Download or read book Climate and Landscape Controls on Seasonal Water Balance at the Watershed Scale written by Chen, Xi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Furthermore, the connection between the seasonal parameters of the developed model and a variety of physical factors in the study watersheds is investigated. For the extended Budyko model, vegetation is identified as an important physical factor that related to the seasonal model parameters. However, the relationship is only strong in water-limited seasons, due to the seasonality of the vegetation coverage. In the seasonal runoff model, the key controlling factors for wetting capacity and initial wetting are soil hydraulic conductivity and maximum rainfall intensity respectively. As for initial evaporation, vegetation is identified as the strongest controlling factor. Besides long-term climate, this research identifies the key controlling factors on seasonal water balance: the effects of soil water storage, vegetation, soil hydraulic conductivity, and storminess. The developed model is applied to the Chipola River watershed and the Apalachicola River basin in Florida for assessing potential climate change impact on the seasonal water balance. The developed model performance is compared with a physically-based distributed hydrologic model of the Soil Water Assessment Tool, showing a good performance for seasonal runoff, evaporation and storage change.
Download or read book DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A PARSIMONIOUS WATER BALANCE MODEL FOR MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE CONDITIONS written by Thomas C. Moran and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The annual water balance is an important indicator of the hydrologic function and utility of a watershed, and yet there has been relatively sparse research of the special considerations that control the yearly partition of precipitation in a Mediterranean climate (MC) like that of California. In particular, there is a gap in empirical characterization of the annual water balance over a broad collection of watersheds spanning the diverse climate and landscape conditions of the state. This research develops and applies a top-down, parsimonious, physically interpretable water balance model that explicitly accounts for seasonality, a critical climate factor for MC regions. The research was motivated by the observation of a straightforward, linear relationship between total annual precipitation and streamflow for watersheds in the Russian River Basin of northern California. A dataset of monthly water balance variables was developed to meet the criteria of accurate estimations, geographic contiguity, and temporal longevity, continuity, and consistency. Inspection of the long-term water balance for 159 watersheds in the state led to a more general form of the precipitation-streamflow relationship, a segmented linear model. Model parameters were estimated for each watershed via regression of water balance observations using a structural probabilistic model that was resilient to uncertainties in the input data. Model parameter estimates displayed aggregate clustering by prevailing wetness conditions, as well as geographic regionalization. The average predictive uncertainty for gaged watersheds ranged from 50 to 125 mm per year in terms of area-normalized streamflow. Modeled streamflow residuals were used to evaluate historical changes in the water balance, revealing a decreasing trend in the streamflow of most California watersheds during the onset of the climate change era, controlling for precipitation. Sensitivity analysis showed that changes in the seasonality of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration have an order-of-magnitude larger impact on the water balance relative to other climate drivers. Spatial proximity correlation and watershed feature regression both showed promise as methods for estimation of model parameters in ungaged watersheds. The model was also contextualized with regards to the influential Budyko curve. This research demonstrated that a parsimonious and interpretable model was capable of describing the annual water balance for the diverse hydrologic conditions across California. By focusing on the analysis of many watersheds over long timeframes it was possible to characterize and interpret broad trends and patterns that influence the water balance in MC regions.
Download or read book Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment written by James F. Hogan and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Water Science and Application Series, Volume 9. Groundwater recharge, the flux of water across the water table, is arguably the most difficult component of the hydrologic cycle to measure. In arid and semiarid regions the problem is exacerbated by extremely small recharge fluxes that are highly variable in space and time. --from the Preface Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States speaks to these issues by presenting new interpretations and research after more than two decades of discipline-wide study. Discussions ondeveloping environmental tracers to fingerprint sources and amounts of groundwater at the basin scalethe critical role of vegetation in hydroecological processesnew geophysical methods in quantifying channel rechargeapplying Geographical Information System (GIS) models to land surface processescoupling process-based vadose zone to groundwater modeling, and more make this book a significant resource for hydmlogists, biogeoscientists, and geochemists concerned with water and water-related issues in arid and semiarid regions.
Download or read book Decision support Experiments and Evaluations Using Seasonal to interannual Forecasts and Observational Data written by Nancy Kay Beller-Simms and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Heat Balance of the Earth s Surface written by Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Climate Change and Forests written by Michael J. Furniss and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Water from forested watersheds provides irreplaceable habitat for aquatic and riparian species and supports our homes, farms, industries, and energy production. Yet population pressures, land uses, and rapid climate change combine to seriously threaten these waters and the resilience of watersheds in most places. Forest land managers are expected to anticipate and respond to these threats and steward forested watersheds to ensure the sustained protection and provision of water and the services it provides. Contents of this report: (1) Intro.; (2) Background: Forests and Water; Climate Change: Hydrologic Responses and Ecosystem Services; (3) Moving Forward: Think; Collaborate; Act; (4) Closing; (5) Examples of Watershed Stewardship. Illus.
Download or read book Evaluating Water Balance Components in the Sierra Nevada written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work presented here was motivated by a need to better understand components of the water balance in the Sierra Nevada with respect to a warming climate. I present this as two case studies preceded by a summary of a climate data set prepared during the course of this work. The first case study examined the implications of climate warming on snowpack storage in the Merced and Tuolumne River watersheds, which encompass Yosemite National Park, using recent wet and cool (water year 2011) and warm and dry (WY2013) years as starting points. The second study focused on estimating the impact of forest treatment and fire on forest evapotranspiration (ET) at the patch to watershed scale in the American and Kings River basins. Modeled April 1st snowpack storage in the Yosemite area declined 38, 73, and 90% for +2, 4, 6°C dry-year warming scenarios. Seasonal snowpack disappears below 2000 m elevation with 4°C warming in both wet and dry years. Assuming vapor pressure remains constant with increasing temperature resulted in up to 100 mm more late-spring snow water equivalent than the respective constant-relative-humidity scenario with 6°C warming. Reduced snowpack and snow-cover duration will mean less summer melt input to meadow and forest soils, resulting in loss of wetlands and longer forest fire seasons. Other management implications include reduced late-season streamflow for dependent downstream communities and wildlife. Water-limited forests exhibited smaller changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NVDI) per respective changes in basal area than less water-limited areas. Intensive thinning projects, which reduced forest density 40-50%, resulted in NDVI reductions of 0.09-0.12 units from control plot values of 0.7-0.8, corresponding to ET reductions of 152-216 mm yr−1. The minimum observed change for treated areas was 0.07 NDVI units from an initial value of 0.7 units, associated with a basal area reduction of 9%. Net ET reduction due to forest fires in 1990-2008 in the American River watershed was about 5 times that in the Kings River (65 vs. 14 million m3 yr−1). In addition to reducing the multiple impacts of catastrophic forest fire, forest thinning and managed fire offer the potential to offset water losses due to increased ET in a warming climate.
Download or read book Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change.
Download or read book Addressing Climate Change in Long term Water Resources Planning and Management written by Levi D. Brekke and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the water management community¿s needs for climate change info. and tools to support long-term planning. Technical specialists and program managers have worked with their planners, water operators, and environmental compliance managers to identify the information and tools most relevant to their programs. They also have engaged and consulted with other Federal, State, and local agencies and stakeholder groups that have a role in water and water-related resource management to identify complementary priorities and individual perspectives. This report will help focus research and technology efforts to address info. and tools gaps relevant to the water management user community. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Download or read book Forest Hydrology written by Devendra Amatya and published by CABI. This book was released on 2016-09-14 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forests cover approximately 26% of the world's land surface area and represent a distinct biotic community. They interact with water and soil in a variety of ways, providing canopy surfaces which trap precipitation and allow evaporation back into the atmosphere, thus regulating how much water reaches the forest floor as through fall, as well as pull water from the soil for transpiration. The discipline "forest hydrology" has been developed throughout the 20th century. During that time human intervention in natural landscapes has increased, and land use and management practices have intensified. The book will be useful for graduate students, professionals, land managers, practitioners, and researchers with a good understanding of the basic principles of hydrology and hydrologic processes.
Download or read book Watershed Hydrology written by Vijay P. Singh and published by Allied Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Climate Change and Water Resources Management written by Levi D. Brekke and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-11 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation¿s water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers. The purpose of this interagency report is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change. Charts and tables.
Download or read book Thriving on Our Changing Planet A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.
Download or read book Water Balance Computation Methods for Evaluation of Remote Watersheds Within the Great Basin written by Dirk S. Doorenbos and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carbon water Cycling in the Critical Zone written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the largest knowledge gaps in environmental science is the ability to understand and predict how ecosystems will respond to future climate variability. The links between vegetation, hydrology, and climate that control carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soils remain poorly understood. Soil respiration is the second largest carbon flux of terrestrial ecosystems, yet there is no consensus on how respiration will change as water availability and temperature co-vary. To address this knowledge gap, we use the variation in soil development and topography across an elevation and climate gradient on the Front Range of Colorado to conduct a natural experiment that enables us to examine the co-evolution of soil carbon, vegetation, hydrology, and climate in an accessible field laboratory. The goal of this project is to further our ability to combine plant water availability, carbon flux and storage, and topographically driven hydrometrics into a watershed scale predictive model of carbon balance. We hypothesize: (i) landscape structure and hydrology are important controls on soil respiration as a result of spatial variability in both physical and biological drivers: (ii) variation in rates of soil respiration during the growing season is due to corresponding shifts in belowground carbon inputs from vegetation; and (iii) aboveground carbon storage (biomass) and species composition are directly correlated with soil moisture and therefore, can be directly related to subsurface drainage patterns.
Download or read book Hydrological Drought written by Lena M. Tallaksen and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of the examples are taken from regions where the rivers run most of the year.
Download or read book Predicting the Impacts of Land Use and Climate on Regional scale Hydrologic Fluxes written by Anthony D. Kendall and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
