Download or read book Chemical Ecology of Marine Microbial Communities written by Alyssa Marie Demko and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine sediments cover ~70% of the earth and host rich and diverse microbial communities. These microbial communities play an integral role in global nutrient cycling and the food web. They can be both a source of disease and/or an agent of mitigation through the natural products they produce, which can have cascading impacts on community structure and ecosystem function. Despite their importance, marine sediment microbes remain woefully understudied. The goal of this dissertation was to use next generation sequencing technology and newly developed bioinformatic pipelines to gain insight into these complex communities. First, I sought to reevaluate the 1% culturability paradigm by comparing sediment microbial communities using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. This comparative approach not only highlighted that >1% of sediment bacteria could be cultured, but also revealed the biases associated with culture-independent methods. Thirty-nine genera were identified in culture that were not detected with culture-independent methods, including some taxa that were fairly divergent from known cultured representatives. Next, I wanted to assess connections between sediment microbial communities, the sediment metabolome and sediment characteristics across varying spatial scales. To do this, microbial communities were sampled at three spatial scales, 1 m2 quadrats, 10 m transects, and sites across a 12 km2 area. Additionally, a small molecule in situ resin capture (SMIRC) method was employed to capture the metabolome present in sediments. The results from this study indicate that microbial diversity significantly increases with spatial scale and that sediment characteristics, such as grain size and nitrate concentrations, are significantly correlated with microbial communities. The SMIRC method was able to capture natural products and revealed the vast chemical landscape of marine sediments, much of which remains unexplored. Finally, I sought to evaluate how microbial communities in marine sediments vary in relation to the surrounding benthic environment by comparing fringing and back reefs of Mo'orea, French Polynesia. Even within a small area, ~1 km2, fringing and back reef sediment communities were distinct from each other. Back reefs exhibited greater richness and diversity in the microbial communities while fringing reefs had greater metabolomic richness. Supervised correlative analyses identified connections between microbes, metabolites and environmental characteristics such as nutrient concentration. Many of the taxa identified in the network analyses belong to relatively unknown lineages, providing important insight into the role these lineages may be playing in their communities. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation provide fundamental baseline information about the microbial communities and metabolites associated with marine sediments.
Download or read book Chemical Ecology written by Melany P. Puglisi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-30 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past 20 years, marine chemical ecology has emerged as a respected field of study providing a better understanding of the role natural products play in organisms and their environments. Ample data in this book advocates the conservation of marine environments for future drug discovery efforts while sustaining their overall health. Marine chemical ecology has expanded to include research in the areas of predator–prey interactions, marine microbial chemical ecology, and seasonal and geographical distribution of marine natural products.
Download or read book Marine Chemical Ecology written by James B. McClintock and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-06-13 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interdisciplinary field of marine chemical ecology is an expanding and dynamic science. It is no surprise that the breadth of marine organisms studied expanded in concert with developments in underwater technology. With its up-to-date subject reviews by experts, Marine Chemical Ecology is the most current, comprehensive book on the subject. The
Download or read book Microbial Ecology of the Oceans written by Josep M. Gasol and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The newly revised and updated third edition of the bestselling book on microbial ecology in the oceans The third edition of Microbial Ecology of the Oceans features new topics, as well as different approaches to subjects dealt with in previous editions. The book starts out with a general introduction to the changes in the field, as well as looking at the prospects for the coming years. Chapters cover ecology, diversity, and function of microbes, and of microbial genes in the ocean. The biology and ecology of some model organisms, and how we can model the whole of the marine microbes, are dealt with, and some of the trophic roles that have changed in the last years are discussed. Finally, the role of microbes in the oceanic P cycle are presented. Microbial Ecology of the Oceans, Third Edition offers chapters on The Evolution of Microbial Ecology of the Ocean; Marine Microbial Diversity as Seen by High Throughput Sequencing; Ecological Significance of Microbial Trophic Mixing in the Oligotrophic Ocean; Metatranscritomics and Metaproteomics; Advances in Microbial Ecology from Model Marine Bacteria; Marine Microbes and Nonliving Organic Matter; Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry of Oxygen-Deficient Water Columns; The Ocean’s Microscale; Ecological Genomics of Marine Viruses; Microbial Physiological Ecology of The Marine Phosphorus Cycle; Phytoplankton Functional Types; and more. A new and updated edition of a key book in aquatic microbial ecology Includes widely used methodological approaches Fully describes the structure of the microbial ecosystem, discussing in particular the sources of carbon for microbial growth Offers theoretical interpretations of subtropical plankton biogeography Microbial Ecology of the Oceans is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates, beginning graduate students, and colleagues from other fields wishing to learn about microbes and the processes they mediate in marine systems.
Download or read book The Chemical Ecology of Marine Bacteria and the Sediments They Inhabit written by Robert Tuttle and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first studies looking into how plant specialized metabolites provide defense from herbivory, the field of chemical ecology has explored how organisms interact within their environment, and how these interactions structure the ecosystem. Over the last century, we have come to understand a lot about chemical signaling in plants and animals, but our understanding of bacterial chemical signaling is still in its infancy. This is partially because most of the focus has been placed on understanding bacteria potential for drug development as opposed to understanding their ecological roles. This thesis consists of five chapters and explores the interplay between bacterial specialized metabolites in marine sediments, their producers, and their ecological roles, by focusing on the model marine bacterial genus Salinispora. What follows are three research chapters preceded by an introduction to chemical ecology. The introduction focuses on our current understanding of marine bacterial chemical ecology, followed by a brief description of cutting edge mass spectrometry techniques that are now being exploited to further our understanding of the chemical landscape in the environment. Chapter 2 summarizes a study concerning the identification of specialized metabolites in situ and the correlation between these metabolites and their potential producers. Heterotrophic marine sediment bacteria are prolific producers of natural products, but surprisingly little is known about the compounds they produce in the environment and their effects on co-occurring microbes. Using mass spectrometry and molecular networking, characterization of the sediment metabolome was undertaken from Belizean reef habitats. Dereplication results revealed numerous compounds could be detected directly from the sediments including synthetic, sponge, algal, and bacterial metabolites. Interestingly, one of these compounds, the cytotoxin staurosporine, was further quantified and found to occur in the sediments at abundances higher than those established to inhibit protein kinases as well as marine organisms. A 16S rRNA community analysis as well as culturing helped correlate the production of staurosporine to the obligate marine actinomycete species Salinispora arenicola. These results indicate that microbial organisms are likely capable of producing cytotoxins in situ at appreciable quantities that likely impact the community structure of the sediment biome. Since the cytotoxin staurosporine, which is produced by Salinispora, was found to be abundant in the sediments, chapter 3 explored the potential for Salinispora to deter predatory eukaryotic organisms. S. arenicola and S. tropica co-occur in the Caribbean and share greater than 99% 16s rRNA. A recent sequencing effort revealed that each species maintains a unique set BGCs, with S. arenicola containing the BGC to produce staurosporine and S. tropica the BGCs to produce lomaiviticins, and salinosporamides. Numerous assays were developed to assess the ability of Salinispora spp. to deter feeding by the bacterivore C. elegans. Results indicated that S. tropica strains can produce a suite of lomaiviticins that deter C. elegans feeding at ecologically relevant concentrations, however; S. arenicola strains do not produce deterrent allelochemicals at ecologically relevant concentrations. Follow up studies using more ecologically relevant organisms indicated that this trend was still prevalent when tested against the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha n sp. as well as marine nematodes. In chapter 3, I saw that Salinispora spp. exhibit different chemodeterrent strategies against bacterivorous eukaryotes. However, this study relied on constitutively produced specialized metabolites, even though there are numerous examples where microbial specialized metabolites can be induced in response to biotic stressors in the environment. To address this chapter 4 focuses on a high throughput method I developed to look at induction of specialized metabolites in co-cultures containing Salinispora and marine bacterial challengers. Results indicate that induction is prevalent in cocultures using all Salinispora strains tested. The induced mass features were also unique to cocultures indicating that induction is strain and not species specific. Efforts to identify compounds that were induced in cocultures resulted in the identification of a suite of desferrioxamines that were upregulated in some Salinispora strains in response to specific Streptomyces challengers, indicating that some Salinispora strains can modulate the production of iron scavenging specialized metabolites in response to stressors. Chapter 5 provides conclusions related to the thesis and how it fits into the broader context of marine microbial chemical ecology.
Download or read book Chemical Ecology of the Marine Actinomycete Genus Salinispora written by Nastassia Patin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical ecology is a rich field of study that addresses how organisms communicate and compete using small organic molecules. In bacteria, much of what is known comes from natural products discovery research. The isolation of thousands of pharmaceutically relevant small molecules like antibiotics, as well as more recent genomic work showing the potential for many more yet to be discovered, has provided an important knowledge base of bacterial chemical diversity. However, the vast majority of these natural products have unknown ecological functions. Compounds produced by marine bacteria are particularly poorly understood due to a relative lack of study on the microbial ecosystem dynamics. This dissertation consists of five chapters that address questions of ecology in relation to the bioactive molecules produced by the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. The first chapter introduces the topic of chemical ecology and microbial secondary metabolites, followed by three data chapters and a summary chapter. Chapter 2 presents the results of a study on the differences in antagonism between the two species S. arenicola and S. tropica. The greater levels of inhibition by S. arenicola, combined with its slower growth rate and reduced ability to access iron, provide evidence that this species employs interference competition as a strategy while S. tropica is characterized by exploitative competition. The two closely related species exist in a microdiverse cluster, supporting the idea that fine-scale differentiation can occur in bacteria that are otherwise closely related. Chapter 3 examines the antibiotic activities of S. tropica, a species not previously known to produce antibiotics. More specifically, it assesses the role of co-culturing S. tropica with other bacterial strains in inducing compound production. These experiments provide a nuanced picture of compound up regulation with respect to a specific challenger as opposed to general nutrient depletion, which can also occur in a monoculture over time. It provides new insight into the dynamics of microbial interactions and offers potential candidate molecules and masses for future studies on antibiotic activity. After narrowing the focus to individual interactions in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 expands outwards for a broader perspective by examining the effects of Salinispora arenicola secondary metabolites on sediment microbial communities. Using a mesocosm experimental design and high-throughput amplicon sequencing, community composition was assessed before and after treatment with S. arenicola culture extracts. There were consistent shifts in composition, with several taxa significantly depleted including predatory bacteria like Saprospira spp. and Bdellovibrio spp. Lab experiments largely supported the culture-independent results seen in the mesocosms. This study is the first of its kind to assess community-wide effects of marine actinomycete secondary metabolites and provides valuable insight into the ecological dynamics of these environments. Chapter 5 offers some concluding thoughts on the place of this dissertation in the field of chemical ecology. It also provides some outlook on the current and future state of research in this field.
Download or read book Algal Chemical Ecology written by Charles D. Amsler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-03 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yet another Springer world-beater, this is the first ever book devoted to the chemical ecology of algae. It covers both marine and freshwater habitats and all types of algae, from seaweeds to phytoplankton. While the book emphasizes the ecological rather than chemical aspects of the field, it does include a unique introductory chapter that serves as a primer on algal natural products chemistry.
Download or read book The Chemistry of Microbiomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-19 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.
Download or read book Chemical Ecology written by Anne-Geneviève Bagnères and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-17 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book features comparative perspectives on the field of chemical ecology, present and future, offered by scientists from a wide variety of disciplines. The scientists contributing to this book –biologists, ecologists, biochemists, chemists, biostatisticians – are interested in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and work on life forms ranging from micro-organisms to mammals, including humans, living in areas from the tropics to polar regions. Here, they cross their analyses of the present state of chemical ecology and its perspectives for the future. Those presented here include complex, multispecies communities and cover a wide range both of organisms and of the types of molecules that mediate the interactions between them. Up to now, no book has presented a solid scientific treatment of a wide range of examples. This book illustrates a diverse panel of the most advanced aspects of this rapidly expanding field.
Download or read book YOUMARES 9 the Oceans Our Research Our Future written by Simon Jungblut and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book summarizes peer-reviewed articles and the abstracts of oral and poster presentations given during the YOUMARES 9 conference which took place in Oldenburg, Germany, in September 2018. The aims of this book are to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in marine sciences and to inspire scientists of all career stages in the development of further research. These conferences are organized by and for young marine researchers. Qualified early-career researchers, who moderated topical sessions during the conference, contributed literature reviews on specific topics within their research field. .
Download or read book Socio Ecology of Microbes in a Changing Ocean written by Matthias Wietz and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-08-02 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Socio-ecological interactions between microbes and associated organisms are integral elements of marine ecosystem dynamics. This Research Topic combines sixteen papers on interactions across the major domains of marine life, including prokaryotes, phytoplankton, macroalgae, cnidarians, viruses and fungi. These studies offer exciting insights into microbial cooperation and competition, holobiont ecology, interkingdom signaling, chemical microdiversity, and biogeography. Understanding such network processes is essential for the interpretation of ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical events, particularly in the wake of climate change.
Download or read book Molecular Biology in Marine Science written by and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1994 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Natural Microbial Communities written by Tomomichi Yanagita and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of microbiological behaviour and physiology in various natural environments are topics of this overview on Natural Microbial Communities.Ecological features of aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments are discussed with repect to diversitiy and adaptability of species, growth and physiological state in nature, microenvironments, migration, succesion and segregation of microbial communities. The geochemical impact on the earth, interactions with chemical and physical environments and interactions of microorganisms with plants and animals are further topics. The section on applied aspects of microbes in agriculture, food fermentation, biological and chemical pollution and waste water treatment will be of special interest.
Download or read book Microbial Ecotoxicology written by Cristiana Cravo-Laureau and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a treatise on microbial ecotoxicology, discussing the effect of pollutants on microbial ecosystems and the role of microorganisms in ecosystems services. Emphasizing the microbial responses to pollution at different biological levels, it focuses on metabolic pathways, genetic adaptation and response at the whole-microbial community level. It also addresses the ecological indicators of ecosystem recovery, as well as microbial biomarkers and biosensors as tools for microbial ecotoxicology.
Download or read book Chemical Investigations of Marine Filamentous and Zoosporic Fungi and Studies in Marine Microbial Chemical Ecology written by Kelly Matthew Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Chemistry of Microbiomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-08-19 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter written by Dennis A. Hansell and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of molecules found throughout the world's oceans. It plays a key role in the export, distribution, and sequestration of carbon in the oceanic water column, posited to be a source of atmospheric climate regulation. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Second Edition, focuses on the chemical constituents of DOM and its biogeochemical, biological, and ecological significance in the global ocean, and provides a single, unique source for the references, information, and informed judgments of the community of marine biogeochemists. Presented by some of the world's leading scientists, this revised edition reports on the major advances in this area and includes new chapters covering the role of DOM in ancient ocean carbon cycles, the long term stability of marine DOM, the biophysical dynamics of DOM, fluvial DOM qualities and fate, and the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Second Edition, is an extremely useful resource that helps people interested in the largest pool of active carbon on the planet (DOC) get a firm grounding on the general paradigms and many of the relevant references on this topic. Features up-to-date knowledge of DOM, including five new chapters The only published work to synthesize recent research on dissolved organic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea Includes chapters that address inputs from freshwater terrestrial DOM
