Download or read book Coating and drying processes for functional films in polymer solar cells from laboratory to pilot scale written by Wengeler, Lukas and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer solar cells can be produced by a continuous low cost coating and drying process. This work details a specialized experimental set-up to enable large scale roll to roll processing. Material properties such as surface energy, surface tension, and viscosity are presented and modelled. The impact of coating method, as well as process parameters (e.g. coating speed, shear rate, solvent composition) on process stability and film properties, is discussed.
Download or read book Post Sixties Narratives as Cultural Criticism written by Lin Xiang and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the cultural criticism led by New York intellectuals from the 1960s onwards, considering the influence of such critique on American collective memory and contemporary public culture. With a focus on essays that appeared in Dissent magazine—one of the most important journals of the New York intellectuals—from the year of its launch in 1954 to its most recent issue, as well as representative books on American culture by Daniel Bell and Russell Jacoby, the author contends that post-Sixties narratives constitute a special paradigm of cultural criticism that seek radical possibilities for societal change in the US, based on a use of the 1960s as an index for understanding American cultural and political life. A study of the ways in which narratives can move beyond story-telling to have interpretative and ideological functions as a form of criticism, this book will appeal to scholars of cultural studies and sociology, as well as those working in the fields of linguistics and literary theory.
Download or read book Slot die coating of lithium ion battery electrodes written by Schmitt, Marcel and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-04 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Li-ion battery technology could help to accelerate the transition towards renewable energy sources. In the manufacturing chain, the electrode processing by slot die coating is one of the most crucial steps. Increased line speeds and reduced scrap rates could help decrease these costs. The scope of this work is therefore the scientific elaboration of the process limits of single and subdivided, simultaneous coated multilayer films, a minimizing of edge effects and intermittent coatings.
Download or read book Functional Polymer Films 2 Volume Set written by Wolfgang Knoll and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-12 with total page 1107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Very thin film materials have emerged as a highly interesting and useful quasi 2D-state functionality. They have given rise to numerous applications ranging from protective and smart coatings to electronics, sensors and display technology as well as serving biological, analytical and medical purposes. The tailoring of polymer film properties and functions has become a major research field. As opposed to the traditional treatise on polymer and resin-based coatings, this one-stop reference is the first to give readers a comprehensive view of the latest macromolecular and supramolecular film-based nanotechnology. Bringing together all the important facets and state-of-the-art research, the two well-structured volumes cover film assembly and depostion, functionality and patterning, and analysis and characterization. The result is an in-depth understanding of the phenomena, ordering, scale effects, fabrication, and analysis of polymer ultrathin films. This book will be a valuable addition for Materials Scientists, Polymer Chemists, Surface Scientists, Bioengineers, Coatings Specialists, Chemical Engineers, and Scientists working in this important research field and industry.
Download or read book Process structure property relationship of polymer fullerene bulk heterojunction films for organic solar cells written by Benjamin Schmidt-Hansberg and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-05-09 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic (PV) is attracting increasing interest as an important contribution to renewable energy supply. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) is a comparable young PV technology with a great potential towards low cost solar power. This is due to the intrinsic advantage of the incorporated organic semiconductors which are soluble. Solution processing allows high throughput coating and printing processes. Hence, energy intensive high temperature and vacuum steps can be avoided which reduces the fabrication costs and keeps energy payback times low. The performance of organic solar cells strongly depends on the structure of the solution cast photoactive layer which comprises a polymer-fullerene blend. The blend structure evolves during the film drying step which has been studied in this thesis. Starting point of this work was the hypothesis that drying process parameters are suitable for systematically tuning the structure formation during drying of solution cast polymer-fullerene films in order to generate optimized structures with improved photovoltaic performance. For the evaluation of this hypothesis the structure formation of the polymer-fullerene system Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):[6,6]-Phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) was investigated incorporating i) thin film drying kinetics, ii) phase behavior of polymer-fullerene solutions, iii) structure formation and iv) the drying process-structure-property relationship of solar cells. The generality of the obtained results has been studied in comparison with the behavior of Poly{[4,40-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno(3,2-b;20,30-d)silole]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothidiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PSBTBT). i) Within this thesis a dedicated coating and drying setup was developed which afforded precisely defined coating and drying process conditions as prerequisite for all obtained results. For the first time, the drying behavior of finally a few hundred nanometer thin films could be investigated at five measurement positions with laser reflectometry simultaneously. This allowed the elaboration of a spatially resolved numerical thin film drying model. ii) In conjunction with the measurement and simulation of the evolution of film composition it was required to determine important instants of phase transitions such as solubility limits. Therefore the binodal region of P3HT solutions has been determined in the temperature range of 0°C-60°C. Within the unstable region P3HT solutions phase separate into a sol and a gel phase. The fullerene PCBM exhibits only a single solubility limit. iii) In order to correlate the expected phase transitions according to the phase diagrams with the real structure formation, the above mentioned coating and drying setup was combined with synchrotron based in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements. This gave unique insights into the mechanisms and dynamics of polymer-fullerene blend crystallization. After reaching P3HT solubility the crystallization proceeded with well-oriented interface-induced P3HT nucleation followed by P3HT crystal growth with increasing orientation distribution of the crystallites and PCBM aggregation in the final drying period. Furthermore strong polymer-fullerene interaction forces could be derived. By increasing the PCBM fraction it could be shown for the 1:2 P3HT:PCBM ratio that PCBM molecules brake the (020) π-π-stacking of P3HT lamellae which signifies a dramatic loss of hole mobility and consequently reduced device performance. It is further notable that increasing drying temperatures reduce the amount of (020) π-π-stacked P3HT molecules but lead to an increased amount of P3HT (100) crystallinity. Hence, drying temperature determines the preferred direction of crystal growth. iv) Besides a finer degree of phase separation, reduced drying temperatures also cause a higher amount of π-π-stacked polymers, longer effective polymer conjugation length, increased amount of vertical charge transport pathways and an increasingly rough topography due to larger polymer aggregates. Jointly this leads to improved power conversion efficiency at lower drying temperatures. Based on the elaborated knowledge a strategy for a 40% reduction of drying time with only small drawbacks in solar cell performance could be developed. Finally it was important to investigate the transferability of the obtained knowledge to other material systems. PSBTBT:PC71BM blends show similarities to that of P3HT:PCBM with partly interface induced polymer nucleation and subsequent fullerene aggregation in the final drying stage. The kinetics of molecular ordering however proceed fast enough such that the drying process under the investigated conditions cannot limit the structure formation. Hence, P3HT:PCBM is a suitable model system due to its sensitivity to many process parameters. According to the process influence on novel materials the results of this thesis can serve as a source for appropriate process strategies.
Download or read book A Comparative Study of the Morphology of Flow and Spin Coated P3HT PCBM Films written by Jose Luz Chapa Garza and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative energy source due to the possibility of mass production of solar panels with low cost processing techniques, like inkjet or offset printing and large area roll-to-roll manufacturing. The performance of polymer solar cells is highly dependent on the morphology of the photoactive layer blend. Previous studies focus on a variety of processing parameters to tune the morphology, like casting films from solvent mixtures, using processing additives, varying the photoactive blend composition ratio, and thermal annealing. Most studies on the field are laboratory oriented, involving fabricating polymer solar cells by spin coating multiple layers on conductive substrates. To this end, further studies on coating techniques that can be scaled for industrial manufacturing are necessary. Further, the coating technique as a processing parameter has not been investigated in detail.In the present work, thin films of the photoactive blend comprising poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were fabricated by flow coating, a method with the potential to be scaled to build large area solar panels, compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing. Films were cast from different solvents and the morphology and optical properties of P3HT:PCBM blends were characterized with optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering. The applicability of flow coating as a technique for fabricating organic photovoltaic devices was evaluated by comparing the morphology of flow and spin coated films. Experimental results show that the degree of phase separation and polymer crystallinity are higher in flow coated films, as compared to spin coated films. Heating the substrate during flow coating allowed for further tuning of the blend morphology, resulting in a smaller length scale of phase separation. Depending on the solvent and coating technique used to cast the film, blend morphologies with a range of thermal stabilities are demonstrated. Results indicate that flow coating is a suitable technique for polymer solar cell fabrication.
Download or read book Methods for Film Synthesis and Coating Procedures written by Laszlo Nanai and published by . This book was released on 2020-03 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polymer Films written by Stefan A. Romano and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Film Formation in Coatings written by Theodore Provder and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fourteen papers cover three areas of film formation: Aspects of film formation mechanism, film property development in thermoplastic and crosslinkable systems, and the morphology and film structure of the resulting films. Advanced instrumental measurements are used to define morphology and determine unique film structures as well as to provide input into models of the film formation process.
Download or read book Functional Polymer Films 2 Volume Set written by Wolfgang Knoll and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2011-06-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Very thin film materials have emerged as a highly interesting and useful quasi 2D-state functionality. They have given rise to numerous applications ranging from protective and smart coatings to electronics, sensors and display technology as well as serving biological, analytical and medical purposes. The tailoring of polymer film properties and functions has become a major research field. As opposed to the traditional treatise on polymer and resin-based coatings, this one-stop reference is the first to give readers a comprehensive view of the latest macromolecular and supramolecular film-based nanotechnology. Bringing together all the important facets and state-of-the-art research, the two well-structured volumes cover film assembly and depostion, functionality and patterning, and analysis and characterization. The result is an in-depth understanding of the phenomena, ordering, scale effects, fabrication, and analysis of polymer ultrathin films. This book will be a valuable addition for Materials Scientists, Polymer Chemists, Surface Scientists, Bioengineers, Coatings Specialists, Chemical Engineers, and Scientists working in this important research field and industry.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance and Durability of Polymer Solar Cells by Low temperature Drying Process and Hfo2 Blocking Layer written by 林恩詠 and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Film Formation written by Zeno W. Wicks and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improving the Processability of Large area Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Use in Organic and Tandem Silicon perovskite Photovoltaics written by Rory Runser and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin films of polymers are required for a myriad of technological applications, ranging from simple protective coatings to advanced multilayer laminates for flexible electronic devices. A class of polymers called conjugated polymers is of particular interest due to their ability to transport electronic charge while retaining mechanical deformability. These mechanical and electronic properties are easily tunable via synthetic modification of the polymer structure, resulting in a rich diversity of materials available for study. As such, conjugated polymers have been widely incorporated in next-generation thin-film photovoltaic technologies, as a layer added to improve charge transport, light absorption, or both. Nevertheless, the vast majority of studies of these materials utilize solution processing techniques (e.g. spin-coating, blade-coating, etc.) that inherently require planar substrates. This dissertation will discuss several polymer thin film processing techniques that yield large-area free-standing polymer films, which can then be coated onto a variety of flexible, textured, and non-planar surfaces. The development and characterization of a continuous, roll-to-roll deposition process is used to generate large-area organic solar cells, as well as to coat conjugated polymer films uniformly onto a textile substrate for flexible fabric-mounted PV. In addition, a batch process deposition technique will be shown for application of polymer films onto the surface of micro-pyramids, a key requirement for tandem perovskite silicon solar cells. Lastly, solar cell encapsulation techniques for extending the lifetime of perovskite solar cells will be discussed. Ultimately, such developments will help to advance the processability and performance of next-generation photovoltaic technologies.
Download or read book Solar Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials written by David Mitzi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-12-22 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the materials set to revolutionize the electronics industry The search for electronic materials that can be cheaply solution-processed into films, while simultaneously providing quality device characteristics, represents a major challenge for materials scientists. Continuous semiconducting thin films with large carrier mobilities are particularly desirable for high-speed microelectronic applications, potentially providing new opportunities for the development of low-cost, large-area, flexible computing devices, displays, sensors, and solar cells. To date, the majority of solution-processing research has focused on molecular and polymeric organic films. In contrast, this book reviews recent achievements in the search for solution-processed inorganic semiconductors and other critical electronic components. These components offer the potential for better performance and more robust thermal and mechanical stability than comparable organic-based systems. Solution Processing of Inorganic Materials covers everything from the more traditional fields of sol-gel processing and chemical bath deposition to the cutting-edge use of nanomaterials in thin-film deposition. In particular, the book focuses on materials and techniques that are compatible with high-throughput, low-cost, and low-temperature deposition processes such as spin coating, dip coating, printing, and stamping. Throughout the text, illustrations and examples of applications are provided to help the reader fully appreciate the concepts and opportunities involved in this exciting field. In addition to presenting the state-of-the-art research, the book offers extensive background material. As a result, any researcher involved or interested in electronic device fabrication can turn to this book to become fully versed in the solution-processed inorganic materials that are set to revolutionize the electronics industry.
Download or read book Protein Based Films and Coatings written by Aristippos Gennadios and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-02-07 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the most up-to-date and detailed information available on protein-based biopolymer films and coatings. It provides a comprehensive overview of the design, technology, properties, functionality, and applications of biopolymer films and coatings (edible and inedible) from plant and animal proteins. Both widely commercialized and
