Download or read book Coercive Male Mating Behavior in the Brush legged Wolf Spider Schizocosa Ocreata Hentz written by Julianna L. Johns and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coercive (forced) mating has evolved in many animal species because it likely increases male fitness. Coercive male mating behavior is uncommon in spiders, as females are larger and potentially cannibalistic. In Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) wolf spiders, females usually respond to male courtship with receptivity, although males sometimes force unreceptive females to copulate. Multivariate analysis of mating trials revealed distinct behavior patterns (e.g., aggressive male behavior; female resistance) allowing designation as coercive vs. cooperative. Males were also observed to use fangs during coercive mating, resulting in hemolymph loss and scarring in females (not seen in unmated females, and less frequent in other matings). Experimental immobilization of male fangs resulted in no significant difference in mating success, but reduced copulation duration compared to controls. The frequency of coercion in this species (11.7% of matings) suggests a possible alternative male behavioral tactic in response to female resistance.
Download or read book The Impact of Avian Predation on the Brush legged Wolf Spider Schizocosa Ocreata Hentz and Anti predator Responses to Avian Cues written by Anne K. Lohrey and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aimed to quantify the potential for avian predation on Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders in the field and its impact on spider behavior. In a field study, enclosures that excluded birds had a higher proportion of spiders remaining at the end of the experiment than enclosures that allowed birds access. Additionally, observational data confirmed that some bird species seen active at the study site eat spiders presented in feeding trials. These data suggest that bird predation impacts survival of S. ocreata in the field. In the laboratory, I tested spiders' recognition of and behavioral responses to sensory cues indicating the presence of avian predators. Courting male S. ocreata responded to avian acoustic stimuli (bird calls) with anti-predator behavior, which supports the hypothesis that bird predation limits survival of S. ocreata and may be an important selective factor on the evolution of behavior in this species of wolf spider.
Download or read book Cognitive Cross modal Integration in a Wolf Spider Schizocosa Ocreata Hentz Lycosidae written by Elizabeth C. Kozak and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across animal species, males convey important information to potential mates through signals in multiple sensory modalities. In order to choose the best possible mate, female receivers must accurately perceive and assess male multimodal signals, especially when those signals occur simultaneously with those of other males. Cross-modal integration, i.e., cognitive binding of information transmitted in more than one sensory signal mode, is therefore important in animal communication, especially in complex, noisy environments in which many signals overlap. However, it is currently unknown how perception of multiple, disparate male signals plays a role in female mate choice decisions, especially for invertebrates. Males of the brush-legged wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) use multimodal communication (visual and vibratory signals) in courtship. Because female S. ocreata may be courted by multiple males at the same time, they must evaluate co-occurring male signals originating from separate locations. Moreover, due to environmental complexity, individual components of male signals may be occluded, altering detection of sensory modes by females. While experiments with live spiders and video playback have shown that female Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders display receptivity to males courting in either isolated signal mode and show increased receptivity for multimodal courtship, it is unknown whether this is the case when females are presented with a choice between multimodal vs. isolated unimodal male courtship signals, and how these preferences are affected by disparity between signals. I first used digital multimodal playback to present females with a choice between 1) isolated unimodal (visuaI or vibratory), 2) multimodal vs. vibratory, and 3) multimodal vs. visual male courtship signals. I next used digital multimodal playback to investigate the effect of spatial and temporal disparity of visual and vibratory components of male courtship signals on female mate choice, and presented females with male courtship signals consisting of components that varied in spatial location or temporal synchrony. When presented with a choice between either isolated unimodal male courtship signal (visual or vibratory), there was no significant difference in the average number of receptive displays directed to either male signal. When presented with a choice between a multimodal male courtship signal and a vibratory male courtship signal, females directed, on average, significantly more receptive displays to the multimodal signal. However, when presented with a choice between multimodal and visual-only male courtship signals, there was no significant difference in receptivity directed by females to either signal, in contrast with the prediction generated from previous research. Females responded to spatially disparate signal components separated by e"90° as though they were separate sources, but responded to slightly disparate signals separated by d"45° as though they originated from a single source. Responses were seen as evidence for cross-modal integration. Temporal disparity (synchrony) in signal modes also affected female receptivity. Females responded more to male signals when visual and vibratory modes were in synchrony than either out-of-synch or interleaved/alternated. These findings are consistent with those seen in both humans and other vertebrates, and provide insight into how animals overcome communication challenges inherent in a complex environment.
Download or read book Mating Behavior and Mate Preference in Schizocosa Ocreata Wolf Spiders written by Stephanie S. Norton and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Size, but different tuft sizes) simultaneously in a choice chamber once/day over 4 days. The repeatability of female preference varied with the nature of the choice. Female preference for larger tufts was significant and repeatable (r = 0.65) when choosing between an average male and one with reduced tufts, but not when choosing between an average male and one with enlarged tufts. This may be an indication of a threshold trait. To examine variation in receptivity with age post-adulthood, I studied responses of females to a courting male video. Receptivity varied significantly with age post-adulthood: females were more aggressive and less receptive to video images of courting males in the first week, became significantly more receptive after 3 weeks, and less thereafter. Correlated changes in aggressive and receptivity behavior may suggest a physiological linkage. These studies demonstrate the importance of female focused dies of sexual selection, indicating that the female predominantly controls the mating system of S. ocreata wolf spiders.
Download or read book Biomedical Visualisation written by Paul M. Rea and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book explores the use of technology to enable us to visualise the life sciences in a more meaningful and engaging way. It will enable those interested in visualisation techniques to gain a better understanding of the applications that can be used in visualisation, imaging and analysis, education, engagement and training. The reader will also be able to learn about the use of visualisation techniques and technologies for the historical and forensic settings. The reader will be able to explore the utilisation of technologies from a number of fields to enable an engaging and meaningful visual representation of the biomedical sciences. The chapters presented in this volume cover such a diverse range of topics, with something for everyone. We present here chapters on technology enhanced learning in neuroanatomy; 3D printing and surgical planning; changes in higher education utilising technology, decolonising the curriculum and visual representations of the human body in education. We also showcase how not to use protective personal equipment inspired by the pandemic; anatomical and historical visualisation of obstetrics and gynaecology; 3D modelling of carpal bones and augmented reality for arachnid phobias for public engagement. In addition, we also present face modelling for surgical education in a multidisciplinary setting, military medical museum 3D digitising of historical pathology specimens and finally computational fluid dynamics.
Download or read book Biology of Spiders written by Rainer Foelix and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2011-05-05 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the only books to treat the whole spider, from its behavior and physiology to its neurobiology and reproductive characteristics, Biology of Spiders is considered a classic in spider literature. First published in German in 1979, the book is now in its third edition, and has established itself as the supreme authority on these fascinating creatures. Containing five hundred new references, this book incorporates the latest research while dispelling many oft-heard myths and misconceptions that surround spiders. Of special interest are chapters on the structure and function of spider webs and silk, as well as those on spider venom. A new subchapter on tarantulas will appeal especially to tarantula keepers and breeders. The highly accessible text is supplemented by exceptional, high-quality photographs, many of them originals, and detailed diagrams. It will be of interest to arachnologists, entomologists, and zoologists, as well as to academics, students of biology, and the general reader curious about spiders.
Download or read book Biomedical Visualisation written by Paul M. Rea and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-09-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book explores the use of technology to enable us to visualise the life sciences in a more meaningful and engaging way. It will enable those interested in visualisation techniques to gain a better understanding of the applications that can be used in visualisation, imaging and analysis, education, engagement and training. The reader will also be able to learn about the use of visualisation techniques and technologies for the historical and forensic settings. The reader will be able to explore the utilisation of technologies from a number of fields to enable an engaging and meaningful visual representation of the biomedical sciences. The chapters presented in this volume cover such a diverse range of topics, with something for everyone. We present here chapters on technology enhanced learning in neuroanatomy; 3D printing and surgical planning; changes in higher education utilising technology, decolonising the curriculum and visual representations of the human body in education. We also showcase how not to use protective personal equipment inspired by the pandemic; anatomical and historical visualisation of obstetrics and gynaecology; 3D modelling of carpal bones and augmented reality for arachnid phobias for public engagement. In addition, we also present face modelling for surgical education in a multidisciplinary setting, military medical museum 3D digitising of historical pathology specimens and finally computational fluid dynamics.
Download or read book Sperm Competition and Its Evolutionary Consequences in the Insects written by Leigh W. Simmons and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One hundred years after Darwin considered how sexual selection shapes the behavioral and morphological characteristics of males for acquiring mates, Parker realized that sexual selection continues after mating through sperm competition. Because females often mate with multiple males before producing offspring, selection favors adaptations that allow males to preempt sperm from previous males and to prevent their own sperm from preemption by future males. Since the 1970s, this area of research has seen exponential growth, and biologists now recognize sperm competition as an evolutionary force that drives such adaptations as mate guarding, genital morphology, and ejaculate chemistry across all animal taxa. The insects have been critical to this research, and they still offer the greatest potential to reveal fully the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition. This book analyzes and extends thirty years of theoretical and empirical work on insect sperm competition. It considers both male and female interests in sperm utilization and the sexual conflict that can arise when these differ. It covers the mechanics of sperm transfer and utilization, morphology, physiology, and behavior. Sperm competition is shown to have dramatic effects on adaptation in the context of reproduction as well as far-reaching ramifications on life-history evolution and speciation. Written by a top researcher in the field, this comprehensive, up-to-date review of the evolutionary causes and consequences of sperm competition in the insects will prove an invaluable reference for students and established researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology.
Download or read book Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating systems written by Robert L. Smith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Systems describes the role of sperm competition in selection on a range of attributes from gamete morphology to species mating systems. This book is organized into 19 chapters and begins with the conceptualization of sperm competition as a subset of sexual selection and its implications for the insects. The following chapter describes the relationship between multiple mating and female fitness, with an emphasis on determining the conditions under which selection on females is likely to counteract selection on males for avoiding sperm competition. Other chapters consider the female perspective on sperm competition; the evolutionary causation at the level of the individual male gamete; and the correlation of high paternal investment and sperm precedence in the insects. The remaining chapters are arranged phylogenetically and explore the sperm competition in diverse animal taxa, such as the Drosophila, Lepidoptera, spiders, amphibians, and reptiles. These chapters also cover the evolution of direct versus indirect sperm transfer among the arachnids or the problem for kinship theory presented by multiple mating and sperm competition in the Hymenoptera. This book further discusses the remarkable potential for sperm competition among certain temperate bat species whose females store sperm through winter hibernation and the mixed strategies and male-caused female genital trauma as possible sperm competition adaptations in poeciliid fishes. The concluding chapter examines the predictions concerning testes size and mating systems in the primates and the possible role of sperm competition in human selection. This book is of great value to reproductive biologists and researchers.
Download or read book Alternative Reproductive Tactics written by Rui F. Oliveira and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-13 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of alternative reproductive tactics (the behavioural strategies used by individuals to increase their reproductive success) is an evolutionary puzzle, and one of great interest to researchers. For instance, why do some males guard both nest and eggs, while others sneak into nests while pairs are spawning and fertilise those eggs? The field offers a special opportunity to study the evolution and functional causes of phenotypic variation, which is a general problem in the field of evolutionary biology. By integrating both mechanistic (psychological) and evolutionary (behavioural ecology) perspectives and by covering a great diversity of species, Alternative Reproductive Tactics addresses this integrated topic of longstanding interest, bringing together a multitude of otherwise scattered information in an accessible form that is ideal for graduate students and researchers.
Download or read book Spider Communication written by Peter N. Witt and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrating on the complex spider communication system, this book assembles the most recent multidisciplinary advances of leading researchers from many countries to assess the peculiar role spiders play in the animal kingdom. Originally published in 1982. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Download or read book The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems written by Randy Thornhill and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Common Spiders of North America written by Richard A. Bradley and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2019-11-12 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spiders are among the most diverse groups of terrestrial invertebrates, yet they are among the least studied and understood. This first comprehensive guide to all 68 spider families in North America beautifully illustrates 469 of the most commonly encountered species. Group keys enable identification by web type and other observable details, and species descriptions include identification tips, typical habitat, geographic distribution, and behavioral notes. A concise illustrated introduction to spider biology and anatomy explains spider relationships. This book is a critical resource for curious naturalists who want to understand this ubiquitous and ecologically critical component of our biosphere.
Download or read book Animal Signaling and Function written by Duncan J. Irschick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-20 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity of animal signals has been widely documented, and the generality of animal signals also tantalizingly suggests that there are common mechanisms that have selected for their origin. However, while much progress has been made on some fronts, we still lack a general theory about why the diversity of signaling structures exist. Our compilation will directly address this gap by focusing on an exciting new arena of sexual selection, namely using functional approaches to understand signaling. This approach is rooted in the idea that many signals are designed to transmit important functional imformation that is both important for issues of male quality (and hence male competition), and female choice. The increasing use of technology in sexual selection studies has enabled researchers to test whether signaling is either constrained by, or accurately transmits information about functional capacities. Further, in animals that fight vigorously, functional capacities such as endurance or strength may make the difference between winning and losing. This volume brings together a diverse collection of researchers who are actively investigating how function and signaling are related. These researchers use both a variety of methods and taxa to study animal signaling, and we believe that this integrative view is important to open up fresh vistas for why animal signals have evolved.
Download or read book Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia written by William G. Eberhard and published by . This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neurobiology of Arachnids written by F.G. Barth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arachnids rarely come to mind when one discusses arthropod neurobiology. In fact much more is now known and written about the nervous systems of insects and crustaceans. Several arguments have led us to conclude, however, that the time has come to document impor tant aspects of the neurobiology of spiders, scorpions, and their kin, as well. Studies of arachnid neurobiology have made considerable progress since the last comprehensive treatment by Bullock and Horridge in their monumental monograph on invertebrate nervous systems pub lished in 1965. This is especially true for research performed in the last decade. Several problems related to the structure and function of arachnid nervous and sensory systems have now been studied in con siderable depth but have so far not been given adequate space under one cover. A particular incentive to produce this book has been the impor tance attributed to comparative approaches in neurobiology. Neglect ing a large taxonomic group such as the arachnids - which comprises some 60,000 species living a wide range of different lives - would mean ignoring an enormous potential source of knowledge. In writing the chapters of this book we have striven to present some of the unique features of the arachnids. But the result of our efforts is not just meant to contribute to an understanding of the particularities of the arach nids.
Download or read book Female Control written by William G. Eberhard and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence from various fields indicates that such selectivity by females may be the norm rather than the exception. Because most postcopulatory competition among males for paternity is played out within the bodies of females, female behavior, morphology, and physiology probably often influence male success in these contests, Eberhard draws examples from a diversity of organisms, ranging from ctenophores to scorpions, nematodes to frogs, and crickets to humans.
