Download or read book Characterization and Tests of Different Mach Zehnder Silicon Photonic Modulator Configurations written by Davide Badoni and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Thermo optic Mach Zehnder Silicon Modulator written by Yeongho Park and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Silicon Photonic Mach zehnder Modulator Architectures for High Order Modulation Formats written by Alireza Samani and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Global internet traffic has been growing exponentially in the past several years. This increase is fueled by video streaming services (e.g. Netflix, YouTube), cloud-based storages (e.g. Dropbox, google drive), and machine-to-machine (e.g. Internet of Things) applications. Since 2008 most Internet traffic has originated or been terminated in datacenters and the datacenter traffic is forecasted to grow three-fold in the next five years to reach 20.6 zettabytes by 2021. On-Off-Keying (OOK) has been the main modulation format employed in short reach optical interconnects. The simplicity of the transmitter and receiver architectures have been an important factor in the success of OOK for short reach optical links. Recently deployed, 100 Gb/s systems utilize OOK modulation in 4 × 25 Gb/s configuration. However, as we move towards 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems, OOK requires a proportional increase in the bandwidth. Hence, a more efficient modulation format is required to avoid such complexity. Silicon photonics (SiP) has recently become a popular choice for datacenter interconnects. Taking advantage of years of complementary metal oxide semiconductor research and development, SiP provides a low cost and high yield platform for datacenter optical interconnects. In this thesis, 3 different SiP Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) structures to generate higher order modulation formats are presented. First, the feasibility of utilizing coherent transmission systems as opposed to intensity modulation/direct detection systems for 400 Gb/s and 1 Tb/s systems are discussed and an Inphase-Quadrature modulator is presented. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using coherent systems for short reach applications. Next, we investigate and compare the performance advantages of generating 4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4) using various structures of MZM optically, instead of generating PAM-4 in the electrical domain using digital to analog convertors (DACs) for 400 Gb/s systems. The two variants of optical-DACs are a Dual Parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) with one series push pull travelling wave MZM on each arm and a single MZM having two electrodes in series that we name Multi-Electrode MZM (ME-MZM). We present the optical design of the modulators and investigate the effects of non-linearities of the MZM transfer function and PN junction phase-shifters on performance of the PAM-4 generation. Then, the DC, small signal and large signal characterization of each modulator are presented. We parametrically examine the transmission performance of each modulator and present an optimized modulator design for optical generation and transmission of 112 Gb/s PAM-4 without using digital signal processing." --

Download or read book Design Analysis and Performance of a Silicon Photonic Traveling Wave Mach Zehnder Modulator written by David Patel and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Silicon photonics is a technology platform for integrating passive and active optical devices. The ability to use existing CMOS-VLSI foundry processes to fabricate integrated optics enables large volume production at low costs while maintaining compatibility with electronic integrated circuits. With the recent explosion in network traffic, large datacenters are demanding higher and higher intra-datacenter transmission speeds over distances of up to 20 km. For this application, optical interconnects are more energy efficient and are able to satisfy the bandwidth demands of the foreseeable future. Optical modulators are an essential component of these communication links and immense research is dedicated to developing efficient high bitrate devices. It is desirable to have high bitrate transmission over a single channel because it simplifies multiplexing (e.g., fewer wavelengths and parallel fibers) which can increase costs. The work presented in this thesis uses the silicon photonic platform to realize an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) suitable for datacenter communication links.A series push-pull traveling wave MZM is designed using T-shaped extensions to increase the microwave index. The modulator is designed to have a characteristic impedance close to 50 Ohms for matching with common microwave drivers and terminations. In addition, the group velocities of the microwave and optical wave are closely matched to optimize the electro-optic bandwidth. A 37 GHz -3 dB electro-optic bandwidth was measured at 1 V reverse bias. The DC Vpi was measured to be 7 V in the most efficient arm, corresponding to a VpiLpi of 2.8 V-cm. For on-off keying modulation, open eye diagrams are visible up to 60 Gbps. Error-free operation with a bit error rate (BER)

Download or read book Silicon Photonic Interferometric Modulators written by David Patel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent years, the amount of traffic within data centers has increased to a point where electrical interconnects are being replaced by optical interconnects and pluggable modules. Silicon photonics, which uses the existing CMOS fabrication capabilities to develop integrated photonics, offers the ability to make compact devices in high volume with relatively better yield. This makes it a highly desired platform to develop optical transceivers and components for modern data centers. As such, it has recently reached the production phase of the technology development cycle. This thesis studies several devices that are applicablein leading data centers. A detailed analysis and characterization of a silicon Michelson modulator with short 500 um phase shifters and a low VpiLpi of 0.72 V-cm under reverse bias is presented. The optical modulation of reverse biased p-n and forward biased p-i-n junctions is investigated. For reverse bias operation, it is demonstrated that bandwidth can be increased with lower impedance drivers and the driver impedance limits the bitrate achievable. Furthermore, forward bias operation with pre-emphasized signals is shown to have clean eye diagrams up to 40 Gbps. Energy consumption is estimated for all cases of studies and their trade-offs are explained.The work on modulators is further developed by studying series push-pull traveling wave Mach-Zehnder modulators. Measurements of electrodes is compared with simulation validating the methods of increasing impedance and microwave effective index with T-shaped electrodes. Moreover, designs with two and three level implants are compared and it is concluded with measurements that a two level doping design is as good as the design with three level implants, thus reducing the number of masks and processing steps required. Another variation of modulators is the dual-drive modulators. Here, the spacing between electrodes can lead to coupling, which results in different responses depending on whether the modulator is driven single-endedly or differentially. The electro-optic frequency response of a four-port traveling-wave dual-drive modulator with relatively weak coupling amongst the electrodes is measured. It is shown that the electro-optic frequency response of the Mach-Zehnder modulator can be predicted with a 2x2 cascaded matrix model if the Mach-Zehnder modulator is symmetric and differentially driven. In recent years, the increase in data transfers has demanded that more bits be transmitted and received in a given bandwidth. The design and characterization of a silicon-on-insulator traveling-wave multi-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator is reported in this thesis. This 2-bit electro-optic digital-to-analog converter is formed by dividing a series push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator into two segments, one for each bit, thus allowing for PAM-4 modulation without using a digital-to-analog converter. The device is operated at speeds up to 50 Gbaud and thus generating 100 Gbps on a single wavelength without signal processing at the transmitter or the receiver. The pre-forward error correction bit error rate is estimated to be lower than the hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 3.8e-3 over 1 km of standard single-mode fiber.Another component that is crucial in optical networks is the optical switch. The optical switch has numerous applications in protection and restoration as well as in certain modern data center architectures. A 4x4 fully non-blocking crossbar switch fabric based on interferometric thermal phase shifters is developed and reported in this thesis. Here, heating is achieved using resistive elements around the silicon waveguide. Switching times of 5 us and 36 mW power consumption in an individual switching element is measured. As a proof of concept, the quality in degradation of switching is demonstrated by routing an input signal to some of the outputs of the switch." --

Download or read book Photonics and Photoactive Materials written by Paolo Prosposito and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book focuses on innovative photonic and photoactive materials and such topics as photonic structures, silicon photonics, nanomaterials, plasmonics, graphene quantum dots, optically active defects, fluorescent materials and optical sensors. The generation of light, absorption, emission, transmission, optical sensing and probing, signal processing and data transmission are some of the properties related to this growing field. Keywords: Photonic Structures, Silicon Photonics, Plasmonics, Silver Nanoparticles, Graphene Quantum Dots, Optically Active Defects, Fluorescent Materials, Optical Sensors, Fullerene, Proton Beam Detectors, Lithium Fluoride Films, Signal Processing, Data Transmission.

Download or read book Design and Characterization of 35 GHz Silicon Photonic Travelling Wave Modulator for Next Generation Short Reach Communication Links written by Alireza Samani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ever increasing internet traffic driven by the constant spread of cloud services offered by data centers and the increasing demand for higher bandwidth driven by web-based media applications and services have increased the need for faster and inexpensive short reach optic solutions. With the commercialization and deployment of 100 Gb/s technologies, and the development of 400 Gb/s systems, there is a clear need for inexpensive and power efficient building blocks. Currently 100 Gb/s transmission of Ethernet frames over single mode fiber (SMF) is realized using a four color wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) setting in a 4 × 25 Gb/s format. However, it is widely agreed that the 400 Gb/s systems will be realized using 4 × 100 Gb/s configuration, which necessitates the need for a single wavelength operation at 100 Gb/s. To achieve higher data rate transmission, advance optical modulation formats together with polarization and wavelength division multiplexing are required. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) enables higher spectral efficiency by using multi-level amplitudes. Using PAM-4 modulation format doubles the spectral efficiency of the optical link. Recently PAM generation has been demonstrated using Silicon Photonics (SiP) intensity modulators. In this thesis, we present a 4.2 mm long, 35 GHz bandwidth single drive series push pull silicon travelling wave Mach-Zehnder modulator (TW-MZM) based on lateral PN junction operating near 1550 nm wavelength. A bit-rate of 112 Gb/s is achieved using PAM-4 modulation scheme at 56 Gbaud after 2 km of single mode fiber (SMF) below the hard decision pre forward error correction (Pre-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 to provide a final bit error rate under 10-15. To the best of our knowledge this modulator surpasses the highest bandwidth reported for a SiP modulator by 5 GHz. " --

Download or read book Analysis of a Mach Zehnder Interferometric Optical Modulator written by Paul Leverett Stoddard and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Analysis of Integrated Silicon Depletion type Mach Zehnder Modulators for Advanced Modulation Formats written by Despoina Petousi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Spur free Dynamic Range Measurements of a Differentially Driven Traveling Wave Mach zehnder Carrier Depletion Silicon Modulator written by Matthew Streshinsky and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An outstanding question has been whether the analog performance of silicon components can compete with conventional optical material systems such as Lithium Niobate. A key challenge for silicon photonics is the fact that most modulators, including the one reported here, are based on a reverse biased PN junction. PN junctions exhibit significant nonlinearities, and it has thus been unclear whether analog performance in the silicon platform could ever compete with what has been achieved with Lithium Niobate based modulators. Characterized here is one of the key metrics for analog performance, the Spur Free Dynamic Range (SFDR). This is a measure of the degree of nonlinear cross-talk between different frequencies propagating in a single system. With the proper device configuration, this work shows that the SFDR of a silicon modulator can approach that of Lithium Niobate based systems. In particular, this modulator achieves 104.5 dB·Hz2/3 SFDR for IMD, which is within 15 dB of the best result in Lithium Niobate, 120.5 dB·Hz2/3. This level of performance is also already sufficient for a number of analog applications, including WLAN. The paths to improving this value are also briefly discussed; there are a number of reasons to believe that performance in integrated silicon photonic systems can be improved in the future, and likely match the performance seen in the very best optical systems for analog links.

Download or read book Silicon Photonic Modulators for Low power Applications written by Palmer, Robert and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, silicon photonic integrated circuits are combined with electro-optic organic materials for realizing energy-efficient modulators with unprecedented performance. These silicon-organic hybrid Mach-Zehnder modulators feature a compact size, sub-Volt drive voltages, and they support data rates up to 84 Gbit/s. In addition, a wet chemical waveguide fabrication scheme and an efficient fiber-chip coupling scheme are presented.

Download or read book Integrated Silicon based Optical Modulators written by Kensuke Ogawa and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book discusses the principles and the latest progress of silicon optical modulators as cutting-edge integrated photonic devices on silicon-photonic platforms, which play key roles in modern optical communications with low power consumption, small footprints, and low manufacturing costs. Silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulators are emphasized as the principal small-footprint optical modulator because of its superior performance in high-speed optical modulation at operational temperatures beyond 100 degrees Celsius without power-consuming thermo-electric cooling in spectral bands over 100 nm"--

Download or read book High Performance CMOS Modulator Drivers for Silicon Photonics Mach Zehnder Modulator written by Shenghao Liu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Silicon organic hybrid electro optic modulators for high speed communication systems written by Zwickel, Heiner and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SOH (silicon-organic hybrid) elektrooptische Modulatoren kombinieren Siliziumphotonik mit organischen elektro-optischen Materialien. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Aspekten, die speziell für den Einsatz von SOH-Modulatoren in praktischen optischen Hochgeschwindigkeitskommunikationssystemen relevant sind, wie z. B. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik, Modellierung und die Implementierung effizienter Modulationsformate für IM/DD-Formate. - Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) electro-optic modulators combining silicon photonic structures with organic EO materials are investigated. This book addresses aspects that are specifically relevant for the use of SOH modulators in practical high-speed optical communication systems such as packaging, modelling of the device, and the implementation of efficient intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) modulation formats.

Download or read book Silicon Photonics written by Lorenzo Pavesi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-03-04 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a fascinating picture of the state-of-the-art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future. It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints. An in-depth discussion of the route towards fully integrated silicon photonics is presented. This book will be useful not only to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers but also to graduate students who are interested in the fields of microphotonics and optoelectronics.

Download or read book Optical Signal Processing by Silicon Photonics written by Jameel Ahmed and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this book is to make respective graduate students understand the nonlinear effects inside SOI waveguide and possible applications of SOI waveguides in this emerging research area of optical fibre communication. This book focuses on achieving successful optical frequency shifting by Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide by exploiting a nonlinear phenomenon.

Download or read book Advanced Silicon Photonic Modulators written by Cheryl M. Sorace and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Various electrical and optical schemes used in Mach-Zehnder (MZ) silicon plasma dispersion effect modulators are explored. A rib waveguide reverse biased silicon diode modulator is designed, tested and found to operate at speeds up to 13 GHz with a V"L of 1.2 Vcm. MOS capacitor modulator designs are investigated as an alternative, but are not found to offer significant advantages. Modulators are also designed for fabrication in an actual CMOS process -a crucial step in the quest for low-cost integration with modern electronic devices. Photonic crystal structures, which promise smaller footprint sizes and lower power requirements, are also investigated, but it proves difficult to obtain a physically feasible design. Finally, a linearization scheme for Mach-Zehnder modulators is proposed to significantly improve signal fidelity in analog applications. Simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this scheme for reverse biased silicon diode modulators.