Download or read book Childhood Obesity and Rural Disparities written by Wei Lin Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rural childhood obesity is a neglected but pressing issue in the United States. The childhood obesity prevalence in rural areas is significantly higher than that in urban areas, and the higher risk linked to the rural context is not sufficiently understood. This dissertation explores and dissects the relationship between rurality and childhood obesity risk by analyzing nationally representative data. Three main datasets are used in this research. These include two county-level datasets: the American Community Survey (ACS) data provides sociodemographic characteristics and the U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data offers food environment variables. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort 2011 (ECLS-K: 2011) provides individual-level data. These data sources are merged and analyzed to assess hypothetical associations suggested by a multilevel conceptual framework. The analysis has two components. First, the study employs multilevel modeling to examine correlates of body mass index (BMI) among three age cohorts of children in the cross-section. Second, the study presents estimates of growth curve models to estimate the baseline and growth of BMI as a function of time-variant and time-invariant variables. The results indicate that although childhood obesity prevalence is higher in the rural US., rurality does not appear to have a direct effect on childhood obesity risk. Contextual factors such as poverty rate at the county level and food environment have significant associations with BMI status and change that help account for the positive association of rural residence. At the individual level, parental education and childrens daily activities have direct impacts on childhood BMI and obesity risk. At the environmental level, access to less healthy food retailers emerges as a key factor influencing BMI. There is no interaction effect between individual variables and rural residence. Food environment is also found to affect BMI growth, and the effect size increases over time. In sum, the findings suggest that rural residence plays a minor role in childhood obesity risk. On the other hand, the lower socioeconomic status and disadvantaged food environment more common to rural areas places rural children at a higher risk for obesity. Several policy responses are suggested, including providing nutrition education that emphasizes the causes and consequences of obesity, and increasing access to a healthy and affordable food supply to counteract the implications of economic deprivation and poor food environments.
Download or read book Urban rural Disparities in Child Overweight and Obesity in China the Role of Hukou Policy written by Tian Tian and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood obesity has become an epidemic worldwide and regionally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), globally, in 2015, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated to be over 42 million. Almost half of these overweight children under 5 lived in Asia and one quarter lived in Africa. In China, the incidence of childhood obesity has seen a rising trend in recent years, turning into a severe public health challenge. Obesity brings about an unprecedented heavy burden to children’s health outcomes, and also plays a negative role in children’s mental health and academic performance. In addition to genetic influences, many socioeconomic factors contribute to childhood obesity. This paper considers the effect of Hukou policy, the household registration system in China, and other socioeconomic factors on children’s body mass index (BMI), which is an important indicator of children’s health outcomes. My hypothesis is that compared to their rural counterparts, children with an urban Hukou status or living in urban areas are more likely to have a normal BMI, that is, a healthy weight. To test this hypothesis, I conduct a multivariate analysis of four rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey data from 2000 to 2009, estimating nine separate regressions using pooled LPM, logit and fixed effects analyses. The results strongly support my hypothesis.
Download or read book Childhood Obesity and the Home Environment in Rural Georgia written by Courtney Mercer Still and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There have been no significant changes in obesity prevalence in the last decade and obesity prevalence remains high in children. In 2011-2012 17.7% of children ages 6-11 in the United States were obese. Rural children in Georgia have higher obesity and overweight prevalence than children nationally. The home food environment plays a critical role in the nutrition related behavior and weight status of children. Many school-based interventions target children's behavior, but fewer seek to change the home environment, which may represent an important target for interventions. Furthermore, there are notable disparities in childhood obesity by race and ethnicity, and these disparities may extend to aspects of the home environment. Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in the home environment may provide a richer understanding of how these disparities in childhood obesity come about. The Action Pack Families Study was a group-randomized trial designed to test the effectiveness of a school and home based intervention for the primary prevention of obesity in rural children. This intervention used children as agents of change for their family and community. Cross-sectional baseline analyses indicate that there are associations among food availability, child dietary intake, and child weight status and these associations differ by race and ethnicity. Parent weight status is a strong predictor of child weight status, which underscores the importance of interventions that target parents in order to achieve the best outcomes for children. In these interventions, the home food environment may be an important target for change. A longitudinal analysis of home environment outcomes over the course of one year of the intervention showed that most home environment outcomes did not change significantly over the course of the first year of the intervention. Similarly, there was not a significant change in child weight status although the prevalence of obesity in the intervention group remained stable. These results emphasize the importance of longer-term interventions that target not only the child but also the school, family and home environment, and community.
Download or read book Childhood Obesity in the United States 1976 2008 written by Gopal K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Overweight and Obesity in the Western Pacific Region an Equity Perspective written by WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overweight and obesity have become urgent global health issues in recent decades. Globally the number of overweight children under the age of 5 years has increased from 32 million in 2000 to 41 million in 2014 corresponding to an increase in prevalence from 5.0% to 6.1%. It is estimated that at the current pace by 2020 some 9% of all children under 5 years will be overweight. Furthermore an increase in adult obesity prevalence has been observed in all countries and globally the prevalence of obesity among adults has doubled from 1980 to 2014 from 5% to 11% for men and from 8% to 15% for women. Overweight and obesity were estimated to account for 3.4 million deaths annually and 93.6 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 1 in 2010. The burden of overweight and obesity is inequitably distributed and affects some population groups and geographical areas more than others based on their social characteristics which are also inequitably distributed. Vulnerability to overweight and obesity might depend on for instance urban or rural residence socioeconomic status ethnicity or the geographical area where people live and their nutritional status in the first 1000 days of life. This report intends to assist policy-makers in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region by contributing to a better understanding of the unequal distribution of overweight and obesity in the Region and by providing policy options to address the social determinants of overweight and obesity. Identifying vulnerable population groups or areas can help policymakers programme managers and other actors to improve programme targeting and increase the effectiveness and improve the health and well-being of the most vulnerable.
Download or read book Obesogenic Environments written by Amelia Lake and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where obesity has now reached epidemic proportions, a thorough understanding of the underlying causes of the problem is essential if society, public health initiatives and government policies are to successfully address the issue. The obesogenic environment describes all the possible influences that our environment presents which encourage overweight and obesity in individuals and populations. Beginning with an overarching introduction to obesity and its implications for health and wellbeing, the book will move on to consider such crucial areas as eating behaviours and food environments, physical activity and the environment, the urban environment, methods, policy and future research directions. Brings together expertise from across a range of disciplines Written by a truly multidisciplinary team of international authors Presents some of the most innovative thinking in the battle against obesity This groundbreaking book brings together for the first time the knowledge of experts with backgrounds in nutrition and dietetics, policy, epidemiology, environmental sciences, medical sciences, town planning and urban design, transport, geography and physical activity in order to offer a multidisciplinary approach to public health, suggesting new and exciting ways to shape our environment to better support healthful decisions.
Download or read book Impact of a Community wide Multi level Obesity Prevention Intervention for Children in Rural Communities written by Emily Brown and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood overweight and obesity are serious public health concerns in the US. Certain populations are disproportionately affected based on race/ethnicity and geographic area (HRSA, 2015). Multiple components constitute a child’s obesogenic environment, but there is inadequate research on obesity prevention interventions to address these multiple facets, especially in rural settings. The purpose of this paper is to examine the preliminary effectiveness of Together We STRIDE, a multi-level intervention on nutrition and physical activity behaviors among 3rd to 5th graders in a rural community of Eastern Washington. The intervention community received multi-level intervention activities at the individual, family, school, and community levels. Anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline and 6-month follow up, and a subgroup of participants provided information on nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Changes in the subgroup’s consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugar from sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs); physical activity (PA); and sedentary behaviors (including screen time) were analyzed for differences within and between intervention and comparison groups, and by gender. Fruit intake increased for both groups, with the intervention group consuming slightly more. Vegetable consumption decreased for both groups, but the intervention group showed a smaller decrease compared to the intervention group. The intervention group decreased, while the comparison group significantly increased (p=0.002), sugar intake from SSBs. The intervention group reported a significant increase in light PA (p=0.007), an increase in moderate PA, and a decrease in vigorous PA, while the comparison group reported a decrease at all three levels, revealing a significant difference between intervention and comparison groups at all three levels (p=0.009, 0.012, 0.032, respectively). Weekend sedentary behavior increased in the intervention group, while it decreased in the comparison group. Weekend screen time increased for both groups. Differences by gender showed: intervention boys consumed significantly less sugar than their comparison group counterparts (p=0.019); vigorous PA between intervention and comparison groups of boys was significant (p=0.028), while light PA between intervention and comparison groups of girls was significant (p=0.030); and no significant differences by gender on sedentary behavior. The intervention had a significant effect on increasing PA, and revealed small but meaningful improvements in fruit consumption and sugar intake from SSBs. Vegetable consumption decreased slightly, but the trend for the intervention group may be less solidified as children had not received all of the intervention components during the preliminary assessment. These preliminary results show intervention effectiveness in addressing fruit and sugar consumption, as well as physical activity behaviors at the midpoint assessment. Thus, it is anticipated that a larger magnitude of difference will be seen at 18-month follow up.
Download or read book Investigating Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Rural Settings written by Katrina Jane Serrano and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's risk for overweight and obesity is particularly high in rural areas of the United States. Many health, psychosocial, and economic consequences are associated with childhood overweight and obesity, which concerns health researchers and professionals. But how and why might rural children be more at risk for being overweight and obese? This dissertation investigates childhood overweight and obesity in rural settings through three separate studies. First, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify determinants and mechanisms of childhood obesity-related behaviors that are specific to rural locations. The findings from the review show that lack of health resources and poverty within the rural environment may impact children's social environment and individual factors. However, results are inconclusive and there continues to be a lack of studies focusing on linking environmental influence with individual factors. Second, a meta-analysis of current research evidence was conducted to assess the efficacy of rural interventions designed to reduce childhood overweight and obesity. Results showed that interventions have been efficacious yet modest, with a mean effect size of 0.18. Moderating variables were also examined. Mean intervention effect size was moderated by children's age and intervention duration. Last, secondary data were used to examine the association between rural food stores and availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables. A multilevel analytical approach was used to determine if rural location was associated with availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables. After controlling for other variables, results showed that rural location was not associated with fruit and vegetable availability and affordability. The findings from this dissertation suggest that the area of rural childhood overweight and obesity remains understudied. More research is needed in order to understand the mechanisms of social ecological influences on diet, physical activity, and childhood overweight and obesity. This area of research, however, is rife with opportunities for public health education and promotion. Public health educators can help promote and advocate for environmental conditions that support healthy lifestyles. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148286
Download or read book Rural America at a Glance written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Aspects of Obesity written by Igor De Garine and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays examines obesity not as an objective medical or psychological problem, but as a subjective social and cultural phenomenon. The contributors take a cross-cultural perspective, examining both the negative casting of obesity in developed countries and the traditional view of obesity as a positive characteristic in subsistence societies which is threatened by the dominance of Western culture.
Download or read book Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-01-10 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of childhood obesity is so high in the United States that it may reduce the life expectancy of today's generation of children. While parents and other adult caregivers play a fundamental role in teaching children about healthy behaviors, even the most positive efforts can be undermined by local environments that are poorly suited to supporting healthy behaviors. For example, many communities lack ready sources of healthy food choices, such as supermarkets and grocery stores. Or they may not provide safe places for children to walk or play. In such communities, even the most motivated child or adolescent may find it difficult to act in healthy ways. Local governments-with jurisdiction over many aspects of land use, food marketing, community planning, transportation, health and nutrition programs, and other community issues-are ideally positioned to promote behaviors that will help children and adolescents reach and maintain healthy weights. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity presents a number of recommendations that touch on the vital role of government actions on all levels-federal, state, and local-in childhood obesity prevention. The book offers healthy eating and physical activity strategies for local governments to consider, making it an excellent resource for mayors, managers, commissioners, council members, county board members, and administrators.
Download or read book Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence written by H. Dele Davies MD and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-11-09 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated edition of the groundbreaking first edition identifies changes in U.S. children and adolescents' obesity levels within the past decade, examining factors contributing to obesity in this younger generation as well as possible solutions. This comprehensive review of obesity in childhood and adolescence describes the many factors that contribute to obesity, how to prevent it, and how to manage it in those who already experience its effects. Written by specialists in biological, psychological, social, and behavioral fields, these volumes take an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, offering readers a broad understanding of the systemic complexity of obesity from a public health perspective. The public must be aware of the deep and extensive roots of the problem in order to make informed decisions about policies related to school and nutritional practices, health care costs, and more. Factors contributing to obesity in children and adolescents range from obvious ones such as quantity of food consumed and amount of physical exercise undertaken to how friendly the neighborhood environment is for outdoor activities and the affordability of nutritional foods such as fruits and vegetables. With the information in these volumes, readers will feel empowered to help their clients, families, and communities.
Download or read book Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-09-30 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity has come to the forefront of the American public health agenda. The increased attention has led to a growing interest in quantifying obesity prevalence and determining how the prevalence has changed over time. Estimates of obesity prevalence and trends are fundamental to understanding and describing the scope of issue. Policy makers, program planners, and other stakeholders at the national, state, and local levels are among those who search for estimates relevant to their population(s) of interest to inform their decision-making. The differences in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data have given rise to a body of evidence that is inconsistent and has created barriers to interpreting and applying published reports. As such, there is a need to provide guidance to those who seek to better understand and use estimates of obesity prevalence and trends. Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity examines the approaches to data collection, analysis, and interpretation that have been used in recent reports on obesity prevalence and trends at the national, state, and local level, particularly among U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults. This report offers a framework for assessing studies on trends in obesity, principally among children and young adults, for policy making and program planning purposes, and recommends ways decision makers and others can move forward in assessing and interpreting reports on obesity trends.
Download or read book The Relationship Between Food Rules and Childhood Obesity in Rural and Non rural Families written by Anna Venjohn and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Educating the Student Body written by Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Download or read book The Origins and Consequences of Obesity written by Derek J. Chadwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines obesity disorders which can lead to diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. It offers an interdisciplinary and international look at all aspects of the origins, consequences and treatment of obesity.
