Download or read book Comparison of Stroma associated Gene Expression in African American and Caucasian American Prostate Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally, prostate cancer is the most common invasive malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Prostate cancer incidence is significantly higher in the United States compared to most other countries, due to dietary and environmental factors. Well-established risk factors for prostate cancer include increasing age, African ancestry, and a family history of prostate cancer1. African Americans have a higher incidence at a younger age, more aggressive forms of the disease, and shortest survival for all major cancers, and disparities persist despite an improved understanding of early detection, genetics, and socioeconomic risk factors1. Ethnicity/race is the major risk factor, after adjusting for age in this type of cancer. In prostate cancer, the tumor microenvironment (stroma) is considered to be a niche which favors tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis2. Interaction with cancer cells can lead to genetic changes in stroma cells. Active stromal components mostly contain smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells3. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are functionally and structurally different from fibroblasts, which exist adjacent to the normal epithelium. These cells, when mixed with normal prostate epithelial cells, can induce their malignant transformation4. Microarray analyses have identified pathways that are significantly associated with tumor and stromal tissues in prostate cancer5. 20% of these pathways are extracellular matrix components, cell adhesion molecules, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition5. In addition previous studies analyzing microarray data showed significantly modified gene expression between African American and Caucasian American stromal tissue6. Tissue microarrays are a useful technique for profiling protein expression in a large number of samples and is applied in this thesis project for the purpose of the microarray results optimization, validation, and its racial disparity outcomes in prostate cancer, as well as to determine if products of differentially expressed genes in tumor versus stroma of prostate cancer tissues follow the same pattern as transcript levels. We were going to quantify the proteins of interest using immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort of African American and Caucasian American prostate cancer samples.

Download or read book Immune Mechanisms Underlying the Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An alarming disparity still exists in many cancer types, particularly in prostate cancer (PCa), in spite of new cancer therapeutics and substantial improvements in disease diagnostics. African American men have the highest mortality rates in PCa when compared to men of other races. These substantial differences in mortality are attributed to factors that include socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, family history, and biology. Evidence for the immune system’s critical role in cancer has encouraged the development of immunotherapies for cancer treatment. These therapies serve to enhance the immune system’s recognition of malignant tissues to inhibit cancer progression. Although current immunotherapies have significant impact on the immune response to cancer, many of the immune mechanisms in cancer have yet to be characterized. The immune response in PCa, as well as other cancer types, is critical for inhibiting the growth and progression of tumors. Effective anti-tumor immunity is characterized by high prevalence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the tumor microenvironment. CTLs have the ability to directly destroy malignant cells, making them crucial for inhibiting tumor development. The prevalence of CTLs within tumor tissues is associated with improved clinical outcomes in colon, breast, and ovarian cancers. Strong adaptive anti-tumor responses involve effective antigen presentation for the efficient activation of immune cells that contribute to high CTL activity. Our work focuses on identifying differences in expression of specific anti-tumor immune markers between African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (CA) to pinpoint the immune mechanisms that contribute to the racial disparities in PCa. Our immunohistochemical studies indicate differences by race in two major aspects of anti-tumor immunity: antigen presentation by tumors and lymphocyte recruitment to tumor tissues. Previous studies from our lab have revealed significant differences in gene expression of various immune markers by race. HLA-DMB and HLA-DPA1, two genes important in antigen presentation, are higher expressed in tumors of CA compared to those of AA. Both immune products are expressed by various tumor types and antigen presenting cells (APCs). CA tumors also had greater numbers of CD8+ cells, which may potentially be cytotoxic. Collectively, these data indicate greater anti-tumor immunity in CA patients.

Download or read book Isolation of Novel Prostate Cancer Tumor Suppressor Genes in African American and Caucasian Men Thru Laser Microdissection and Representational Difference Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We used RDA to identify homozygously deleted DNA clones within metastatic prostate cancer xenograft DNA, and found that all of the homozygously deleted clones mapped to a single region of chromosome 12p. We confirmed that the metastatic lesions from this patient also contained this homozygous deletion, and then analyzed this region in a series of 41 metastatic tumors from 19 patients, where we found that 50% of patients' tumors show loss. This 12p deletion occurs with similar frequency in caucasians and african-americans based on our small sample. We mapped this genomic region, and found that two previously identified potential candidate genes ETV(tel) and CDKN1B(p27) are located there. Analysis of these genes has revealed no sequence changes consistent with an important tumor suppressor role. Extensive analysis of p27 for possible mutational or methylation changes was negative. Major observations from our work include the finding of a homozygous deletion on chromosome 12p in metastatic prostate cancer, considered to be a major indicator that an important gene is nearby on chromosome 12p. Further analysis of this region revealed unexpected high degree of allelic loss in this region. Specific genes in the region were analyzed, and p27 appears to be the likely target, inactivated by loss of one copy. Further analysis was curtailed due to lack of funding.

Download or read book Pilot Comparison of Stromal Gene Expression Among Normal Prostate Tissues and Primary Prostate Cancer Tissues in White and Black Men written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This critical hypothesis development project is still underway and we have requested a deadline extension without additional funding to allow us to complete the work. The two sources of the delay are 1) histological analysis of all tissues available for study took longer than expected but is now complete and 2) we have been working (using other sources of funding) to get a lab database ready to handle the data in way that will allow the data generated to be optimally useful for prostate cancer research. This work has taken longer than expected but is nearly ready. In order to complete the project as soon as possible and to extend its utility our laboratory has entered into a collaboration with another laboratory and our goal is have a manuscript ready by Fall 2006.

Download or read book Comparative Analysis of Vitamin A Retinol Regulated Genes in African American and Caucasian Prostate Cancer Patients written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vitamin A (retinol) and its related metabolites like retinoic acid (RA) have great potential in their roles as prostate cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents by exerting regulation on cell growth and differentiation. Several studies have shown that there is a reduction in retinoid levels and retinoid receptors (e.g. RARBeta2) in prostate cancer. RA is being used to treat patients with prostate cancer and has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and reverse the events of carcinogenesis in animal models of prostate cancer. There is a disparity in prostate cancer among the African-American population and we hypothesize that more severe disruptions of retinoid signaling occur, contributing to this disparity. The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying causes for the clinical behavior of prostate cancer in African-Americans as compared to Caucasian patients. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown the expression of LRAT, an enzyme responsible for retinol esterification and storage as retinyl esters, to be reduced in tumor tissue specimens from prostate cancer patients as compared to adjacent nonmalignant tissue. Understanding the role of retinoid signaling in prostate carcinogenesis will lead to improved chemoprevention strategies and to the development of novel therapies for this disease.

Download or read book Isolation of Novel Prostate Cancer Tumor Suppressor Genes in African American and Caucasian Men Thru Laser Microdissection and Representation Difference Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant progress has been made for all three specific aims. Specific Aim 1: Obtaining metastatic prostate cancer DNA of quality sufficient for Representational Difference Analysis (RDA), has been achieved using alternate means. Specific Aim 2: Employ RDA to identify DNA regions which have been homozygously deleted, has been achieved with identification of a novel region of homozygous deletion on chromosome 12p (Cancer Research, 58, 5652-5655, 1998). Specific Aim 3: To prioritize regions of homozygous deletion based on frequency of deletion of this region in metastatic tumors, and to identify candidate genes within these regions, has been achieved, with previously unidentified deletion of the identified chromosome 12p region in 50% of metastatic prostate cancers studied (Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer 25:270-276, 1999) . Examination of genes within this region suggests that p27 or TEL to be likely candidates. These results validate this approach and additional studies are underway to identify additional genomic regions of interest in metastatic prostate cancer.

Download or read book Comparison of Total Free and Percent Free PSA for the Serodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer in African American and Caucasian American Males written by Nikelia QuaTrail Judenary and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Molecular Biology An Evaluation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in BCL2 P53 and RB in Black and Africans written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prostate Cancer is the most common cancer among African American males. Recent reports suggest that not only is the incidence higher than their white counterparts, but that they present at an earlier age with more diffuse disease, and have a higher morbidity and mortality. Our current study is designed to evaluate potential differences in tumor suppressor genes between cancers of non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans. We have selected the tumor suppressor genes BCL-2, p53 and Rb. We have selected cancers from America as well as South Africa to assess the potential for an increased virulence in African Americans compared to whites and Native Africans. In this initial grant we are funded to establish a laboratory and to prepare to write a Department of Defense grant that was submitted in the spring of 1999.

Download or read book Genomic Association Study of Ancestry Matched African American Prostate Cancer Cases and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American men have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings, although the definitive reasons for them are unknown. While both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility, results from multiple studies consistently implicate a strong genetic component to this cancer. However, a specific gene that is consistently and reproducibly associated with prostate cancer risk in any population has not been identified. Association studies examining the frequency of common but specific genetic variants in study populations with and without a particular disease (i.e., case-control) is a powerful way to detect the influence of common genetic variants capable of affecting disease risk. While these types of studies are powerful, they are not without limitations, including the tendency to be confounded due to population stratification (a critical issue in admixed populations like African Americans), and the requirement for large, well-matched, and well-characterized study populations. While there has been extensive use of case control studies to identify genetic risk variants in Caucasian populations, corresponding studies in the African American prostate cancer population have been less extensive, typically being much smaller than their Caucasian counterparts, with little or no effort to address the critical issue of population stratification as a confounder. It is now quite clear that unless cases are well matched to controls in terms of genetic heterogeneity in such studies, spurious associations will and undoubtedly have been observed and reported. In this study, the author uses Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) to match African American prostate cancer cases and controls for the purposes of performing association studies without confounding by population stratification.

Download or read book CYP1B1 Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Race Related Prostate Cancer Addendum written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first hypothesis, CYP1B1 expression in Caucasian prostate cell lines were increased in cancerous (DU145 & PC-3) compared to normal (RWPE-1) cells. Analysis of expression in human tissue cDNAs from Caucasians also showed higher levels of CYP1B1 in cancer compared to BPH. CYP1B1 protein was present in both races and though not significant, generally was higher in tumor regions compared to normal adjacent regions for both African-Americans and Whites. In the second hypothesis, racial differences for CYP1B1 polymorphisms are observed as allele frequencies for the variant at codons 119 and 432 are greater among Blacks (P0.001) whereas the 453 variant is predominant in Whites (P0.001). Within race, a case control study show the variant at codon 453 plays a protective role for PC among Blacks (P

Download or read book Genetic Association Study of Ancestry Matched African American Prostate Cancer Cases and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American men have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings although the definitive reasons for this are unknown. While both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to prostate cancer susceptibility, results from multiple studies consistently implicate a strong genetic component of this cancer. However, a specific gene which is consistently and reproducibly associated with prostate cancer risk in any population has not been identified. Association studies examining the frequency of common but specific genetic variants in study populations with and without a particular disease (i.e. case-control) is a powerful way to detect the influence of common genetic variants capable of affecting disease risk. While these types of studies are powerful, they are not without limitations, including the tendency to be confounded due to population stratification (a critical issue in admixed populations like African American), and the requirement for large, well matched, and well characterized study populations. While there has been extensive use of case control studies to identify genetic risk variants in Caucasian populations, corresponding studies in the African American prostate cancer population have been less extensive, typically being much smaller than the Caucasian counterparts, with little or no efforts to address the critical issue of population stratification as a confounder. It is now quite clear that unless cases are well matched to controls in terms of genetic heterogeneity in such studies, spurious associations will and undoubtedly have been observed and reported. In this study we use Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) to match African American prostate cancer cases and controls for the purposes of performing association studies without confounding by population stratification.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer written by Manfred Wirth and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prostate Cancer written by Leland W. K. Chung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-10 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prostate Cancer: Biology, Genetics, and the New Therapeutics, Second Edition, reviews new, valuable approaches to the treatment of prostate cancer in men. The latest edition contains new material on molecular imaging, new treatments for prostate cancer, molecular targets, cell signaling pathways, bioinformatics, and pathogenomics. The book details the latest innovations and advances in prostate cancer and may be used as a rapid reference text for readers. The volume profiles the latest advances in cancer research and treatment and includes profound studies in prostate stem cells, cancer-host interactions, hedgehog signaling in development and cancer, cholesterol and cell signaling, gene therapy for advanced prostate cancer, and noninvasive strategies such as molecular imaging to visualize gene expression. This new edition also investigates expression profiling and somatic alterations in prostate cancer progression and linkage studies of prostate cancer families to identify susceptibility genes. The issues of racial differences in prostate cancer mortality, radiotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer, recombinant antibody candidates for treatment, taxane-based chemotherapy, lethal phenotypes, and novel and efficient translation clinical trials are also presented in great depth. Prostate Cancer: Biology, Genetics, and the New Therapeutics, Second Edition, provides readers with a general reference for prostate cancer from prevention to therapy and will be of value to clinicians, scientists, and administrators who strive to solve the cancer problem.

Download or read book Epigenetics and Cancer written by Fazlul H. Sarkar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-29 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overall, this book illustrates the complexities of the regulation and deregulation of genes mediated through epigenetics in the development and progression of human malignancies. All the articles have been carefully chosen to represent several cancer systems with state of our knowledge on the role of epigenetic deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target mRNAs along with epigenetic deregulation of mRNAs. This book also illustrates the role of several dietary agents, collectively called nutraceuticals or natural agents in modulating the epigenetic reprogramming of miRNAs and mRNAs for the prevention and/or treatment of human malignancies. It is well known that genetic aberrations, especially inherited through parents (somatic genetic alterations) contribute to the development of less than 10% of all cancer yet epigenetic alterations in genes especially through selective methylation and acetylation appears to be responsible for the development and progression of the vast majority of all cancers. Therefore, understanding the role of epigenetics in the regulation of genes especially through deregulated expression of miRNAs as presented in this book will allow scientists to devise targeted therapeutic strategies for re-expression of the lost genes or down-regulate the genes that are over-expressed in order to eradicate cancer. It is hoped that targeting epigenetics will not only target cancer cells but it will also target the tumor microenvironment (more like the entire tumor environment such as the entire host) for achieving better treatment outcomes for patients diagnosed with cancer which will lead to achieve the long-term objective for complete eradication of cancer. This book contains fifteen chapters which begins with the concept of systems and network biology for investigating the epigenetics of cancer followed by a series of articles on the role of miRNAs and their target genes in the biology of pancreatic cancer and other cancers such as breast, kidney, prostate and and colon. Since it is becoming increasingly clear that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important in the development and progression of cancer, and CSCs are important in therapeutic resistance, treatment failure and tumor recurrence, thus the importance of CSCs and epigenetics has been highlighted by a very timely article on epigenetic variations of stem cell markers in cancer including miRNAs. Moreover, just targeting heterogeneous cancer cell populations may not be optimal to eradicate tumors and for which one must take a holistic approach for developing drugs that could also target the tumor microenvironment and tumor dormancy that are regulated through epigenetics. Keeping abreast with this thought process the concluding chapter provides a concept towards curative cancer therapy with maspin, which could be a unique window of opportunity to target tumor dormancy. Therefore, it suggest that targeting the tumor dormancy and the tumor microenvironment using novel therapeutics specifically by targeting epigenetics would become the future of medicine.

Download or read book AR Signaling in Human Malignancies Prostate Cancer and Beyond written by Emmanuel S. Antonarakis and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "AR Signaling in Human Malignancies: Prostate Cancer and Beyond" that was published in Cancers

Download or read book Equity in Cancer Care written by Jorge J. Nieva and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-17 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Goodman and Fuller s Pathology written by Catherine Cavallaro Kellogg and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-10-09 with total page 2053 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW! Enhanced eBook version is included with print purchase, which allows students to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. NEW! Completely reconfigured introductory chapters recognize how much physical consequences of trauma, social isolation, and psychiatric disorders affect recovery from pathology, and how integration of self-regulation into intervention is key to the future of practice. NEW! Expanded content on the role of epigenetics in optimizing exercise-based interventions (a concept referred to as "precision physical therapy") addresses its increasing importance in physical rehabilitation management as it relates to pathology, individual diseases, risk factors, and patient responses to physical therapy interventions. NEW! Coverage of the latest discoveries and findings in the science of quantum physics, mind-body connection, and consciousness-based energy medicine. NEW! Information on genomics and regenerative medicine as they relate to physical therapy practice. NEW! Helpful references and additional boxes/tables are available in the eBook. UPDATED! Evidence-based content with more than 7,000 references ensures content is current and applicable for today’s physical therapists and physical therapist students.