that may be supported. The initial pattern of AS interconnection in the Internet was relatively simple, involving mainly ISPs with a balanced mixture of inbound and outbound traffic. One goal of this paper is to demonstrate how changing market conditions and industrial organization of Internet have jointly forced interconnections and associated contracts to become significantly more diverse and complex than is commonly understood. The diversity of interconnection contracts is significant because efficient allocation of costs and revenues across the Internet value chain impacts the profitability of the industry. However, current models of interconnection fail to reflect such emerging diversity of possible interconnections. We currently lack good data and models on these developments. In particular, most models of AS interconnection describe two sorts of arrangements: transit (a “vertical” relationship where small networks pay larger network for access to the rest of the Internet) and peering (a “horizontal” relationship where similar sized networks engage in revenue-neutral interconnection). We will highlight the now obvious distinction between networks that specialize in content distribution and broadband residential networks that specialize in consumer access to the Internet. The introduction of such ASes increases the heterogeneity of players in the interconnection market. Furthermore, their highly asymmetric pattern of traffic flow (from content to “eyeballs”) has resulted in increased complexity of the incentives to interconnect, and the diversity of the resulting negotiation. Not surprisingly, the challenges of recovering the fixed and usage-sensitive costs of network transport have given rise to more complex settlements mechanisms than the simple bifurcated (transit and peering) model. In the following, we provide an insight to recent operational developments, explaining why interconnection in the Internet has become more complex, the nature of interconnection bargaining process, the implications for cost/revenue allocation and hence interconnections incentives, and what this means for public policy.

Download or read book The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection written by Peyman Faratin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: End-to-End (E2E) packet delivery in the Internet is achieved through a system of interconnections between heterogeneous entities called Autonomous Systems (ASes). The initial pattern of AS interconnection in the Internet was relatively simple, involving mainly ISPs with a balanced mixture of inbound and outbound traffic. Changing market conditions and industrial organization of the Internet have jointly forced interconnections and associated contracts to become significantly more diverse and complex. The diversity of interconnection contracts is significant because efficient allocation of costs and revenues across the Internet value chain impacts the profitability of the industry. Not surprisingly, the challenges of recovering the fixed and usage-sensitive costs of network transport give rise to more complex settlements mechanisms than the simple bifurcated (transit and peering) model described in many earlier analyses of Internet interconnection (see BESEN et al., 2001; GREENSTEIN, 2005; or LAFFONT et al., 2003). In the following, we provide insight into recent operational developments, explaining why interconnection in the Internet has become more complex, the nature of interconnection bargaining processes, the implications for cost/revenue allocation and hence interconnection incentives, and what this means for public policy. This paper offers an abbreviated version of the original paper (see FARATIN et al., 2007b).

Download or read book Dynamics of Complex Interconnected Systems Networks and Bioprocesses written by Arne T. Skjeltorp and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-12-22 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the synergism between various fields of research that are confronted with networks, such as genetic and metabolic networks, social networks, the Internet and ecological systems. In many cases, the interacting networks manifest so-called emergent properties that are not possessed by any of the individual components. Knowledge gained from the study of complex non-biological systems can be applied to the intricate braided relationships that govern cellular functions.

Download or read book The Internet Under Crisis Conditions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-01-31 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents findings of a workshop featuring representatives of Internet Service Providers and others with access to data and insights about how the Internet performed on and immediately after the September 11 attacks. People who design and operate networks were asked to share data and their own preliminary analyses among participants in a closed workshop. They and networking researchers evaluated these inputs to synthesize lessons learned and derive suggestions for improvements in technology, procedures, and, as appropriate, policy.

Download or read book Networks Complexity and Internet Regulation written by Andrés Guadamuz and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complexity theory as a subject has gained increasing prominence across numerous disciplines including physics, biology, sociology and economics. Large interconnected systems such as the Internet display a number of inherent architectural characteristics deeming them well-suited to the study of complex dynamic networks. This important book uses various network science-based tools to explore the contentious issue of Internet regulation. The author demonstrates that the Internet as a global communications space is a self-organizing entity that has proven problematic for regulators, and that in order to regulate cyberspace, one must first understand how the network operates. In order to illustrate how the world wide web operates, Andres Guadamuz presents case studies in copyright policy, peer-production and cyber crime, providing in-depth analyses of the challenges posed by the Internet's complex dynamic networks. The book concludes that regulatory efforts that ignore empirical evidence will ultimately encounter serious problems. Networks, Complexity and Internet Regulation introduces network theory to legal audiences and applies some of the characteristics of large distributed self-organizing networks to the topic of Internet regulation. As such, this fascinating book will prove invaluable to researchers, academics and students in the fields of Internet regulation and policy, intellectual property law and information technology law. Contents: Introduction 1. The Science of Complex Networks 2. Complexity and the Law 3. Internet Architecture and Regulation 4. Copyright Networks 5. Peer-production Networks 6. Cybercrime and Networks Conclusion Bibliography Index

Download or read book Interconnection in the Internet written by David D. Clark and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In days past, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) relied on two basic types of contracts for exchanging traffic (peering and transit) and ISP interconnection was not regulated. As we explained in (Faratin, Clark et al. 2007), the world of Internet interconnection is no longer so simple. The increased complexity poses significant challenges for policymakers who might contemplate regulating Internet interconnection, so it is perhaps lucky that calls for Internet interconnection regulation have been muted to date. That quietude was threatened in late 2010 by two events: the issuance of the FCC's Network Neutrality order and the dispute between Level 3 and Comcast over their interconnection agreements. Since we had earlier predicted that attempts to regulate the provision of broadband access services would, of necessity, raise issues for Internet interconnection (Clark, Lehr et al. 2009), we were hardly surprised. Regardless of how one views the Level3/Comcast dispute or its relationship to on-going discussions about broadband access regulation, we believe that there remains an enduring public interest in ensuring a healthy Internet interconnection market and that a better understanding of the underlying economics impacting those markets is important to frame appropriate policies. Using the Level 3/Comcast dispute to seed our discussion and building on our earlier paper, we examine the changing dynamics of Internet interconnection economics. Our analysis provides a basis for understanding why revenue neutral peering with traffic-balance requirements may no longer provide a suitable framework for ISP interconnections of the sort between content-delivery networks (e.g., Level 3) and access networks (e.g., Comcast). Interconnection agreements do not just route traffic in the Internet, they also route money. Allowing money to flow from the end-users (the ultimate source of all funding other than that provided by public subsidies) to the providers of infrastructure services to allow them to recover their capacity-related costs is necessary in order to sustain infrastructure investment and a healthy Internet ecology; however, concerns about abuses of potential market power raise valid policy concerns. We present a simple model to examine these issues, and while our analysis does not lead us to advocate constraining ISPs freedom to negotiate more complex interconnection agreements, we consider a number of policy initiatives that might prove beneficial in improving transparency and market efficiency.

Download or read book Funding a Revolution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-11 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.

Download or read book The Internet Interconnection Conundrum written by Cameron Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interconnection issues associated with Internet Protocol (IP) networks and applications are fundamentally different and more complex than those applications that telecommunications legislation, regulation, and policy makers have previously grappled with. The Internet Interconnection Conundrum presents a layered policy framework to interconnection. This incomparable guide will help broaden exposure to interconnection analysis issues. Drawing on their extensive knowledge in information systems, research analysis, and computer science, authors Cameron I. Cooper, Joshua L Mindel, and Douglas C. Sicker discuss the following topics: · Telecommunications policy · Uniqueness of interconnection · Framework for interconnection · Application of framework · Policy implications Complete with a comprehensive appendix and helpful tables, The Internet Interconnection Conundrum is an invaluable tool for telecommunications policy makers, Internet service providers, analysts, business professionals, academics, and students who wish to better understand and evaluate internet interconnection problems amongst networks.

Download or read book Networks Security and Complexity written by S. P. Gorman and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is growing more interconnected every day, spun with fiber optic cable, electric power lines, transportation and water networks. Gorman provides a detailed analysis of the pattern of telecommunications networks and their interrelationships with other infrastructure. The work is truly interdisciplinary in scope, and provides planners, policy makers, security analysts, and infrastructure managers and educators in all of these fields with an invaluable resource in terms of a rich database, a methodology, and process for assembling, analyzing and portraying information on key infrastructure assets. This work emphasizes space and place in understanding interconnectivity of physical infrastructure, integrating policy and geography as well as providing an important complement to engineering approaches to interconnected infrastructure. He presents the readers with a broad set of questions and how they can be addressed about threats, risk and vulnerability and policy options for their reduction. This is a rare book of its kind, and joins a growing literature on how complexity is a key factor in understanding and setting policies for the services upon which our society depends. Rae Zimmerman, New York University, US The concepts of Critical Infrastructure Protection are radically redefining the relationship between the public and private sectors in terms of both our national and economic security. Networks, Security and Complexity is a worthy contribution in defining and advancing many of these concepts. The author is among the vanguard of rising young scholars who will assist this nation in thinking through the significant security challenges faced in the age of information and asymmetric threat. John A. McCarthy, George Mason University School of Law, US This volume on complex networks opens surprising perspectives for the interested reader, either a scientist or a policymaker. It describes and analyzes in a convincing way the significance of critical infrastructures, be it internet or transport connections. Due insight into the existence and emergence of such infrastructures is a prerequisite for an effective security policy. This study presents a model-based, operational framework for identifying critical domains in dynamic networks. The various concepts are illustrated by means of empirical case examples. Peter Nijkamp, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands The end of the 20th century witnessed an information revolution that introduced a host of new economic efficiencies. This economic change was underpinned by rapidly growing networks of infrastructure that have become increasingly complex. In this new era of global security we are now forced to ask whether our private efficiencies have led to public vulnerabilities, and if so, how do we make ourselves secure without hampering the economy. In order to answer these questions, Sean Gorman provides a framework for how vulnerabilities are identified and cost-effectively mitigated, as well as how resiliency and continuity of infrastructures can be increased. Networks, Security and Complexity goes on to address specific concerns such as determining criticality and interdependency, the most effective means of allocating scarce resources for defense, and whether diversity is a viable strategy. The author provides the economic, policy, and physics background to the issues of infrastructure security, along with tools for taking first steps in tackling these security dilemmas. He includes case studies of infrastructure failures and vulnerabilities, an analysis of threats to US infrastructure, and a review of the economics and geography of agglomeration and efficiency. This critical and controversial book will garner much attention and spark an important dialogue. Policymakers, security professionals, infrastructure operators, academics, and readers following homeland security issues will find this volume of great interest.

Download or read book Interconnections written by Radia Perlman and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 2000 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perlman, a bestselling author and senior consulting engineer for Sun Microsystems, provides insight for building more robust, reliable, secure and manageable networks. Coverage also includes routing and addressing strategies, VLANs, multicasting, IPv6, and more.

Download or read book Crossbar Based Interconnection Networks written by Mohsen Jahanshahi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique text/reference provides an overview of crossbar-based interconnection networks, offering novel perspectives on these important components of high-performance, parallel-processor systems. A particular focus is placed on solutions to the blocking and scalability problems. Topics and features: introduces the fundamental concepts in interconnection networks in multi-processor systems, including issues of blocking, scalability, and crossbar networks; presents a classification of interconnection networks, and provides information on recognizing each of the networks; examines the challenges of blocking and scalability, and analyzes the different solutions that have been proposed; reviews a variety of different approaches to improve fault tolerance in multistage interconnection networks; discusses the scalable crossbar network, which is a non-blocking interconnection network that uses small-sized crossbar switches as switching elements. This invaluable work will be of great benefit to students, researchers and practitioners interested in computer networks, parallel processing and reliability engineering. The text is also essential reading for course modules on interconnection network design and reliability.

Download or read book Network Science written by Albert-László Barabási and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-07-21 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrated throughout in full colour, this pioneering text is the only book you need for an introduction to network science.

Download or read book Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity written by Chwan-Hwa (John) Wu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 1960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If a network is not secure, how valuable is it? Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity takes an integrated approach to networking and cybersecurity, highlighting the interconnections so that you quickly understand the complex design issues in modern networks. This full-color book uses a wealth of examples and illustrations to effective

Download or read book Dynamics of Complex Interconnected Systems Networks and Bioprocesses written by Arne T. Skjeltorp and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-09-03 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the synergism between various fields of research that are confronted with networks, such as genetic and metabolic networks, social networks, the Internet and ecological systems. In many cases, the interacting networks manifest so-called emergent properties that are not possessed by any of the individual components. Knowledge gained from the study of complex non-biological systems can be applied to the intricate braided relationships that govern cellular functions.

Download or read book Economics of Information Security and Privacy III written by Bruce Schneier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-26 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS) is the leading forum for interdisciplinary scholarship on information security, combining expertise from the fields of economics, social science, business, law, policy and computer science. Prior workshops have explored the role of incentives between attackers and defenders, identified market failures dogging Internet security, and assessed investments in cyber-defense. Current contributions build on past efforts using empirical and analytic tools to not only understand threats, but also strengthen security through novel evaluations of available solutions. Economics of Information Security and Privacy III addresses the following questions: how should information risk be modeled given the constraints of rare incidence and high interdependence; how do individuals' and organizations' perceptions of privacy and security color their decision making; how can we move towards a more secure information infrastructure and code base while accounting for the incentives of stakeholders?

Download or read book Complex Systems Sustainability and Innovation written by Ciza Thomas and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-12-14 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book on complex systems, sustainability, and innovation explores a broad set of ideas and presents some of the state-of-the-art research in this field concisely in six chapters. In a complex system, it is difficult to know exactly how the individual components contribute to an observed behavior and the extent of each component's contributions. It is the interactions of the individual components that determine the emergent functionalities. This makes it difficult to understand and predict the behavior of complex systems and hence the effects of any innovations in this field. This necessitates for the emergence of a new age of innovations with the main focus on user orientation and sustainability. This book explores some of the complex systems and their dependence on the environment to provide a long-term perspective, aiding innovations and supporting a sustainable society. The intended audience of this book will mainly consist of researchers, research students, and practitioners in the field of complex systems and sustainability.

Download or read book Passive and Active Measurement written by Oliver Hohlfeld and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Passive and Active Measurement, PAM 2022, held in March 2022. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was held virtually. The 15 full papers and 15 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers present emerging and early-stage research in network measurements – work that seeks to better understand complex, real-world networked systems and offer critical empirical foundations and support to network research.