Download or read book Chinese Numerals and Classifiers simplified Chinese edition written by Shaoxian Wen and published by Everflow Publications. This book was released on 2014-08-20 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functions of Chinese numerals are in the main identical with those of English numerals. However, as Chinese numerals are closely associated with classifiers with which to form numeral-classifier compounds, they can only be fully understood when they are studied together with Chinese classifiers. Chinese classifiers are a very difficult problem for foreign learners to tackle, though it is not difficult to translate them into English. The fact that Chinese classifiers are difficult to master is because it concerns the usage peculiar to Chinese, but it doesn’t prevent foreign learners from understanding the meaning of the Chinese classifiers. What is difficult for them is how to use them correctly in their translation from E to C. The aim of this book is to tell the learners how to use Chinese classifiers correctly. In order to help the foreign learners to learn Chinese classifiers more handily and correctly, Appendix I: Classification of Chinese action classifiers and Appendix II: a detailed List of combination of Chinese classifiers and nouns, with more than 800 examples, are provided in this book.
Download or read book Chinese Numerals and Classifers traditional Chinese edition written by Shaoxian Wen and published by Everflow Publications. This book was released on 2014-08-20 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functions of Chinese numerals are in the main identical with those of English numerals. However, as Chinese numerals are closely associated with classifiers with which to form numeral-classifier compounds, they can only be fully understood when they are studied together with Chinese classifiers. Chinese classifiers are a very difficult problem for foreign learners to tackle, though it is not difficult to translate them into English. The fact that Chinese classifiers are difficult to master is because it concerns the usage peculiar to Chinese, but it doesn’t prevent foreign learners from understanding the meaning of the Chinese classifiers. What is difficult for them is how to use them correctly in their translation from E to C. The aim of this book is to tell the learners how to use Chinese classifiers correctly. In order to help the foreign learners to learn Chinese classifiers more handily and correctly, Appendix I: Classification of Chinese action classifiers and Appendix II: a detailed List of combination of Chinese classifiers and nouns, with more than 800 examples, are provided in this book.
Download or read book Partition and Quantity written by Jing Jin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Partition and Quantity: Numeral Classifiers, Measurement, and Partitive Constructions in Mandarin Chinese presents an in-depth investigation into the semantic and syntactic properties of Chinese classifiers and conducts a comprehensive examination on the use of different quantity constructions in Chinese. This book echoes a rapid development in the past decades in Chinese linguistics research within the generative framework on Chinese classifier phrases, an area that has emerged as one of the most cutting-edge themes in the field of Chinese linguistics. The book on the one hand offers a closer scrutiny on empirical data and revisits some long-lasting research problems, such as the semantic factor bearing on the formation of Chinese numeral classifier constructions, the (non-)licensing of the linker de (的) in between the numeral classifier and the noun, and the conditions regulating the use of pre-classifier adjectives. On the other hand, particular attention is paid to the issues that have been less studied or gone unnoticed in previous studies, including a (more) fine-grained subcategorization of Chinese measurement constructions, the multiple grammatical roles played by the marker de (的) in different numeral classifier constructions, the formation and derivation of Chinese partitive constructions, etc.
Download or read book Numeral Classifiers in Chinese written by XuPing Li and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-08-29 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the syntax and semantics of numeral classifiers in Mandarin and other Chinese languages. It explores how Chinese classifiers are semantically interpreted in syntactic contexts and how semantic functions of classifiers are realized at the syntactic level. The book is a contribution to formal Chinese linguistics, and to the understanding of grammatical properties of nominal phrases in Chinese and East Asian languages.
Download or read book Classifier Structures in Mandarin Chinese written by Niina Ning Zhang and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph addresses fundamental syntactic issues of classifier constructions, based on a thorough study of a typical classifier language, Mandarin Chinese. It shows that the contrast between count and mass is not binary. Instead, there are two independently attested features: Numerability, the ability of a noun to combine with a numeral directly, and Delimitability, the ability of a noun to be modified by a delimitive modifier, such as size, shape, or boundary modifier. Although all nouns in Chinese are non-count nouns, there is still a mass/non-mass contrast, with mass nouns selected by individuating classifiers and non-mass nouns selected by individual classifiers. Some languages have the counterparts of Chinese individuating classifiers only, some languages have the counterparts of Chinese individual classifiers only, and some other languages have no counterpart of either individual or individuating classifiers of Chinese. The book also reports that unit plurality can be expressed by reduplicative classifiers in the language. Moreover, for the constituency of a numeral expression, an individual, individuating, or kind classifier combines with the noun first and then the numeral is integrated; but a partitive or collective classifier, like a measure word, combines with the numeral first, before the noun is integrated into the whole nominal structure. Furthermore, the book identifies the syntactic positions of various uses of classifiers in the language. A classifier is at a functional head position that has a dependency with a numeral, or a position that has a dependency with a generic or existential quantifier, or a position that represents the singular-plural contrast, or a position that licenses a delimitive modifier when the classifier occurs in a compound.
Download or read book Mental Representations of Chinese Numeral Classifiers written by Yongming Gao and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mandarin Chinese is a numeral classifier language. In Chinese, a numeral classifier is a free morpheme that obligatorily precedes a noun in a phrase of counting, such as "one stick" and "two tables." The Chinese equivalent of such phrases would be "one long-thing stick" and "two flat-thing tables," where "long-thing" and "flat-thing" represent classifier morphemes. Many believe that numeral classifiers define conceptual categories. Five experiments were conducted to test two hypotheses about their mental representation. Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4 tested the main hypothesis that there are three different types of Chinese numeral classifier categories associated with three different types of mental representation. Twenty-four classifiers representing the three types were selected for the study. Native Chinese speakers were used as subjects. Experiment 1 generated grammaticality, typicality, and frequency ratings for nouns classified by the three types of classifiers. In Experiment 2, subjects listed central features for each classifier category studied. Experiment 3 reversed the experimental task in Experiment 2, asking subjects to identify the appropriate classifier categories based on the most frequently rated features generated in Experiment 2. Experiment 4 engaged subjects in judging how much each noun embodies the central idea of the classifier category. Data from these four experiments indicate that the three types of classifier categories have very different underlying organizing principles in their mental representation. Type 1 categories are characterized by a set of defining features, Type 2 categories are prototype-based, and Type 3 categories are Mentally represented by arbitrary associations. Experiment 5 was designed to test the second hypothesis that classifier categories may facilitate people's memory storage and recall. Both native Chinese speakers and English speakers served as subjects, with the English speakers being the control group. The data provided limited support for the idea that classifier categories act as an organization device in memory.
Download or read book Essentials of Modern Chinese with simplified Chinese example sentences written by Shaoxian Wen and published by Everflow Publications. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to help foreign learners to learn the essentials of written Chinese more effectively, this book is compiled in a brand-new pattern and up-to-date manner. Meticulous work has been done to simplify the complicated framework of Chinese so that the English-speaking learners will find it easy to learn. The book, which consists of 18 chapters, discusses all the essentials of basic Chinese in a comprehensive and systematical way. Chinese auxiliaries, classifiers and word groups which so often puzzle the westerners, as well as the structures of Chinese sentences and the rules of their construction, are dealt with minutely by giving numerous illustrative sentences along with their English translation. Special paragraphs are devoted to comparison between Chinese and English where necessary. This book adopts the system of Chinese grammatical terms, definition and classification prevailing in various types of schools in China universally accepted by the Chinese people as a whole. Lastly, this book is designed to be a practical work for the foreign learners who have already mastered a certain number of Chinese words and expressions and the simple rules of Chinese grammar. It is suitable for work in class and for students or self-learners working on their own.
Download or read book Chinese A Comprehensive Grammar written by Yip Po-Ching and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-09-16 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar which presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers. An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require. The new edition features a revised and expanded chapter on prosody (Prosody and Syntax), as well as four completely new chapters: • Morphology and Syntax (I) looks at Chinese word formation • Morphology and Syntax (II) explores the interaction between words, expressions and sentences • Intralingual Transpositions reviews the possible conversions between sentential constructions • Interlingual Conversions examines the differences between Chinese and English. The Grammar is an essential reference source for the adult learner and user of Chinese. It is ideal for independent study and for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes, up to an advanced level.
Download or read book A Chinese English Dictionary written by Herbert Allen Giles and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 1822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Language of Ontology written by J. T. M. Miller and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metaphysical and ontological debates, concerning what exists and the nature of reality, are perennial features of the philosophical landscape. However, some have argued that ontological debates are non-substantive, pointless, trivial, incoherent, or impossible. Debates about whether tables exist, for example, or about the nature of reality, are taken to be in some way deficient. This has led to a burgeoning literature studying the nature of metaphysical and ontological disputes themselves. One major debate within this context concerns the language of ontology. The central question is whether the nature of language influences or limits our ability to engage productively in ontological disputes. While we typically think that our language describes the world, or at least can accurately describe the world, there have been many who have argued that the nature of language inherently influences and limits our attempts to understand the nature of reality-that our claims about what exists are, in fact, merely a reflection of how we happen to speak or think. The Language of Ontology collects chapters from established participants in the debate alongside new voices, to explore the range of issues relating to our ability or inability to get beyond the limits of our language.
Download or read book Numeral Classifier Systems written by Pamela A. Downing and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1996-09-20 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numeral Classifier Systems considers the functional significance of the Japanese numeral system, its conclusions based on a corpus of 500 uses of classifier constructions drawn from oral and written Japanese texts. Interestingly, although the Japanese system appears to conform at least superficially to universalistic predictions about its semantic structure, this study reports that in actual usage, the semantic role of classifiers is slight — only very rarely do they carry any lexical information unavailable from the context or the noun with which the classifier occurs. It does appear, however, that the system has an important role to play in providing pronoun-like anaphoric elements and in marking pragmatic distinctions such as the individuatedness of referents and the newness of numerical information. For these reasons, the classifier system is deeply involved in a number of subsystems of Japanese grammar, and the demise of the system (sometimes rumored to be impending) would have substantial implications for the structure of the language as a whole.
Download or read book A Short Dictionary of Simplified Chinese Characters written by Everett Williams Jameson and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Grammaticalization from a Typological Perspective written by Heiko Narrog and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the way in which grammaticalization processes converge and differ across languages and language areas. Chapters systemically explore these processes languages of Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and the Americas, and in creole languages, revealing a number of unique pathways as well as shared features.
Download or read book Easy Japanese written by Emiko Konomi and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This user-friendly Japanese language book is a complete course, pocket dictionary and Japanese phrasebook in one. Easy Japanese is designed for Japanese language beginners who are planning a visit to Japan or are already living there and wish to learn spoken Japanese quickly and easily--on their own or with a teacher. This book introduces all the basics of the spoken language with an emphasis on practical daily conversations and vocabulary. It enables you to begin efficiently communicating right away. Key features of Easy Japanese include: Structured, progressive lessons Focuses on daily communication Native-speaker audio recordings All dialogues are highly practical and authentic and illustrated with manga illustrations for easy memorization. Useful notes and explanations about the Japanese writing system, pronunciations and accents, greetings and requests, sentence structure, vocabulary, verb conjugations, honorific forms, idiomatic expressions and Japanese etiquette dos and don'ts are provided throughout the book. A useful Japanese dictionary of commonly-used words and phrases is included at the back.
Download or read book Grammaticalization Scenarios from Europe and Asia written by Walter Bisang and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume intends to fill the gap in the grammaticalization studies setting as its goal the systematic description of grammaticalization processes in genealogically and structurally diverse languages. To address the problem of the limitations of the secondary sources for grammaticalization studies, the editors rely on sketches of grammaticalization phenomena from experts in individual languages guided by a typological questionnaire.
Download or read book Chinese Character a Day Practice Pad Volume 1 written by Philip Yungkin Lee and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With A Chinese Character A Day you can master 365 essential Chinese characters in just minutes a day! Each sheet introduces a new character in bold, easy-to-read type, with pronunciation, meanings, stroke order, and four compounds illustrating usage. Five minutes a day and you're on your way to writing Chinese like a native! For easy reference and review, 365 characters are listed.
Download or read book Languages of Macau written by Source Wikipedia and published by University-Press.org. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 145. Chapters: Chinese language, Chinese numerals, Mandarin Chinese, Written Chinese, Portuguese language, Yue Chinese, Classical Chinese, Sinicization, Written vernacular Chinese, Xiao'erjing, Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters, Confucius Institute, Chemical elements in East Asian languages, Chinese character classification, Chinese dictionary, East Asian calligraphy, List of Kangxi radicals, List of varieties of Chinese, Sino-Japanese vocabulary, List of Chinese classifiers, Chinese bronze inscriptions, Multiple association of converting Simplified Chinese to Traditional Chinese, Stroke order, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, Transcription into Chinese characters, Section headers of a Chinese dictionary, Zhuyin table, Four tones, Checked tone, List of English words of Chinese origin, Macanese language, Cyrillization of Chinese, Chinese punctuation, Chinese braille, Chinese speech synthesis, Li Si, Chinese exclamative particles, Rime table, Ming, Chengyu, Sino-Korean vocabulary, Seal script, 'Phags-pa script, Clerical script, Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Rime dictionary, Wang Yongchen, Zhonghua Zihai, Martian language, Chinese family of scripts, Loqu8, Regular script, Chinese number gestures, B construction, History of the Chinese language, Chinese word for "crisis," Chinadialogue.net, Fanqie, Bird-worm seal script, Cursive script, Han'er language, China Institute, Chinese-ordered English, The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, Translation of neologisms into Chinese, Wenlin Software for learning Chinese, Zhuang logogram, Chinese characters of Empress Wu, Differences between national standards of Chinese, Haigui, Large Seal Script, Guwen, HZ, Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, Place names in China, Chinese character encoding, Hanyu Da Cidian, Tianjin dialect, Fuerdai, ...
