Download or read book A History of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet in Operations Desert Shield Desert Storm and Desert Sortie written by Ronald N. Priddy and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Civil Reserve Air Fleet CRAF written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by Soren M. Jonsson and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides background and analyses on the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) which was created by executive order in 1951. As a result, the Departments of Commerce (DOC) and Defense (DOD) formulated a contingency plan to meet the nation's airlift needs in times of crisis. When the Department of Transportation (DOT) was created, it assumed DOC's role in the CRAF program, and today, DOD and DOT work together to manage the CRAF program. The CRAF supports DOD airlift requirements in emergencies when the need for airlift exceeds the capability of the military aircraft fleet. All CRAF participants must be U.S. carriers fully certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, and meet the stringent standards of Federal Aviation Regulations pertaining to commercial airlines. The CRAF has three main segments: international, national, and aeromedical evacuation. The international segment is further divided into the long-range and short-range sections and the national segment into the domestic and Alaskan sections. Assignment of aircraft to a segment depends on the nature of the requirement and the performance characteristics needed.
Download or read book A History of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by Office of Air Force History and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2015-03-03 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second in a series of research studies-historical works that were not published for various reasons. Yet, the material contained therein was deemed to be of enduring value to Air Force members and scholars. These works were minimally edited and printed in a limited edition to reach a small audience that may find them useful. We invite readers to provide feedback to the Air Force History and Museums Program. Dr. Theodore Joseph Crackel, completed this history in 1993, under contract to the Military Airlift Command History Office. Contract management was under the purview of the Center for Air Force History (now the Air Force History Support Office). MAC historian Dr. John Leland researched and wrote Chapter IX, "CRAF in Operation Desert Shield." Rooted in the late 1930s, the CRAF story revolved about two points: the military requirements and the economics of civil air transportation. Subsequently, the CRAF concept crept along for more than fifty years with little to show for the effort, except for a series of agreements and planning documents. The tortured route of defining and redefining of the concept forms the nucleus of the this history. Unremarkable as it appears, the process of coordination with other governmental agencies, the Congress, aviation organizations, and individual airlines was both necessary and unavoidable; there are lessons to be learned from this experience. Although this story appears terribly short on action, it is worth studying to understand how, when, and why the concept failed and finally succeeded. The payoff came during the Persian Gulf War, over the period from August 1990 until January 1991, when the CRAF flew in support of Operation Desert Shield. The CRAF provided the "greatest airlift in history," eclipsing in some aspects even the 1948-1949 Berlin Airlift. The statistics were staggering: during those 165 days the CRAF transported some 400,000 troops and 355,000 tons of cargo from the U.S. east coast to the Arabian Peninsula, an average distance of 7,000 miles. By May 1991 CRAF aircraft had transported 60 percent of the troops and 25 percent of the cargo.
Download or read book Air Force Contingency Plans Should Include Facilities of Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Civil Reserve Air Fleet CRAF Program written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Readiness Subcommittee and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by Theodore Joseph Crackel and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-02-15 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the story of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) from its inception to 1991. In suggesting such a reserve airlift fleet in 1947, Admiral E. S. Land, President of the Air Transport Association, drew on the organization's experience with mobilization planning in the mid- to late-1930s and on the airlines' experience in the early months of World War II. "As I see it," he said, "we would have to face it along the same general lines as we did then, omitting as many of the mistakes as possible, of course. At the beginning of the last war, the air transport system had a detailed war plan. Given the necessary information from the military services as to their needs, we can develop this one." The Civil Reserve Air Fleet concept was formally approved on December 15, 1951-by a memorandum of understanding between the Departments of Commerce and Defense. It began to take shape in 1952, when it was allocated some 300 four-engine, airline aircraft for use in case of war or a national emergency. Planning for the use of these assets began almost immediately and interim arrangements were in place by mid-1953. Still, it was not until 1958 that a formal wartime organization was agreed to, and not until 1959 that the first major carrier signed the standby contract that obligated it to provide crews and aircraft in case of a major war or national emergency. Two factors clearly shape the Civil Reserve Air Fleet. The first, the nation's military strategies, dictated the airlift resources CRAF was asked to supply. As it happened, evolving strategies entailed an ever growing requirement for CRAF airlift. By the late 1950s, U.S. military strategy promised the ability to respond across the spectrum of aggression, and then, two decades later, it committed the nation to an increasingly rapid deployment of forces to NATO. The second factor was economic, the economics of the air transportation marketplace. Despite the efforts of the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) and, its successor, the Military Airlift Command (MAC) to influence the make-up of airline fleets-in particular attempts to encourage the airlines to increase their cargo capability-it was the circumstances of the commercial marketplace that drove the decisions. When the air freight business failed to grow as expected, and when the lower-lobe capacity of the airlines' widebody jets proved capable of handling what air freight there was, the scheduled airlines began to divest themselves of their freighter aircraft. MAC's efforts to halt or even to slow this process proved ineffectual. It was not until the development of the air express parcel business, that the industry began once again to add cargo aircraft. Again, it was the economic forces that intervened, not MAC. This is the story of the evolution of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet-from its roots in the pre-World War II planning of the ATA and the Army Air Corps Staff, through its creation in 1951 and its evolution over the years, to a seemingly troubled existence in 1987.
Download or read book Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report addresses the operation of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) during Operation Desert Shield/Storm. Although the CRAF was established in 1952 to augment military airlift during contingencies, it was first activated on August 17, 1990. In more than 5,300 flights between August 1990 and May 1991, the CRAF transported about 67 percent of the passengers and 22 percent of the cargo that was airlifted to the Persian Gulf area. That contribution was critical to the success of Operation Desert Shield/Storm.
Download or read book Military Airlift written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by Theodore J. Crackel and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet CRAF Reports on Edgar Gorrell World War II Pan Am Airlines MAC Military and Emergency Airlift Cargo Management Enhancement and Desert Shield written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-26 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Air Force publication tells the story of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF). Rooted in the late 1930s, the CRAF story revolved about two points: the military requirements and the economics of civil air transportation. Subsequently, the CRAF concept crept along for more than fifty years with little to show for the effort, except for a series of agreements and planning documents. The tortured route of defining and redefining of the concept forms the nucleus of the this history. Unremarkable as it appears, the process of coordination with other governmental agencies, the Congress, aviation organizations, and individual airlines was both necessary and unavoidable; there are lessons to be learned from this experience. Although this story appears terribly short on action, it is worth studying to understand how, when, and why the concept failed and finally succeeded. The payoff came during the Persian Gulf War, over the period from August 1990 until January 1991, when the CRAF flew in support of Operation Desert Shield. The CRAF provided the "greatest airlift in history," eclipsing in some aspects even the 1948-1949 Berlin Airlift. The statistics were staggering: during those 165 days the CRAF transported some 400,000 troops and 355,000 tons of cargo from the U.S. east coast to the Arabian Peninsula, an average distance of 7,000 miles. By May 1991 CRAF aircraft had transported 60 percent of the troops and 25 percent of the cargo.Chapter I - The Roots of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet * The Army and Air Transport * Enter Edgar Gorrell * War Clouds, Air Transport, and Military Airlift Requirements * Chapter II - The Air Transport Industry in World War II * Pan Am and the British: Showing the Way * Organizing Air Transport for War * Across the Oceans * Summary and Analysis * Chapter III - Birth of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, 1947-1951 * The Airlines and Strategic Military Airlift * CRAF: The Conception * CRAF: The Gestation * Summary and Analysis * Chapter IV - Shaping the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, 1952-1954 * Military Air Transport Service and the Airlines * Introducing the Civil Reserve Air Fleet * Organizing the Civil Reserve Air Fleet * Summary and Analysis * Chapter V - A Period of Redefinition, 1955-1962 * A Redefined Environment: MATS and the Airlines * Redefining CRAF: Structure and Strategy * Strategy Redefined * Summary and Analysis * Chapter VI - An Era of Modernization, 1963-1972 * Refining CRAF Management and Organization * New Contracts * Revisiting the Environment: The Airlines vs. MAC * MAC, the Airlines, and the Vietnam War * The "Competition Issue" Revisited * Summary and Analysis * Chapter VII - CRAF Enhancement, 1973-1979 * The Strategic and Economic Environment * Bonus Awards * CRAF Enhancement * Summary and Analysis * Chapter VIII - Management Challenges in a New Era, 1980-1987 * Airlift Shortfall--Strategic Demand and Economic Reality * Advancing CRAF Enhancement * CRAF Management--Looking Ahead * Summary and Analysis * Chapter IX - CRAF in Operation Desert Shield * Activation of CRAF Stage I * Quest for Additional Commercial Airlift * Conclusion: An Assessment of CRAF * Bibliographic Essay
Download or read book Military Airlift written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Military Airlift: DOD Should Take Steps to Strengthen Management of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program
Download or read book The Civil Reserve Air Fleet and Operation Desert Shield Desert Storm written by Mary E. Chenoweth and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 1993 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report investigates the activation of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), which the Military Airlift Command (predecessor of the Airlift Mobility Command) called up for the first time at the start of Operation Desert Shield. From August 1990 to May 1991, CRAF furnished commercial airline assets--passenger jets, cargo transports, and crews--to the command to assist in the massive deployment of U.S. troops and supplies to the Gulf region and in their eventual return. To guarantee a robust CRAF for our national security future, some enhancements are vital. An effective, modern mix of incentives for this volunteer program is necessary. Also, policies that shield air carriers from unreasonable risk; improve command, control, and communications; and minimize the inefficient use of commercial aircraft and crews should be developed.
Download or read book War Risk Insurance and the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Program written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works and Transportation. Subcommittee on Aviation and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Civil Reserve Air Fleet Enhancement Program written by William S. Wales and published by . This book was released on 1998-03-01 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1970s and 1980s, there existed a gap between the strategic mobility requirement and the nation's cargo assets to meet this requirement. Consequently, the Military Airlift Command developed and implemented the Civil Reserve Air Fleet Enhancement Program (CEP) to bridge this gap. Civilian airlines were given monetary and other incentives to modify their existing wide- body passenger aircraft enabling them to carry military-sized cargo in the event of military necessity. This study examines the National Defense Airlift System, the concept behind the CEP's development and reasons for its failure. It also discusses whether the current military, Congressional, and airline environments are conducive to a revitalization of the CEP. It was determined that the current environments do not favor a re-birth of the CEP. However, if a CEP were deemed necessary to meet a potential gap in the strategic mobility requirement, actions could be taken by AMC, Congress, and the airlines to aid its success. Some of these actions are: developing adequate incentives enticing airline participation, ensuring even distribution of enhanced aircraft among CEP participants, investigating use of medium-sized aircraft, investigating benefits of placing financial liens on enhanced aircraft, and reducing CRAF activation concerns among participants.
Download or read book Military Airlift written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-07 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent agency that works for Congress. The GAO watches over Congress, and investigates how the federal government spends taxpayers dollars. The Comptroller General of the United States is the leader of the GAO, and is appointed to a 15-year term by the U.S. President. The GAO wants to support Congress, while at the same time doing right by the citizens of the United States. They audit, investigate, perform analyses, issue legal decisions and report anything that the government is doing. This is one of their reports.
Download or read book The Value of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet written by Pamela S. Donovan and published by . This book was released on 1996-09-01 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluated the value of the CRAF program to the DoD and explored the amount that could be spent to remove potential obstacles to participation with aviation insurance and lost market share.
