Download or read book China s Early Modernization and Reform Movement Historical perspectives written by Kwang-Ching Liu and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book China s Early Modernization and Reform Movement written by Kwang-Ching Liu and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book China s Quest for Modernization written by Frederic E. Wakeman and published by Institute of East Asian Keley. This book was released on 1997 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Japanese Perspectives on China s Early Modernization written by Kwan Ho Kim and published by U of M Center for Chinese Studies. This book was released on 1974 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bibliographical survey of Japanese studies on China's self-strengthening and modernization movements at the close of the nineteenth century
Download or read book Westernization Movement and Early Thought of Modernization in China written by Jianbo Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the Westernization Movement in modern Chinese History, in the latter 19th century and the economic impact on manufacturing and enterprise evolution. It examines the rise, development, and performance of this movement on both the micro and macro-levels. This book reveals achievements in technology transfer without political changes, which set the limits for the westernization movement. It evaluates the link between the Westernization Movement and China's economic reforms after 1978, and the factors that may have constrained the development of economic thought in China. The book provides valuable insights into how Chinese economic thought transitioned, and is a valuable contribution to the debate on how the early Westernization Movement in China caused a change in consumer thought. It will be of interest to academics in economic history and those interested in the development of modern China and the emergence of manufacturing and entrepreneurship in China. Jianbo Zhou is a Professor in the School of Economics at Peking University, China. He has more than 20 years teaching and research experience in the fields of history of economic thought and economic history. Jianhua Zhao is a Professor in the College of Economics and Management at China Three Gorges University. He is also an experienced translator in the field of economics and translated Jianbo Zhou's work into English.
Download or read book Phoneticizing China written by Yufei Dong and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Phoneticizing China: the Politics of the Pinyin Reform Movement" by Yufei, Dong, 董宇飛, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: This thesis provides a historical review of the theoretical and practical influence of Protestant missionaries on the late Qing Chinese language reformers. The origins of the language reform movement have always been concealed in historical records. The missionaries' contribution to this movement has almost entirely been forgotten. With a focus on the key figures in the language reform movement, including W.A. P. Martin, John Macgowan, Joseph Edkins, Lu Zhuangzhang, and Wang Bingyao, this thesis attempts to demonstrate the similarities between the missionaries' views on the Chinese language and those of their Chinese assistants. The Chinese reformers' imitations of the missionaries' language experiments are also outlined. In the historical context of late Qing China, the Chinese reformers made language reform a way of enhancing the national strength of China. Thus, they made modifications to the original Romanized system and invented their own written forms of phonetic characters. With reference to the collaborations between China and the West, the thesis emphasizes Western influence as one of the crucial aspects of the origin of the language reform movement in China. This movement is still ongoing today with the widespread use of the pinyin input method in computers and smartphones. The thesis is divided into two chapters, analysing both the theoretical and the practical dimensions of language reform. It demonstrates how the missionaries' critique of the perceived defects of the Chinese language and their practice of changing the linguistic situation in China strongly affected the views and practice of the Chinese reformers. It also offers a critical analysis of the Chinese reformers' rationale, including their eagerness to advance the modernity of China. The first chapter discusses their views on the defects of the Chinese language in terms of its ideographic features, chaotic grammatical structure, and the discrepancy between speech and writing; it examines how their statements, proposals, and debates on these issues amounted to a discursive formation that defined the classical Chinese language as an inadequate instrument for China's modernization project. I argue that the Chinese reformers accepted the missionaries' phonocentric critique of the Chinese language and recognized the need to reform it in order to revitalize Chinese civilization. Through an examination of the genealogy of the missionaries' influence on the practice of the early Chinese language reformers, particularly Lu Zhuangzhang and Wang Bingyao, I argue in the second chapter that the early stage of language reform in China sought its embodiment in the missionaries' language practice: it was carried out through a combination of defence, argument, and negotiation between the Chinese reformers and the missionaries, eventually resulting in a compromise between reforming the language and preserving the cultural essence of China. With the knowledge and institutions that had been produced, the reformers' final objective was to increase the literacy rate of the Chinese population, as this would thus strengthen the power of China as a modern nation-state. Finally, by revisiting the historical contribution of the late Qing language reformers, I argue that language reform in China is an unfinished project. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5295531 Subjects: Chinese language - Reform - History Chinese language - Moder
Download or read book China s Path to Modernization written by Ranbir Vohra and published by Pearson. This book was released on 2000 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised and updated, this thoughtful, balanced and highly readable work provides a succinct, yet comprehensive and cohesive overview of China's path to modernization, preparing readers to understand the complex interaction between the Chinese cultural traditional and the internal and external pressures for change that led China onto the path of revolution and Communism. Evaluating the impact of Mao Ze-dong's thought and action on China's development, it explores the nature of Deng Xiao-ping's "second revolution" that reversed many of Maoist policies that put the country on the road to economic prosperity but which also created serious economic and political imbalances that will continue to plague China in the near future. Develops and sustains a narrative line not usually available in survey histories of China, presenting an internal coherence within each chapter that provides not only an integrated picture of political, cultural, and economic developments but also a convenient foundation to grasp the sequence of fundamental changes in China. Provides a brief summary of China's past history, focusing on the ideology and institutions that molded Chinese political culture. Covers critical transition periods, such as the collapse of the Manchu dynasty and the establishment of the first republic; the shift of power from the Nationalists to the Communists; and the rise of Deng Xiao-ping after the passing away of Mao Ze-dong. Expands coverage on many areas, including Tibet, PRC in Taiwan, and Hong Kong; the Sino-Indian war of 1962, and the Sino-Vietnamese war of 1979; plus social, economic, and cultural topics in various periods.
Download or read book China s Economic Rise written by Congressional Research Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-09-17 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization 36 years ago, China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally-controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world's fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging nearly 10% through 2016. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic power. It is now the world's largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis), manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves.The global economic crisis that began in 2008 greatly affected China's economy. China's exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows declined, GDP growth slowed, and millions of Chinese workers reportedly lost their jobs. The Chinese government responded by implementing a $586 billion economic stimulus package and loosening monetary policies to increase bank lending. Such policies enabled China to effectively weather the effects of the sharp global fall in demand for Chinese products, but may have contributed to overcapacity in several industries and increased debt by Chinese firms and local government. China's economy has slowed in recent years. Real GDP growth has slowed in each of the past six years, dropping from 10.6% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2016, and is projected to slow to 5.7% by 2022.The Chinese government has attempted to steer the economy to a "new normal" of slower, but more stable and sustainable, economic growth. Yet, concerns have deepened in recent years over the health of the Chinese economy. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese government announced that the daily reference rate of the renminbi (RMB) would become more "market-oriented." Over the next three days, the RMB depreciated against the dollar and led to charges that China's goal was to boost exports to help stimulate the economy (which some suspect is in worse shape than indicated by official Chinese economic statistics). Concerns over the state of the Chinese economy appear to have often contributed to volatility in global stock indexes in recent years.The ability of China to maintain a rapidly growing economy in the long run will likely depend largely on the ability of the Chinese government to implement comprehensive economic reforms that more quickly hasten China's transition to a free market economy; rebalance the Chinese economy by making consumer demand, rather than exporting and fixed investment, the main engine of economic growth; boost productivity and innovation; address growing income disparities; and enhance environmental protection. The Chinese government has acknowledged that its current economic growth model needs to be altered and has announced several initiatives to address various economic challenges. In November 2013, the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenum of its 18th Party Congress, which outlined a number of broad policy reforms to boost competition and economic efficiency. For example, the communique stated that the market would now play a "decisive" role in allocating resources in the economy. At the same time, however, the communique emphasized the continued important role of the state sector in China's economy. In addition, many foreign firms have complained that the business climate in China has worsened in recent years. Thus, it remains unclear how committed the Chinese government is to implementing new comprehensive economic reforms.China's economic rise has significant implications for the United States and hence is of major interest to Congress. This report provides background on China's economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China's economic rise.
Download or read book The Long Game written by Rush Doshi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-11 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries - not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or the Soviet Union - has ever reached sixty percent of US GDP. China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States. What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? In The Long Game, Rush Doshi draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, and a careful analysis of China's conduct to provide a history of China's grand strategy since the end of the Cold War. Taking readers behind the Party's closed doors, he uncovers Beijing's long, methodical game to displace America from its hegemonic position in both the East Asia regional and global orders through three sequential "strategies of displacement." Beginning in the 1980s, China focused for two decades on "hiding capabilities and biding time." After the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, it became more assertive regionally, following a policy of "actively accomplishing something." Finally, in the aftermath populist elections of 2016, China shifted to an even more aggressive strategy for undermining US hegemony, adopting the phrase "great changes unseen in century." After charting how China's long game has evolved, Doshi offers a comprehensive yet asymmetric plan for an effective US response. Ironically, his proposed approach takes a page from Beijing's own strategic playbook to undermine China's ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.
Download or read book Reform in Nineteenth century China written by Harvard University. East Asian Research Center and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1976 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preliminary Material /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Opening Remarks /John K. Fairbank --Opening Remarks /John E. Schrecker --The Variety of Political Reforms in Chinese History: A Simplified Typology /James T.C. Liu --Comment /Hoyt Tillman --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Definitions of Community by Ch'i Chi-kuang and Lü k'un /Joanna F. Handlin --Three Images of the Cultural Hero in the Thought of Kung Tzu-chen /Judith Whitbeck --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Economic Aspects of Reform /Albert Feuerwerker --Merchant Investment, Commercialization, and Social Change in the Ningpo Area /Susan Mann Jones --Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurs as Reformers: The Case of Chang Pi-shih /Michael R. Godley --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Imperialism, Sovereignty, and Self-Strengthening: A Reassessment of the 1870s /Saundra Sturdevant --Reform and the Tea Industry and Trade in Late Ch'ing China: The Fukien Case /Robert P. Gardella --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Politics, Intellectual Outlook, and Reform: The T'ung-wen kuan Controversy of 1867 /Kwang-Ching Liu --The Image of the Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi /Sue Fawn Chung --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --The Social Context of Reform /Marianne Bastid --Local Reform and Its Opponents: Feng Kuei-fen's Struggle for Equality in Taxation /Frank A. Lojewski --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --The Intellectual Context of Reform /Hao Chang --The Ideal of Universality in Late Ch'ing Reformism /Young-tsu Wong --National Image: Missionaries and Some Conceptual Ingredients of Late Ch'ing Reform /Suzanne Wilson Barnett --Kung as an Ethos in Late Nineteenth-Century China: The Case of Wang Hsien-ch'ien (1842-1918) /I-fan Ch'eng --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Reflections on an Aspect of Modern China in Transition: T'an Ssu-t'ung (1865-1898) as a Reformer /Luke S.K. Kwong --Some Western Influences on T'an Ssu-t'ung's Thought /Richard H. Shek --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Reform at the Local and Provincial Level /James Polachek --Gentry-Official Conflict in the Restoration Kiangsu Countryside /Jonathan Ocko --The Formation of a Province: Reform of Frontier Administration in Sinkiang /Nailene Chou --Local Reform Currents in Chekiang before 1900 /Mary Backus Rankin --Chihli Academies and Other Schools in the Late Ch'ing: An Institutional Survey /Richard A. Orb --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Women and Reform /Linda P. Shin --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --The New Coastal Reformers /Paul A. Cohen --Wu.T'ing-fang: A Member of a Colonial Elite as Coastal Reformer /Linda P. Shin --Foreign Policy Interests and Activities of the Treaty-Port Chinese Community /Louis T. Sigel --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --The Reform Movement of 1898 and the Ch'ing-i: Reform as Opposition /John E. Schrecker --On the Hundred Days Reform /Huang Chang-chien --Reform Through Study Societies in the Late Ch'ing Period, 1895-1900: The Nan hsueh-hui /Sung Wook Shin --Chang Chih-tung after the "100 Days": 1898-1900 as a Transitional Period for Reform Constituencies /Daniel H. Bays --Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Closing Discussion /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Notes /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker --Glossary /Paul A. Cohen and John E. Schrecker.
Download or read book Interpreting China s Grand Strategy written by Michael D. Swaine and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2000-03-22 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's continuing rapid economic growth and expanding involvement in global affairs pose major implications for the power structure of the international system. To more accurately and fully assess the significance of China's emergence for the United States and the global community, it is necessary to gain a more complete understanding of Chinese security thought and behavior. This study addresses such questions as: What are China's most fundamental national security objectives? How has the Chinese state employed force and diplomacy in the pursuit of these objectives over the centuries? What security strategy does China pursue today and how will it evolve in the future? The study asserts that Chinese history, the behavior of earlier rising powers, and the basic structure and logic of international power relations all suggest that, although a strong China will likely become more assertive globally, this possibility is unlikely to emerge before 2015-2020 at the earliest. To handle this situation, the study argues that the United States should adopt a policy of realistic engagement with China that combines efforts to pursue cooperation whenever possible; to prevent, if necessary, the acquisition by China of capabilities that would threaten America's core national security interests; and to remain prepared to cope with the consequences of a more assertive China.
Download or read book Chinese Military Reform in the Age of Xi Jinping Drivers Challenges and Implications written by Joel Wuthnow and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) has embarked on its most wide-ranging and ambitious restructuring since 1949, including major changes to most of its key organizations. The restructuring reflects the desire to strengthen PLA joint operation capabilities- on land, sea, in the air, and in the space and cyber domains. The reforms could result in a more adept joint warfighting force, though the PLA will continue to face a number of key hurdles to effective joint operations, Several potential actions would indicate that the PLA is overcoming obstacles to a stronger joint operations capability. The reforms are also intended to increase Chairman Xi Jinping's control over the PLA and to reinvigorate Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organs within the military. Xi Jinping's ability to push through reforms indicates that he has more authority over the PLA than his recent predecessors. The restructuring could create new opportunities for U.S.-China military contacts.
Download or read book How China Became Capitalist written by R. Coase and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How China Became Capitalist details the extraordinary, and often unanticipated, journey that China has taken over the past thirty five years in transforming itself from a closed agrarian socialist economy to an indomitable economic force in the international arena. The authors revitalise the debate around the rise of the Chinese economy through the use of primary sources, persuasively arguing that the reforms implemented by the Chinese leaders did not represent a concerted attempt to create a capitalist economy, and that it was 'marginal revolutions' that introduced the market and entrepreneurship back to China. Lessons from the West were guided by the traditional Chinese principle of 'seeking truth from facts'. By turning to capitalism, China re-embraced her own cultural roots. How China Became Capitalist challenges received wisdom about the future of the Chinese economy, warning that while China has enormous potential for further growth, the future is clouded by the government's monopoly of ideas and power. Coase and Wang argue that the development of a market for ideas which has a long and revered tradition in China would be integral in bringing about the Chinese dream of social harmony.
Download or read book Modern China A Very Short Introduction written by Rana Mitter and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China today is never out of the news: from human rights controversies and the continued legacy of Tiananmen Square, to global coverage of the Beijing Olympics, and the Chinese 'economic miracle'. It seems a country of contradictions: a peasant society with some of the world's most futuristic cities, heir to an ancient civilization that is still trying to find a modern identity. This Very Short Introduction offers the reader with no previous knowledge of China a variety of ways to understand the world's most populous nation, giving a short, integrated picture of modern Chinese society, culture, economy, politics and art. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
Download or read book China s Grand Strategy written by Andrew Scobell and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2020-07-27 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To explore what extended competition between the United States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors of this report identified and characterized China’s grand strategy, analyzed its component national strategies (diplomacy, economics, science and technology, and military affairs), and assessed how successful China might be at implementing these over the next three decades.
Download or read book The Cambridge history of China written by John K. Fairbank and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1980 with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For readers with Chinese, proper names and terms are identified with their characters in the glossary, and full references to Chinese, Japanese and other works are given in the bibliographies. Numerous maps illustrate the text, and there are bibliographical essay decribing the source materials on which each author?s account is based.
Download or read book Sources in Chinese History written by David G. Atwill and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sources in Chinese History, now in its second edition, has been updated to include re-translations of over a third of the documents. It also incorporates nearly 40 new sources that work to familiarize readers with the key events, personages, and themes of modern China. Organized thematically, the volume examines China’s complex history from the rise of the Qing dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century through the formation of the People’s Republic of China up to the present. Each chapter begins with an annotated visual source followed by a chapter introduction and analysis of textual sources, allowing students to explore different types of sources and topics. Sources in Chinese History contextualizes the issues, trends, and challenges of each particular period. Special attention has been made to incorporate a variety of viewpoints which challenge standard accounts. Non-traditional documents, such as movie dialogues, are also included which aim to encourage students to reconsider historical events and trends in Chinese history. This volume includes a variety of sources, such as maps, posters, film scripts, memorials, and political cartoons and advertisements, that make this book the perfect introductory aid for students of Chinese history, politics, and culture, as well as Chinese studies after 1600.
