Download or read book Characterization of Nanoparticle Formation and Aggregation on Mineral Surfaces written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research effort in the Waychunas group is focused on the characterization and measurement of processes at the mineral-water interfaces specifically related to the onset of precipitation. This effort maps into one of the main project groups with the Penn State University EMSI (CEKA) known as PIG (Precipitation Interest Group), and involves collaborations with several members of that group. Both synchrotron experimentation and technique development are objectives, with the goals of allowing precipitation from single molecule attachment to sub-monolayer coverage to be detected and analyzed. The problem being addressed is the change in reactivity of mineral interfaces due to passivation or activation by precipitates or sorbates. In the case of passivation, fewer active sites may be involved in reactions with environmental fluids, while in the activated case the precipitate may be much more reactive than the substrate, or result in the creation of a higher density of active sites. We approach this problem by making direct measurements of several types of precipitation reactions: iron-aluminum oxide formation on quartz and other substrates from both homogeneous (in solution) nucleation, and heterogeneous (on the surface) nucleation; precipitation and sorption of silicate monomers and polymers on Fe oxide surfaces; and development of grazing-incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) as a tool for in-situ measurement of precipitate growth, morphology and aggregation. We expect that these projects will produce new fundamental information on reactive interface growth, passivation and activation, and be applicable to a wide range of environmental interfaces.

Download or read book Metal Oxide Nanoparticles written by Oliver Diwald and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 903 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ein umfassendes Referenzwerk für Chemiker und Industriefachleute zum Thema Nanopartikel Nanopartikel aus Metalloxid sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil zahlreicher natürlicher und technologischer Prozesse ? von der Mineralumwandlung bis zur Elektronik. Darüber hinaus kommen Metalloxid-Nanopartikel in Pulverform im Maschinenbau, in der Elektronik und der Energietechnik zum Einsatz. Das Werk Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation, Functional Properties and Interfaces stellt die wichtigsten Synthese- und Formulierungsansätze bei der Nutzung von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln als Funktionsmaterialien vor. Es werden die üblichen Verarbeitungswege erklärt und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Partikel mithilfe von umfassenden und ergänzenden Charakterisierungsmethoden bewertet. Dieses Werk kann als Einführung in die Formulierung von Nanopartikeln, ihre Grenzflächenchemie und ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften im Nanobereich genutzt werden. Darüber hinaus dient es zum vertiefenden Verständnis, denn das Buch enthält detaillierte Angaben zu fortschrittlichen Methoden bei der physikalischen, chemischen, Oberflächen- und Grenzflächencharakterisierung von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln in Pulvern und Dispersionen. *Erläuterung der Anwendung von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln und der wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen *Betrachtung der Partikelsynthese, einschließlich der Grundsätze ausgewählter Bottom-up-Strategien *Untersuchung der Formulierung von Nanopartikeln mit einer Auswahl von Verarbeitungs- und Anwendungswegen *Diskussion der Bedeutung von Partikeloberflächen und -grenzflächen für Strukturbildung, Stabilität und funktionelle Materialeigenschaften *Betrachtung der Charakterisierung von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln auf verschiedenen Längenskalen In diesem Buch finden Forscher im akademischen Bereich, Chemiker in der Industrie und Doktoranden wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln.

Download or read book Surfaces of Nanoparticles and Porous Materials written by James A. Schwarz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-01-21 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative reference collects state-of-the-art procedures for the construction and design of nanoparticles and porous material while suggesting appropriate areas of application. Presenting both synthesis and characterization protocols, Surfaces of Nanoparticles and Porous Materials contains over 3000 references, tables, equations, drawings, and photographs. It examines the thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption involving organic and inorganic liquids, solids, and gaseous media.. Topics include characterization, transport processes, diffusion, and the adsorption of heavy metals, ions, proteins, and pharmaceutical organics.

Download or read book Gold and Silver Nanoparticles written by Suban K. Sahoo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-01-20 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications provides detailed information on the preparation and utilization of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles in a range of novel areas. Gold and silver nanoparticles offer a range of interesting properties, including unique size-dependent optoelectronic properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility, ease of synthesis and surface modification, excellent resistance to corrosion, and catalytic properties, hence paving the way to a wide range of cutting-edge applications with continual advances and innovations. Sections introduce gold and silver nanoparticles, fundamental theory, synthesis, and characterization techniques before focusing on requirements and preparation methods. Specific applications areas, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), sensing and biosensing, imaging, drug and gene delivery, disease diagnosis, catalysis, and optoelectronic device fabrication are covered. Finally, synthesis and applications of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanoscience and nanotechnology, chemistry, and materials science, as well as scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in noble metal nanomaterials for a range of industrial applications. Explains theory, synthesis, characterization, and properties of Au- and Ag- based nanoparticles Explores a range of novel applications across biomedicine, optoelectronics, and other areas Analyzes the latest developments in the field and considers noble metal nanoparticles beyond gold and silver

Download or read book The Formation and Aggregation of Iron Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles in the Aqueous Environment written by Benjamin Adam Legg and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleation, growth, and aggregation are interconnected processes which control the formation nanoparticles within aqueous environments and the development of nanoparticle structures. These processes are of fundamental engineering importance for the development of new nanoparticle synthesis methodologies and the creation of hierarchical self-assembled structures. They are also fundamentally important concepts for describing how nanoparticles and minerals are formed and distributed throughout the natural environment. The development of more sophisticated models for nucleation, growth, and aggregation within the aqueous environment has become a pressing scientific need, because nanoparticle size, shape, and aggregate structure are known to impact particle reactivity, bioavailability, transport and fate within the environment. In recent years, it has become apparent that complex interactions may exist between the processes of nucleation, growth, and aggregation, and these interactions are especially important during the formation of nanometer scale particles. For example, aggregation has been shown to serve as a mechanism for the growth of nanocrystals, and as a potential driver for phase transformations. However, the details of these interactions are not fully understood. In this work, a combination of advanced in situ characterization techniques, including cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), have been combined to better understand the development of nanoscale structures in aqueous systems. These techniques are complementary. Cryo-TEM provides new capabilities for nanoscale imaging of particles in aqua. It is especially useful for imaging fragile aggregate structures, which cannot be dried without damage, and for obtaining snapshots of reactive solutions that are evolving over time. Furthermore, cryo-TEM can be used to produce three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions (cryo-ET), providing structural models for particles and nanoparticles. However, TEM methodologies are limited by sampling statistics and are not ideal for determining the kinetics of structural change. SAXS is a complementary method that allows suspension properties such as particle size and aggregate structure to be characterized in a time-resolved fashion. SAXS has the potential to provide more statistically robust measurements, and to provide detailed reaction kinetics. However, SAXS data interpretation requires some level of a priori knowledge of the structure being characterized. Thus, by combining SAXS with cryo-TEM, a structurally accurate and statistically robust description of nanoparticle aggregate structure can be obtained. This dissertation consists of four studies, which seek explain how iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles nucleate and develop new structures via aggregation, within the aqueous environment. The aim of the first study is to determine the structure of ferrihydrite nanoparticle aggregates in aqua. This is achieved using complimentary cryo-TEM and SAXS methodologies. Ferrihydrite nanoparticles are known to form complex aggregate structures. Interpretation of SAXS data is difficult due to suspension polydispersity. Cryo-ET is used to obtain three-dimensional images of the nanoparticle suspensions. A variety of aggregate structures are observed, with branched networks of linear chains of particles being prevalent in most suspensions. The tomographic structural models are processed to determine aggregate fractal dimensions, using an autocorrelation function based approach. These results are combined with SAXS data to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the suspension complexity. The networks of linear chains are shown to possess low fractal dimensions, between 1.0 and 1.4; significantly lower than would be expected from traditional models for aggregation. This has important consequences for the aggregate's physical behavior, and allows very large aggregates to exist in stable colloidal suspension without flocculation. The second study addresses how the ferrihydrite aggregate structure responds to changes in the ionic strength of the suspension, and how low-dimensional aggregate structures may influence nanoparticle transport through subsurface environments. Introducing ferrihydrite particle aggregates into solutions of 2 mM to 50 mM NaNO3 is shown to induce aggregate collapse, with more salt leading to the formation of denser aggregate structures and eventual flocculation. Complementary experiments show that millimolar quantities of NaNO3 induce a fundamental change in nanoparticle transport through a saturated quartz sand column. In deionized water, where low fractal dimension aggregates are stable, nanoparticles deposit evenly throughout the column, which soon saturates with particles so that subsequent injections are transported freely. When conditions favor aggregate collapse, dense localized accumulations occur and more nanoparticles can be deposited within the column. These deposits may be mechanically unstable, leading to irregular transport behavior. In the third study, the relationship between aggregation and iron oxyhydroxide phase transformations is explored. Previous researchers have found that akaganeite ([beta]-FeOOH) nanoparticles transform to create hematite ([alpha]-Fe2O3) nano-spindles in response to hydrothermal aging, but the mechanism of transformation is unknown. Some researchers have proposed a process based on the aggregation of hematite precursors, while others advocated for dissolution and re-precipitation mechanisms. In this study, the kinetics of the phase transformation from akaganeite to hematite is studied, and cryo-TEM is used to characterize the aggregate structures in the transforming suspension. The hematite spindles are shown to be nanoporous, while akaganeite nanoparticles display a tendency for oriented aggregation. Hematite spindles are frequently found in intimate contact with akaganeite nanoparticle aggregates during the process of phase transformation, suggesting a model for phase transformation in which the dehydration of akaganeite to form hematite is enhanced by aggregation. In the final study, the nucleation and growth of akaganeite nanoparticles from acidic (pH 1.5-3) FeCl3 solutions is tracked with in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The hydrothermal precipitation process studied can generate highly monodisperse particles, whose size, shape, and nucleation rate can be tuned by varying solution saturation and temperature. Classical nucleation modeling is applied to determine new values for the interfacial energy of ferric oxyhydroxide clusters. The interfacial energy (interfacial tension) of the nucleus is shown to be pH dependent and ranges from 0.06 to 0.12 J/m2 within the range of experimental conditions. The interfacial tension decreases with decreasing pH. At the onset of nucleation, this corresponds to very small critical nuclei, containing just 4 to 30 iron atoms. The free energy of the early critical nuclei (40-70 kJ/mol) is found to be small relative to the effective activation energy for particle growth (140-200 kJ/mol). This suggests a situation where differences in growth kinetics may be as important for determining the first formed phase as differences in precipitate solubility or interfacial energy. A thermodynamic construction for the free energy of an embryonic cluster is presented that can be extended to clusters of arbitrarily small size, including iron monomers. This construction can be used to define the interfacial tension of dissolved species, and determine this interfacial tension from readily available solubility data. The interfacial tension of the monomer is shown to closely track the experimentally determined interfacial tension of the critical nucleation clusters, suggesting a new method for estimating oxyhydroxide interfacial tensions when direct experimental measurements are unavailable. In combination, these studies reveal the wide array of structures and behaviors that can occur in aqueous suspensions of ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. In aqua methodologies with nanoscale resolution have allowed novel nanoparticle structures to be observed (e.g. linear particle chains and nanoporous hematite), and have been used to show the impact of nanoparticle aggregation on a variety of important physical processes (e.g. nanoparticle transport and phase transformation). These in aqua methods are also powerful tools for quantitative characterization of fundamental processes such as nanoparticle nucleation and growth; allowing important material properties (i.e. interfacial energy) that were previously unknown to be obtained. This type of information will allow for the refinement of existing iron oxyhydroxide synthesis approaches, to provide better control over particle size, shape, and phase, and will allow scientists to predict where nanoparticles may form within the environment.

Download or read book Synthesis Functionalization and Surface Treatment of Nanoparticles written by Marie-Isabelle Baraton and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesis, Functionalization and Surface Treatment of Nanoparticles is an area of crucial importance in the emerging field of nanotechnology. Controlling the surface chemical composition and mastering its modification at the nanometer scale are critical issues for high-added value applications involving nanoparticles. The basic applications of surface functionalization range from altering the wetting or adhesion characteristics and improving the nanoparticles dispersion in matrices to enhancing the catalytic properties and ordering the interfacial region, and such. The creation of specific surface sites on nanoparticles for selective molecular attachment is considered a promising approach for their applications in nanofabrication, nanopatterning, selfassembly, nanosensors, bioprobes, drug delivery, pigments, photocatalysis, LEDs, etc. This book presents novel and improved synthesis methods and approaches for controlling and functionalizing the nanoparticle surfaces to enhance the overall performance of the nanoparticles for targeted applications.

Download or read book Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment written by Baoshan Xing and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details the source, release, exposure, adsorption, aggregation, bioavailability, transport, transformation, and modeling of engineered nanoparticles found in many common products and applications Covers synthesis, environmental application, detection, and characterization of engineered nanoparticles Details the toxicity and risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles Includes topics on the transport, transformation, and modeling of engineered nanoparticles Presents the latest developments and knowledge of engineered nanoparticles Written by world leading experts from prestigious universities and companies

Download or read book Synthesis and Fundamental Characterization of Nanoparticles and Their Clusters written by Ke Du (Chemist) and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoparticles of gold derivatized with monolayers of thiocarboxylic acid ligands, core/shell nanoparticle composites of gold and silica, gold-glutathione clusters, and titania nanoparticles were synthesized and their surface properties (extent of ligand coverage, net negative charge, and zeta potential) characterized by capillary electrophoresis as a function of pH, ionic strength, and dielectric constant for the first time. The hydrodynamic radii of the nanoparticles were determined by dynamic laser light scattering and used to calculate the net surface charge, extent of ligand coverage, and zeta potentials of the nanoparticles from electrophoretic mobilities. The ligand derivatized nanoparticles had similar hydrodynamic radius of about 20 nm which was twice the value determined by transmission electron microscopy. This indicated the possibility of the formation of multilayers of carboxylic acid groups on the surface of the nanoparticles. These nanoparticles had a surface ligand concentration of about 10 -12 moles/cm 2 based on the net negative charge at a pH value of 10.8 which only accounted for the solvent accessible groups and not all the ligand groups as the light scattering technique. In general the net negative charge and associated zeta potentials increased with pH due to an increasing number of carboxylic acid groups being deprotonated with pH. The net charge and zeta potential decreased with increasing ionic strength and decreasing dielectric constant due to the association of Na + ions with the carboxylate ions on the surface of the nanoparticles. The Au/SiO 2 and SiO 2 /Au nanoparticles exhibited quite different behavior from each other as a function of ionic strength and dielectric constant, the former behaving more like a bulk material and the latter like the ligand derivatized gold nanoparticles. The behavior of gold glutathione nanoparticles was similar to the thiocarboxylic acid derivatized gold nanoparticles at different pH, ionic strength, and dielectric constant. Aggregates containing gold glutathione nanoparticles were identified by capillary electrophoresis at various ionic strengths and dielectric constants. New and novel synthetic routes to obtain monodisperse TiO 2 nanoparticles of average radii 101 nm (acid hydrolysis) and 63 nm (base hydrolysis) were developed. These nanoparticles were also characterized by capillary electrophoresis.

Download or read book Nanoparticles and the Environment written by Jillian F. Banfield and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 44 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry contains descriptions of the inorganic and biological processes by which nanoparticles form, information about the distribution of nanoparticles in the atmosphere, aqueous environments, and soils, discussion of the impact of size on nanoparticle structure, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics, consideration of the nature of the smallest nanoparticles and molecular clusters, pathways for crystal growth and colloid formation, analysis of the size-dependence of phase stability and magnetic properties, and descriptions of methods for the study of nanoparticles. These questions are explored through both theoretical and experimental approaches. This volume was prepared in conjunction with a short course, "Nanoparticles in the Environment and Technology," convened on the campus of the University of California, Davis, CA on December 8 and 9, 2001.

Download or read book Nature s Nanostructures written by Amanda S. Barnard and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural nanomaterials and nanotechnologies are all around us, which inevitably leads to these questions: What are these natural nanomaterials made of? Where can we find them? What can they do? Answering these questions will facilitate new and environmentally friendly ways of creating and manipulating nanoscale materials for the next generation of n

Download or read book Metal Nanoparticles written by Daniel L. Fedlheim and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-10-26 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art reference, Metal Nanoparticles offers the latest research on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles. Following an introduction of structural, optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties of nanoparticles, the book elaborates on nanoclusters, hyper-Raleigh scattering, nanoarrays, and several applications including single electron devices, chemical sensors, biomolecule sensors, and DNA detection. The text emphasizes how size, shape, and surface chemistry affect particle performance throughout. Topics include synthesis and formation of nanoclusters, nanosphere lithography, modeling of nanoparticle optical properties, and biomolecule sensors.

Download or read book Research Anthology on Synthesis Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-03-19 with total page 1917 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of nanotechnologies continues to grow, as nanomaterials have proven their versatility and use in many different fields and industries within the scientific profession. Using nanotechnology, materials can be made lighter, more durable, more reactive, and more efficient leading nanoscale materials to enhance many everyday products and processes. With many different sizes, shapes, and internal structures, the applications are endless. These uses range from pharmaceutics to materials such as cement or cloth, electronics, environmental sustainability, and more. Therefore, there has been a recent surge of research focused on the synthesis and characterizations of these nanomaterials to better understand how they can be used, their applications, and the many different types. The Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials seeks to address not only how nanomaterials are created, used, or characterized, but also to apply this knowledge to the multidimensional industries, fields, and applications of nanomaterials and nanoscience. This includes topics such as both natural and manmade nanomaterials; the size, shape, reactivity, and other essential characteristics of nanomaterials; challenges and potential effects of using nanomaterials; and the advantages of nanomaterials with multidisciplinary uses. This book is ideally designed for researchers, engineers, practitioners, industrialists, educators, strategists, policymakers, scientists, and students working in fields that include materials engineering, engineering science, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology, drug design and delivery, medicine, and more.

Download or read book One Dimensional Nanostructures written by Zhiming M Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-20 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, including nanowires, nanotubes and quantum wires, have been regarded as the most promising building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. This book presents exciting, state-of-the-art developments in synthesis and properties of 1D nanostructures with many kinds of morphologies and compositions as well as their considerable impact on spintronics, information storage, and the design of field-effect transistors.

Download or read book Application of Nanotechnology in Mining Processes written by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-02 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: b”Application of Nanotechnology in Mining ProcessesNanotechnology has revolutionized processes in many industries but its application in the mining industry has not been widely discussed. This unique book provides an overview of the successful implementation of nanotechnology in some of the key environmental and beneficiation mining processes. This book explores extensively the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize the mining industry which has been relying for a very long on processes with limited efficiencies. The nine specialized chapters focus on applying nanoflotation to improve mineral processing, effective extraction of metals from leachates or pregnant solutions using nanoscale supramolecular hosts, and development of nano-adsorbents or nano-based strategies for the remediation or valorization of AMD. The application of nanotechnology in mining has so far received little attention from the industry and researchers and this groundbreaking book features critical issues so far under-reported in the literature: Application of nanotechnology in mineral processing for the enhancement of froth flotation Development of smart nanomaterials and application for the treatment of acid mine drainage Recovery of values from pregnant solutions using nanoadsorbents Valorization of AMD through formation of multipurpose nanoproducts. Audience Industrial interest will be from mining plant operators, environmental managers, water treatment plants managers, and operators. Researchers in nanotechnology, environmental science, mining, and metallurgy engineering will find the book valuable, as will government entities such as regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.

Download or read book Handbook of Ecomaterials written by Leticia Myriam Torres Martínez and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine written by Mikhail Soloviev and published by Methods in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2012-07-13 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The modern fascination with micro- and nano-sized materials can actually be traced back further to the 1960s and ‘70s when the first few reported attempts were made to use nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. In Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field present a wide range of methods for synthesis, surface modification, characterization, and application of nano-sized materials (nanoparticles) in life science and medical fields, mostly for drug delivery. The methods presented cover all stages of nanoparticle manufacturing, modification, analysis, and applications. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine: Methods and Protocols will help the beginner become familiar with this fascinating field and will provide scientists at all levels of expertise with easy-to-follow practical advice needed to make, modify, and analyze nanoparticles of their choice and to use them in a wide range of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including functional protein studies, drug delivery, immunochemistry, imaging, and many others.

Download or read book Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications written by Eun Ji Chung and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Fundamental Concepts, Biological Interactions and Clinical Applications brings into one place information on the design and biomedical applications of different classes of nanoparticles. While aspects are dealt with in individual journal articles, there is not one source that covers this area comprehensively. This book fills this gap in the literature. Outlines an in-depth review of biomedical applications of a variety of nanoparticle classes Discusses the major techniques for designing nanoparticles for use in biomedicine Explores safety and regulatory aspects for the use of nanoparticles in biomedicine