Download or read book Cleveland and the Negro Following World War II written by Raymond J. Jirran and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 1264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carl B Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power written by Leonard N. Moore and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first elected black mayor of a major U.S. city, Cleveland's Carl B. Stokes embodied the transformation of the civil rights movement from a vehicle of protest to one of black political power. In this wide-ranging political biography, Leonard N. Moore examines the convictions and alliances that brought Stokes to power. Impelled by the problems plaguing Cleveland's ghettos in the decades following World War II, Stokes and other Clevelanders questioned how the sit-ins and marches of the civil rights movement could correct the exclusionary zoning practices, police brutality, substandard housing, and de facto school segregation that African Americans in the country's northern urban centers viewed as evidence of their oppression. As civil unrest in the country's ghettos turned to violence in the 1960s, Cleveland was one of the first cities to heed the call of Malcolm X's infamous "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech. Understanding the importance of controlling the city's political system, Cleveland's blacks utilized their substantial voting base to put Stokes in office in 1967. Stokes was committed to showing the country that an African American could be an effective political leader. He employed an ambitious and radically progressive agenda to clean up Cleveland's ghettos, reform law enforcement, move public housing to middle-class neighborhoods, and jump-start black economic power. Hindered by resistance from the black middle class and the Cleveland City Council, spurned by the media and fellow politicians who deemed him a black nationalist, and unable to prove that black leadership could thwart black unrest, Stokes finished his four years in office with many of his legislative goals unfulfilled. Focusing on Stokes and Cleveland, but attending to themes that affected many urban centers after the second great migration of African Americans to the North, Moore balances Stokes's failures and successes to provide a thorough and engaging portrait of his life and his pioneering contributions to a distinct African American political culture that continues to shape American life.
Download or read book The Limits of Black Power written by Leonard Nathaniel Moore and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This dissertation examines the growth and development of Cleveland's black community from 1945-1971. Part I, "The Search for Power," is essentially a community study of black Cleveland from 1945-1967, while Part II, "The Limits of Power," looks at the historic mayoral career of Carl B. Stokes, the first black mayor of a major American city. The twenty-six year period after World War II represented a period of increased militancy and political ascension for Cleveland's black poor. With the large influx of southern migrants paralleling the structural changes in Cleveland's economy, the atmosphere greeting those in search of better living and working conditions was anything but the promised land. Upon arrival black southerners found a constrained housing market, large-scale job discrimination, inferior educational policies, and unfair police protection. But the black poor did not sit idly by during this period of increased repression. Inspired to some extent by the southern drive for voting rights and integration, they employed various protest strategies in their quest to enjoy the full measure of their civil and political rights. By staging rallies, conducting sit-ins, picketing, and by holding rent strikes, they brought much needed attention to their socio-economic. Later, when the black poor resorted to violent protest, city officials could no longer ignore their complaints. While many members of the community employed extra-legal protest methods, there was also a strong emphasis placed upon voter registration and participation. Although blacks in Cleveland had long held the right to vote, the small percentage of the population often did not allow them the opportunity to place meaningful pressure on local politicians. But even when blacks gained representation in Cleveland City Council, black councilpersons rarely took a strong civil rights stance. As conditions for the black poor continued to deteriorate in the 1960s they began to strategize at the voting booth, with hopes of placing in office politicians sympathetic to their experience. The chief recipient of this political consciousness was Carl Burton Stokes, a native Clevelander, who was quite familiar with the conditions of the working-poor. Throughout his early political career as a State Representative, Stokes built up quite a reputation as an advocate for the black poor. This signaled to black voters that he did not represent a sell-out risk to the city's political and business establishment. As the first black mayor of a major city, Stokes considered his election a logical extension of the civil rights movement. Upon taking office in 1967 he pledged to use his power to improve the lives of black Clevelanders through scattered-site public housing, a reformed police department, and increased job opportunities, undergirded by the total redevelopment of Cleveland's neglected inner-city. But in carrying out his political agenda Stokes faced considerable opposition. Throughout the course of his two-term four-year tenure Stokes was constantly opposed by a city council which blocked much of his legislative agenda, and an equally defiant police department which effectively resisted many of his reforms. Stokes also received consistent criticism from many members of the black middle-class who successfully contested Stokes' efforts to place public housing in their communities. Moreover, the black middle-class was also steady in its disapproval of Stokes' favorable relationship with local black nationalist figures. With these obstacles in place Stokes was largely unsuccessful in achieving his political goals. He gained firsthand knowledge of the limits of black power.
Download or read book The New Negro written by Alain Locke and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Race Jobs and the War written by Andrew Edmund Kersten and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this examination of the FEPC's work, focusing on the pivotal Midwest, Andrew Edmund Kersten shows how this tiny government agency influenced the course of civil rights reform and moved the United States closer to a national fair employment policy.".
Download or read book Black Labor and Race written by Cleveland Valrey and published by Church House Pub. This book was released on 2004-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BLACK LABOR AND RACE "San Francisco Bay Area in World War II" Author, Dr. Cleveland Valrey The impact of war on African Americans has been widely debated in the American press, the mass media, and in public opinion. Did World War II represent a period of unprecedented racial progress, or did America by its unequal treatment of black people socially, in the workplace, and economically in the United States; fail to honor its stated ideals of "making the world safe for Democracy"? President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), in an address assailing Nazi propaganda relevant to human problems and actual social conditions asserted that: "The essence of our struggle today is that man shall be free. Free to live, work, worship, and pursue his own goals. There can be no real freedom for the common man without enlightened social policies. In the last analysis, they are the stakes for which the democracies are today fighting." Indeed, did the United States follow through on FDR's assertion of freedom? Is there an issue of Black Labor and Race today? Are we in new era of race and labor relations?
Download or read book Survey of Negro World War II Veterans and Vacancy and Occupancy of Dwelling Units Available to Negroes in Cleveland Ohio December 1946 written by United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Places of Their Own written by Andrew Wiese and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-04-24 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On Melbenan Drive just west of Atlanta, sunlight falls onto a long row of well-kept lawns. Two dozen homes line the street; behind them wooden decks and living-room windows open onto vast woodland properties. Residents returning from their jobs steer SUVs into long driveways and emerge from their automobiles. They walk to the front doors of their houses past sculptured bushes and flowers in bloom. For most people, this cozy image of suburbia does not immediately evoke images of African Americans. But as this pioneering work demonstrates, the suburbs have provided a home to black residents in increasing numbers for the past hundred years—in the last two decades alone, the numbers have nearly doubled to just under twelve million. Places of Their Own begins a hundred years ago, painting an austere portrait of the conditions that early black residents found in isolated, poor suburbs. Andrew Wiese insists, however, that they moved there by choice, withstanding racism and poverty through efforts to shape the landscape to their own needs. Turning then to the 1950s, Wiese illuminates key differences between black suburbanization in the North and South. He considers how African Americans in the South bargained for separate areas where they could develop their own neighborhoods, while many of their northern counterparts transgressed racial boundaries, settling in historically white communities. Ultimately, Wiese explores how the civil rights movement emboldened black families to purchase homes in the suburbs with increased vigor, and how the passage of civil rights legislation helped pave the way for today's black middle class. Tracing the precise contours of black migration to the suburbs over the course of the whole last century and across the entire United States, Places of Their Own will be a foundational book for anyone interested in the African American experience or the role of race and class in the making of America's suburbs. Winner of the 2005 John G. Cawelti Book Award from the American Culture Association. Winner of the 2005 Award for Best Book in North American Urban History from the Urban History Association.
Download or read book The Black Press in the Middle West 1865 1985 written by Henry Lewis Suggs and published by Greenwood. This book was released on 1996 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive examination of the Black press in the Middle West. It rewrites the history of the Middle West and proves that Blacks were not only present, but that they helped to shape the history, character, and political agenda of the region.
Download or read book Cleveland written by William Dennis Keating and published by Kent State University Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of the political economy, social development and history of Cleveland from 1796 to the present. As one of the oldest communities in the United States, the author looks at it as a model of transformation for other industrial cities.
Download or read book Shoot out in Cleveland Black Militants and the Police written by Louis H. Masotti and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "On the evening of July 23, 1968, shots rang out on a narrow street in Cleveland's racially troubled East Side. Within minutes, a full-scale gun battle was raging between Cleveland police and black snipers. ... For the next 5 days, violence flared in Glenville and other East Side neighborhoods."--Page xiii.
Download or read book Integrating Cleveland Baseball written by Stephanie M. Liscio and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the Negro American League Buckeyes, this detailed history describes the effects of major league integration on blackball in Cleveland, as well as the controversial role that the local black press played in the transformation. Included are historical photos, rosters for all Cleveland Negro League teams, and a list of the city's players in the annual East-West All-Star game.
Download or read book After Brown written by Charles T. Clotfelter and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-10-16 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.
Download or read book Cleveland Jews and the Making of a Midwestern Community written by Sean Martin and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers an array of voices to tell the stories of Cleveland’s twentieth century Jewish community. Strong and stable after an often turbulent century, the Jews of Cleveland had both deep ties in the region and an evolving and dynamic commitment to Jewish life. The authors present the views and actions of community leaders and everyday Jews who embodied that commitment in their religious participation, educational efforts, philanthropic endeavors, and in their simple desire to live next to each other in the city’s eastern suburbs. The twentieth century saw the move of Cleveland’s Jews out of the center of the city, a move that only served to increase the density of Jewish life. The essays collected here draw heavily on local archival materials and present the area’s Jewish past within the context of American and American Jewish studies.
Download or read book Harambee City written by Nishani Frazier and published by University of Arkansas Press. This book was released on 2017-02-15 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BLACK POWER! It was a phrase that consumed the American imagination in the 1960s and 70s and inspired a new agenda for black freedom. Dynamic and transformational, the black power movement embodied more than media stereotypes of gun-toting, dashiki-wearing black radicals; the movement opened new paths to equality through political and economic empowerment. In Harambee City, Nishani Frazier chronicles the rise and fall of black power within the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) by exploring the powerful influence of the Cleveland CORE chapter. Frazier explores the ways that black Clevelanders began to espouse black power ideals including black institution building, self-help, and self-defense. These ideals challenged CORE’s philosophy of interracial brotherhood and nonviolent direct action, spawning ideological ambiguities in the Cleveland chapter. Later, as Cleveland CORE members rose to national prominence in the organization, they advocated an open embrace of black power and encouraged national CORE to develop a notion of black community uplift that emphasized economic populism over political engagement. Not surprisingly, these new empowerment strategies found acceptance in Cleveland. By providing an understanding of the tensions between black power and the mainstream civil rights movement as they manifested themselves as both local and national forces, Harambee City sheds new light on how CORE became one of the most dynamic civil rights organizations in the black power era.
Download or read book Comrades written by Judson L. Jeffries and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2007-12-25 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays about the original Black Panther Party’s local chapters in seven American cities that seek “to move beyond the usual media stereotypes . . . Recommended” (Choice). The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It was perhaps the most visible of the Black Power groups in the late sixties and early seventies, not least because of its confrontational politics, its rejection of nonviolence, and its headline-catching, gun-toting militancy. Important on the national scene and highly visible on college campuses, the Panthers also worked at building grassroots support for local black political and economic power. Although there have been many books about the Black Panthers, none has looked at the organization and its work at the local level. This book goes beyond Oakland and Chicago examines the work and actions of seven local initiatives in Baltimore, Winston-Salem, Cleveland, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles. These local organizations are revealed as committed to programs of community activism that focused on problems of social, political, and economic justice.
Download or read book African Americans and the Pacific War 1941 1945 written by Chris Dixon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dixon provides the first comprehensive study of African American military and social experiences during the Pacific War.
