Download or read book Chemical and Isotopic Kinetics of Sulfate Reduction by Organic Matter Under Hydrothermal Conditions written by Charles Kaiser and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits written by Hubert Lloyd Barnes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1997-06-23 with total page 1002 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thoroughly revised and expanded new edition incorporates the most recent research findings on the subject, such as the discovery of dramatic undersea hydrothermal vents. It describes the key process in the generation of ore deposits and emphasizes solid theoretical understanding.
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Geological Survey Professional Paper written by Cliff D. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms of Sulfur Isotope Fractionation During Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction by Amino Acids written by Andrew Chorney and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding of the evolution of the earth's early atmosphere has largely been based on the behavior of the multiple isotopes of sulfur. However experiments designed to mimic fractionation in both an oxygen poor atmosphere through SO2 photolysis and a presumably oxygen rich atmosphere though thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) have thus far been unable to confirm a mechanism capable of creating the mass independent fractionation of sulfur (MIF-S) signatures observed in Archean age rocks. This has created much controversy in how the MIF-S record is used to determine Archean environments. However large amounts of geochemical evidence suggest at least appreciable amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean at different stages through the Archean. This has motivated us to further explore TSR as a source of MIF-S through a rigorous investigation of how chemical speciation, experimental conditions, time, and rate effect sulfur isotope fractionation. Our results show the importance of initial sulfur redox state and chemistry, temperature, and organic reductant type in creating characteristic mass dependent and independent fractionations. Including previous TSR results (Watanabe et. al., 2009 and Oduro et. al., 2011) we report increased [delta]34S and [delta]36S fractionation in TSR products to 15.50[per mille symbol] and 1.5[per mille symbol] respectively and increased [delta]33S range from -.22 to 2.30[per mille symbol] in H2S largely through the use of mixtures of glycine and alanine. In sulfate we observe [delta]34S fractionation between 0.00 and 7.85[per mille symbol] and [delta]33S fractionation between -.15[per mille symbol] and 0.0[per mille symbol]. By quantifying fractionation amongst different sulfur bearing products produced during experiments and collected at experiment conclusions in addition to characterizing the effects due to various experimental conditions we are also able describe a schematic framework for the isotope effects during various steps of TSR. Fractionation from the magnetic isotope effect (MIE), the vibrational energy discontinuity effect (VEDE), first described for heterogeneous reactions by Lasaga et. al, 2008, and normal stable isotope mass dependently driven kinetic isotope effects (KIE) are utilized in this schematic to describe the experimental results. The MIE and VEDE are responsible for the MIF-S signatures observed in organic polysulfides and H2S at high temperatures. Additionally the effects of these mechanisms are greatly influenced by amino acid type, specifically in experiments that use a mixture of glycine and alanine. The VEDE and KIE are responsible for [delta]34S fractionation with the overall effect of producing sulfide depleted in 34S at lower temperatures. The interplay of these mechanisms is responsible for [delta]33S and [delta]34S trends observed in sulfides and sulfate samples. Based on this proposed schematic for sulfur isotope fractionation during TSR major trends and features in the Archean [delta]33S vs. [delta]34S and [delta]36S vs. [delta]33S record can be interpreted. Our results confirm that MIF-S signatures observed in natural samples are a product of depositional environment and possibly reflect characteristics of reactions specific to sedimentary basin conditions and early earth's tectonic regime.
Download or read book Photoconversion Processes for Energy and Chemicals written by D.O. Hall and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-01-14 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Third EEC Workshop on Photochemical, Photoelectrochemical and Photobiological Research and Development, London, 18-21 April 1989.
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts Literature and Patents written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction to Geochemistry written by Kula C. Misra and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION TO Geochemistry This book is intended to serve as a text for an introductory course in geochemistry for undergraduate/ graduate students with at least an elementary-level background in earth sciences, chemistry, and mathematics. The text, containing 83 tables and 181 figures, covers a wide variety of topics – ranging from atomic structure to chemical and isotopic equilibria to modern biogeochemical cycles – which are divided into four interrelated parts: Crystal Chemistry; Chemical Reactions (and biochemical reactions involving bacteria); Isotope Geochemistry (radiogenic and stable isotopes); and The Earth Supersystem, which includes discussions pertinent to the evolution of the solid Earth, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere. In keeping with the modern trend in the field of geochemistry, the book emphasizes computational techniques by developing appropriate mathematical relations, solving a variety of problems to illustrate application of the mathematical relations, and leaving a set of questions at the end of each chapter to be solved by students. However, so as not to interrupt the flow of the text, involved chemical concepts and mathematical derivations are separated in the form of boxes. Supplementary materials are packaged into ten appendixes that include a standard-state (298.15 K, 1 bar) thermodynamic data table and a listing of answers to selected chapter-end questions.
Download or read book Ancient Lake Creede written by Philip Martin Bethke and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2000-01-01 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solar Thermal Energy Utilization written by Manfred Becker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The German R+D program "Solares Testzentrum Almeria" (SOTA) provides the scientific basis for the realization of advanced solar technologies including facility modifications, component tests and new lines of development. One of the working packages, WP 300, addresses the "Scientific Support" by the performance of preparatory studies, exploratory laboratory acitivities and qualified expertise. Universities, Research Institutes and Company R + D Entities in Germany are enabled to treat the following aspects: - Meteorological, system and cost investigations, - Development of important components as concentrator, receiver, storage, - Utilization of solar energy for process heat and chemical reactions. In 1988 and 1989 the studies concentrated on the development of components. The reports of the activities were finalized recently and collected in the present volumes. The final reports were printed as received under the responsibility of the autors.
Download or read book Diagenesis I written by G.V. Chilingarian and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1988-07-01 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagenesis is a highly developed, interdisciplinary field of study. It is reciprocal in that it borrows from numerous scientific or technological specialities and then, in turn, repays them with useful results. Too often, however, the information gained and concepts developed remain unintegrated instead of being utilized quickly by several related earth-science fraternities. This volume, the first of a multi-volume work, attempts to bring together such information, thereby assisting the individual and the research group in keeping up with the data explosion.There is no end in sight to diagenetic research because of its wide practical and intellectual appeals. Consequently, periodic reviews, such as presented in this volume, are greatly needed.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Geochemistry written by C.P. Marshall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-07-31 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a complete and authoritative reference text on an evolving field. Over 200 international scientists have written over 340 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including organics, trace elements, isotopes, high and low temperature geochemistry, and ore deposits, to name just a few.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1993-05 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physiology of Multiple Sulfur Isotope Fractionation During Microbial Sulfate Reduction written by Min Sub Sim and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) utilizes sulfate as an electron acceptor and produces sulfide that is depleted in heavy isotopes of sulfur relative to starting sulfate. The fractionation of S-isotopes is commonly used to trace the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur in nature, but a mechanistic understanding of factors that control the range of isotope fractionation is still lacking. This thesis investigates links between the physiology of sulfate reducing bacteria in pure cultures and multiple sulfur isotope (32, 33, 3434S, and 36S) fractionation during MSR in batch and continuous culture experiments. Experiments address the influence of nutrient and electron donor conditions, including organic carbon, nitrogen, and iron, in cultures of a newly isolated marine sulfate reducing bacterium (DMSS-1). An actively growing culture of DMSS-1 produced sulfide depleted in 34S by 6 to 66%o, depending on the availability and chemistry of organic electron donors. The magnitude of isotope effect correlated well with the cell specific sulfate reduction rate (csSRR), and the largest isotope effects occurred when cultures grew slowly on glucose, a recalcitrant organic substrate. These findings bridge the long-standing discrepancy between the upper limit for S-isotope effect in laboratory cultures and the corresponding observations in nature and indicate that the large (>46 %o) fractionation of S-isotopes does not unambiguously record the oxidative sulfurrecycling. When the availability of iron was limited, the increase in S-isotope fractionation was accompanied by a decrease in the cytochrome c content as well as csSRR. In contrast, growth in nitrogenlimited cultures increased both csSRR and S-isotope fractionation. The influence of individual enzymes and electron carriers involved in sulfate respiration on the fractionation of S-isotopes was also investigated in cultures of mutant strains of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. The mutant lacking Type I tetraheme cytochrome c3 fractionated 34S/32S ratio 50% greater relative to the wild type. The increasing S-isotope fractionation accompanied the evolution of H2 in the headspace and the decreasing csSRR. These results further demonstrate that the flow of electrons to terminal reductases imparts the primary control on the magnitude of the fractionation of S-isotopes, suggested by culture experiments using DMSS-1.
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 1042 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sulfate Minerals written by Charles N. Alpers and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 40 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry compiles and synthesizes current information on sulfate minerals from a variety of perspectives, including crystallography, geochemical properties, geological environments of formation, thermodynamic stability relations, kinetics of formation and dissolution, and environmental aspects. The first two chapters cover crystallography (Chapter 1) and spectroscopy (Chapter 2). Environments with alkali and alkaline earth sulfates are described in the next three chapters, on evaporites (Chapter 3), barite-celestine deposits (Chapter 4), and the kinetics of precipitation and dissolution of gypsum, barite, and celestine (Chapter 5). Acidic environments are the theme for the next four chapters, which cover soluble metal salts from sulfide oxidation (Chapter 6), iron and aluminum hydroxysulfates (Chapter 7), jarosites in hydrometallugy (Chapter 8), and alunite-jarosite crystallography, thermodynamics, and geochronology (Chapter 9). The next two chapters discuss thermodynamic modeling of sulfate systems from the perspectives of predicting sulfate-mineral solubilities in waters covering a wide range in composition and concentration (Chapter 10) and predicting interactions between sulfate solid solutions and aqueous solutions (Chapter 11). The concluding chapter on stable-isotope systematics (Chapter 12) discusses the utility of sulfate minerals in understanding the geological and geochemical processes in both high- and low-temperature environments, and in unraveling the past evolution of natural systems through paleoclimate studies. The review chapters in this volume were the basis for a short course on sulfate minerals sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) November 11-12, 2000 in Tahoe City, California, prior to the Annual Meeting of MSA, the Geological Society of America, and other associated societies in nearby Reno, Nevada. The conveners of the course (and editors of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry), Alpers, John Jambor, and Kirk Nordstrom, also organized related topical sessions at the GSA meeting on sulfate minerals in both hydrothermal and low-temperature environments.
Download or read book Evolution of Early Earth s Atmosphere Hydrosphere and Biosphere written by Stephen E. Kesler and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The history of Earth's early atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, from Hadean through Proterozoic time, is one of geology's enduring puzzles. Ore deposits provide important insights into this history because they contain elements and minerals that are highly sensitive to the geochemical environment in which they form. Just what these minerals tell us remains a matter of considerable debate, however. When and how did life develop, an oxygen-rich atmosphere form, and sulfate dominate the ocean? This volume contains reports on these questions from both sides of the aisle for iron and manganese formations, uranium paleoplacers and hydrothermal deposits, and exhalative sulfides and oxides."--Publisher's website.
