Download or read book Chinese Syntax Tree Diagram written by Yuko Sakai and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-07 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some people say that Chinese does not have grammar, as a Chinese word may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb in many cases without conjugation, inflection, derivation nor even the preposition. However, Chinese syntax has many similarities with English as an isolating language, whose word order is more obligatory than inflected or agglutinative languages. Moreover, because of the ideograph, which expresses a morpheme indifferent of the parts of speech, the word order is stricter than English. Chinese words are fundamentally monosyllabic, the same as English original words such as "head", "arm", "go", "come". Being monosyllabic, the verb may combine easily and even a short sentence may be more complex than in English. In this work, we try to verify the hypothesis that though the grammar varies, every human language is based on the universal sentence structure restricted by the space-time cognition.
Download or read book Sentence Generation written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many define the language, in various phrases with various modifiers, as a tool of communication. However, not all the language is communicated and the language is generated before the communication. We have no words to communicate without thinking, whose concrete act is to choose the words. Therefore, cognition and language have the same origin. We the human beings have language to recognize and dominate the world, including our own mind. This is the reason why we have reason and language. Language is not merely a tool of communication, but it is indispensable to have reason and to be a Homo sapiens. The reason is based on the outside world composed of space-time. We perceive the outside world and recognize it by naming or classifying in our each vocabulary. Accordingly, a linguistic theory, which explains how and why the sentences are, should start with the cognition. The method is opposite to that of Aristotle's tradition, which begins in the form and the contents are interpreted from the form based on the view that language is a tool of communication regarding only the communicated words as language. The same view is also found in F. de Saussure, who regarded language as a given and socially approved system of signs. Language is not a system of signs, but, what we generate just in the next moment. If we shut up, language does not exist. The system or grammar may change with our usage of words moment by moment, thus, language continues to change as long as it is spoken. Consequently, this work finds the DEEP and UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE of sentence in the structure of the four-dimensional cognition. First, we deduce what structure is necessary to express the four-dimensional cognition. Secondly, we see how we generate the surface structures in five languages; English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Ainu. We define each word in syntactic tree diagrams just like chemical formulas to verify the deep structure in the surface structure.
Download or read book The Cartography of Chinese Syntax written by Wei-Tien Dylan Tsai and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-12 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume provides new insights into the architecture of Chinese grammar from a comparative perspective, using principles of cartography. Cartography is a research program within syntactic theory that is guided by the view that syntactic structures contain grammatical and functional information that is ideal for semantic interpretation - by studying the syntactic structures of a particular language, syntacticians can better understand the semantic issues at play in that language. The chapters in this book map out the "topography" of a variety of constructions in Chinese, specifically information structure, wh-question formation, and peripheral functional elements. The syntactic structure of Chinese makes it an ideal language for this line of research, because functional elements are often spread throughout sentences rather than clumped together as is usually dictated by language-specific morphology. Mapping Chinese syntactic structures therefore offers a window into the origin of heavily "scrambled" constructions often observed in other languages. The book includes a preface that will discusses the goal of cartography and explains how the collection contributes towards our understanding of this approach to syntax. The subsequent seven original articles all contain original syntactic data that is invaluable for future research in cartography, and the collection as a whole paints a broader picture of how the alignment between syntax and semantics works in a principled way.
Download or read book Chinese Syntax in a Cross linguistic Perspective written by Yen-hui Audrey Li and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese Syntax in a Cross-linguistic Perspective collects twelve new papers that explore the syntax of Chinese in comparison with other languages.
Download or read book Prosodic Syntax in Chinese written by Feng Shengli and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the two volumes of Prosodic Syntax in Chinese, the author develops a new model, which proposes that the interaction between syntax and prosody is bi-directional and that prosody not only constrains syntactic structures but also activates syntactic operations. All of the facts investigated in Chinese provide new perspectives for linguistic theories as well as insights into the nature of human languages. The subtitles of the two volumes are Theory and Facts and History and Change respectively, with each focusing on different topics (though each volume has both theoretical and historical descriptive concerns). This book has shown that prosody has played a crucial role in triggering the many changes in the diachronic development of Chinese. On the one hand, this book investigates the existence of SOV structures in Early Archaic Chinese, a SVO language, and then demonstrates the role of VO prosody in causing the disappearance of the remnant structures after the Han Dynasty. On the other hand, this book surveys the historical evidence for analyses of bei passives and Ba-constructions, and then offers a prosodic analysis on the origin of these two sentence patterns in Chinese. It is claimed that prosody can be an important factor in triggering, balancing and finally terminating changes in the syntactic evolution of Chinese.
Download or read book The Interfaces of Chinese Syntax with Semantics and Pragmatics written by Yicheng Wu and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Interfaces of Chinese Syntax with Semantics and Pragmatics provides an in-depth exploration of a variety of interface phenomena in Chinese, a non-inflectional language, where to a large extent word order constrains its interpretation and defines its grammatical functions. Under the Dynamic Syntax approach, which takes the incremental left-to-right processing of linguistic forms to be a fundamental part of characterizing the relation between syntactic structure and semantic interpretation, a straightforward explanation is provided. The study features detailed analysis of a range of key grammatical constructions such as topic, passive, copular and cleft, where previous analyses were sought in pure syntactic, semantic or pragmatic terms. Clear and straightforward throughout, The Interfaces of Chinese Syntax with Semantics and Pragmatics will be of interest to graduate students and scholars of Chinese, linguistics and cognitive science.
Download or read book English Syntax Tree Diagram written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-06-21 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work we try to verify that English sentences are restricted and limited by the space-time structure of cognition, which may be the universal sentence structure, while a sentence expresses a thought or cognition. We see the reason why sentences vary in English explaining each sentence in a syntax tree diagram, which is not based on form, but, on contents logically in sentence generation.
Download or read book The Syntax of V V Resultatives in Mandarin Chinese written by Jianxun Liu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the three fundamental properties of V-V resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese: their generation, their syntactic structure, and their alternations. This book is original and new in the following aspects. First, adopting the ‘inner vs. outer domain’ theory, it provides new analysis and evidence that these compounds are generated in syntax, not in lexicon. Second, this book argues that the two subclasses of V-V resultative constructions, object-oriented vs. subject-oriented V-V resultatives, actually have different structures. Their syntactic contrasts have not been observed in the literature before. Third, this book is new in determining the syntactic structure of the V-V resultative constructions through their adverbial modification properties. It demonstrates that the previous isomorphism analysis of the syntactic structure of Chinese V-V resultatives does not hold. Finally, this book provides a new analysis of the issue of the alternations of V-V resultatives. In contrast to previous analyses, which generally view the causative alternation as the idiosyncratic property of particular V-V compounds, this book provides a principled analysis. This book makes a substantial improvement of the current understanding of the issues in the syntax of Mandarin Chinese and gives new support to certain theories of the generative grammar from the perspective of Mandarin Chinese.
Download or read book Typological Change in Chinese Syntax written by Dan Xu and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new interpretation of the early history of Chinese argues that Old Chinese was typologically a 'mixed' language. It shows that, though its dominant word order was subject-verb-object, this coexisted with subject-object-verb. Professor Xu demonstrates that Old Chinese was not the analytic language it has usually been assumed to be, and that it employed morphological and lexical devices as well as syntactic means. She describes the typological changes that have taken place sincethe Han period and shows how Chinese evolved into a more analytic language, supporting her exposition with abundant examples. She draws where possible on archaeological findings in order to distinguish between versions of texts transmitted and sometimes modified through the hands of generations ofcopyists.The author focusses on syntactic issues, including word order, verbs, causative structures, resultative compounds, and negation, but also pays close attention to what she demonstrates are closely related changes in phonology and the writing system.The book will interest scholars and graduate students of Chinese linguistics, philology, classical literature as well as general linguists interested in word-order typology and language universals. It may be also be used as a text for advanced courses in Classical Chinese and Chinese diachronic syntax.
Download or read book New Perspectives on Chinese Syntax written by Waltraud Paul and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-12-12 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mandarin Chinese has become indispensable for crosslinguistic comparison and syntactic theorizing. It is nevertheless still difficult to obtain comprehensive answers to research questions, because Chinese is often presented as an "exotic" language defying the analytical tools standardly used for other languages. This book sets out to demystify Chinese. It places controversial issues in the context of current syntactic theories and offers precise analyses based on a large array of representative data. Although the focus is on Modern Mandarin, earlier stages of Chinese are occasionally referred to in order to highlight striking continuities in its history. VO order is one such constant factor, thus invalidating the idea that Chinese went through a major word order change from OV to VO and back to OV. Another claim often made for Chinese as an isolating language, viz. the existence of an impoverished inventory of parts of speech, is likewise refuted. Other long debated issues addressed here include the relevance of the dichotomy topic vs subject prominence and the role of Chinese as a recurring exception to crosscategorial harmonies posited in typological studies.
Download or read book The Syntax of Chinese written by C.-T. James Huang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-03-19 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past quarter of a century has seen a surge in Chinese syntactic research that has produced a sizeable literature on the analysis of almost every construction in Mandarin Chinese. This guide to Chinese syntax analyses the majority of constructions in Chinese that have featured in theoretical linguistics in the past 25 years, using the authors' own analyses as well as existing or potential alternative treatments. A broad variety of topics are covered, including categories, argument structure, passives and anaphora. The discussion of each topic sums up the key research results and provides new points of departure for further research. This book will be invaluable both to students wanting to know more about the grammar of Chinese, and graduate students and theoretical linguists interested in the universal principles that underlie human languages.
Download or read book Sentence and Clause Structure in Chinese written by 曹逢甫 and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cartography of Chinese Syntax written by Wei-Tien Dylan Tsai and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume provides new insights into the architecture of Chinese grammar from a comparative perspective, using principles of cartography. Cartography is a research program within syntactic theory that is guided by the view that syntactic structures contain grammatical and functional information that is ideal for semantic interpretation - by studying the syntactic structures of a particular language, syntacticians can better understand the semantic issues at play in that language. The chapters in this book map out the "topography" of a variety of constructions in Chinese, specifically information structure, wh-question formation, and peripheral functional elements. The syntactic structure of Chinese makes it an ideal language for this line of research, because functional elements are often spread throughout sentences rather than clumped together as is usually dictated by language-specific morphology. Mapping Chinese syntactic structures therefore offers a window into the origin of heavily "scrambled" constructions often observed in other languages. The book includes a preface that will discusses the goal of cartography and explains how the collection contributes towards our understanding of this approach to syntax. The subsequent seven original articles all contain original syntactic data that is invaluable for future research in cartography, and the collection as a whole paints a broader picture of how the alignment between syntax and semantics works in a principled way.
Download or read book Research on Functional Grammar of Chinese I written by Bojiang Zhang and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functional perspective on Chinese syntax has yielded various new achievements since its introduction to Chinese linguistics in the 1980s. This two-volume book is one of the earliest and most influential works to study the Chinese language using functional grammar. With local Beijing vernacular (Pekingese) as a basis, the information structure and focus structure of the Chinese language are systematically examined. By using written works and recordings from Beijingers, the authors discuss topics such as the relationship between word order and focus, and the distinction between normal focus and contrastive focus. In addition, the authors also subject the reference and grammatical categories of the Chinese language to a functional scrutiny while discussion of word classes and their functions creatively combines modern linguistic theories and traditional Chinese linguistic theories. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Chinese linguistics and linguistics in general.
Download or read book Chinese Syntactic Grammar written by Jian Kang Loar and published by Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese Syntactic Grammar: Functional and Conceptual Principles is unique in that it discusses the organizational principles of Chinese syntactic structures in terms of conceptual and functional principles, which are iconic and hence are easy to understand and apply. The organizational principles mainly comprise the three Chinese conceptual principles of Temporal Sequence, Temporal Scope, and Whole-Before-Part (Tai, 1985) and the two functional principles of Communicative Dynamism and the Principle of Topic-End Focus. By analyzing the semantic roles of each clause element, Chinese Syntactic Grammar reveals that the conceptual principles play a crucial role in organizing ideas and bringing units (such as subject, verb, and object) together to form grammatical sequences, which manifest S (A) V O (C), which is the basic Chinese word order. The functional principles control and govern variations of the basic sentence structure, which are motivated to facilitate effective communication and achieve specific communicative goals, thus generating several special structures, including the Bá/Bèi/null Bèi sentences, etc. The variant forms are motivated to achieve special communicative goals, and to facilitate effective communication. Another feature of the book is that it focuses on reasons, rather than merely on a description of rules. The language is lucid, and the arguments are cogent. The scope and depth of the investigation make the volume one of the most thorough and relatively complete pedagogical reference books. Chinese Syntactic Grammar can serve as a textbook for training professional CFL teachers. It is a must-read book for Mandarin Chinese teachers as a handy manual, also for intermediate and advanced Chinese learners if they want to have deeper insight into the nature of the Chinese language. Linguists who are interested in cognitive grammar and specialists across many fields including education, psychology, communication, and information science will find the book enlightening and interesting.
Download or read book The Syntax of Chinese written by C.-T. James Huang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-03-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to Chinese syntax covering a broad variety of topics including categories, argument structure, passives and anaphora. The discussion of each topic sums up the key research results and provides new points of departure for further research.
Download or read book New Explorations in Chinese Theoretical Syntax written by Andrew Simpson and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together 19 cutting edge studies written by some of the most prominent linguists working on Chinese formal syntax, as a Festschrift volume dedicated to Yen-Hui Audrey Li. The contributions to the volume address a wide range of issues currently developing in the field of Chinese syntax, grouped into five thematic sections on the structure of lexical and functional projections, modal verb syntax, syntax-semantics interactions, the syntax and interpretation of particles, and the acquisition of syntactic structures. With its rich descriptive content sourced from different varieties of Chinese, and its theoretical orientation and analyses, the book provides an important new resource both for researchers with a primary interest in Chinese and other linguists interested in discovering how properties of Chinese can inform the analysis of other languages.
