Download or read book Catalytic Control of CO HC NOx PM from Diesel Fuelled Vehicles written by Ram Prasad and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-10-16 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel engines are preferred system over the gasoline, due to their high fuel efficiency, low-operating cost, high durability and low CO2 emission. However, emissions of NOx and soot as well as CO and HCs from diesel engines are major concern due to severe health and environment effects. Further, Euro-6/Euro-VI standards for light duty/heavy duty vehicles are implemented in Sept. 2014 require additional reduction of 56%/80% in NOx and 10%/67% in soot emissions compared to Euro-5/Euro-V levels respectively. Four way catalysts (FWC) seem to be a possible single-component technology solution to control total emissions. In the present work, the double layers of catalysts containing perovskite and Cu-ZSM5 were explored for the same purpose. La0.6K0.4CoO3 catalyst along with Cu-ZSM showed 100% conversion of NOx at 450oC with peak temperature of soot combustion at 420oC, the temperature of the HC total conversion was 480oC, and 100% conversion of CO was at 388oC which are in the range of exhaust temperature of 150-450 C. The activity order of double layers catalysts is as follows: La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Sol-gel)+Cu-ZSM-5 > La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Sol-gel) + Ag/Al2O3 > La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Co-ppt)
Download or read book NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines written by B. Ashok and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
Download or read book Engine Emission Control Technologies written by G. Amba Prasad Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume covers the important issues related to environmental emissions from SI and CI engines as well as their formation and various pollution mitigation techniques. The book addresses aspects of improvements in engine modification, such as design modifications for enhanced performance, both with conventional fuels as well as with new and alternative fuels. It also explores some new combustion concepts that will help to pave the way for complying with new emission concepts. Alternative fuels are addressed in this volume to help mitigate harmful emissions, and alternative power sources for automobiles are also discussed briefly to cover the switch over from fueled engines to electrics, including battery-powered electric vehicles and fuel cells. The authors explain the different technologies available to date to overcome the limitations of conventional prime movers (fueled by both fossil fuels and alternative fuels). Topics examined include: • Engine modifications needed to limit harmful emissions • The use of engine after-treatment devices to contain emissions • The development of new combustion concepts • Adoption of alternative fuels in existing engines • Switching over to electrics—advantages and limitations • Specifications of highly marketed automobiles • Emission measurement methods
Download or read book NO subscript X Emission Controls for Heavy duty Vehicles written by National Research Council (U.S.). Motor Vehicle Nitrogen Oxides Standard Committee and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1981 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles written by Asif Faiz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Surhid Gautam and Lit-Mian Chan. This book presents a state-of-the art review of vehicle emission standards and regulations and provides a synthesis of worldwide experience with vehicle emission control technologies and their applications in both industrial and developing countries. Topics covered include: * The two principal international systems of vehicle emission standards: those of North America and Europe * Test procedures used to verify compliance with emissions standards and to estimate actual emissions * Engine and aftertreatment technologies that have been developed to enable new vehicles to comply with emission standards, as well as the cost and other impacts of these technologies * An evaluation of measures for controlling emissions from in-use vehicles * The role of fuels in reducing vehicle emissions, the benefits that could be gained by reformulating conventional gasoline and diesel fuels, the potential benefits of alternative cleaner fuels, and the prospects for using hydrogen and electric power to run motor vehicles with ultra-low or zero emissions. This book is the first in a series of publications on vehicle-related pollution and control measures prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme to underpin the Bank's overall objective of promoting transport that is environmentally sustainable and least damaging to human health and welfare.
Download or read book The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks Alaska written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-22 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.
Download or read book Diesel Emissions and Their Control 2nd Edition written by W. Addy Majewski and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 1135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduceemissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the secondedition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensablereference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey orseeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference bookcaters to a wide audience.In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expandedthe coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industryevolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed aboutthe most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing acompetitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has alsostreamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies.This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the “Technology Guide” papers offer in-depth insights. Eachchapter includes links to relevant online materials, granting readers accessto even more expertise and knowledge.The second edition is organized into six parts, providing a structuredjourney through every aspect of diesel engines and emissions control: Part I: A foundational exploration of the diesel engine, combustion, andessential subsystems. Part II: An in-depth look at emission characterization, health andenvironmental impacts, testing methods, and global regulations. Part III: A comprehensive overview of diesel fuels, covering petroleumdiesel, alternative fuels, and engine lubricants. Part IV: An exploration of engine efficiency and emission controltechnologies, from exhaust gas recirculation to engine control. Part V: The latest developments in diesel exhaust aftertreatment,encompassing catalyst technologies and particulate filters. Part VI: A historical journey through the evolution of dieselengine technology, with a focus on heavy-duty engines in the NorthAmerican market. (ISBN 9781468605693, ISBN 9781468605709, ISBN 9781468605716, DOI: 10.4271/9781468605709)
Download or read book Nitrogen oxides NOx why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control IV written by N. Kruse and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-05-29 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In spite of the energy crises and the recession, there has been a global, explosive growth in the amount of motor vehicles. In the past 50 years, the amount has increased from 50 to 700 million vehicles. For economical reasons they will probably continue to be used for a considerable number of years, despite the poor yield of internal combustion engines resulting in the inevitable production of some gaseous pollutants. The subsequent increase of gaseous pollutants in our atmosphere caused by exhaust gas from automobiles has enhanced the problem of the elimination of these pollutants produced by internal combustion engines. Catalysis has proven to be the best solution to lower the content of exhaust gas in pollutants. As its predecessors, CAPoC4 proved to be a suitable platform for discussing technological improvements and developments along with future perspectives and challenges. In the light of new results and further legislative regulations, the following topics were intensely discussed: *low light-off behaviour based on improved catalysts and substrate formulations *efficient adsorber systems for storage of hydrocarbon emissions *electrically heated catalyst systems ahead the main catalyst or, alternatively, close coupled catalysts (at the manifold of the engine) • lean DeNOx catalysts allowing for decomposition of NOx in the oxygen-rich exhaust of direct injection gasoline engines and high speed injection diesel engines or, alternatively, NOx trapping/reduction in a hybrid approach * collection and destruction of dry particulates or soot. There is no doubt that clean vehicle technology is a vital part of improving air quality. Challenges remain and call for technological answers. Catalytic air pollution control is still an area providing a considerable incentive for innovative work.
Download or read book Catalytic control of emissions from Diesel powered vehicles written by William Epling and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Demonstration of a Diesel Fuel borne Catalyst System and Low NOx Control Technology for Reducing Particulate and NOx Emissions written by Michael D. Jackson and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Download or read book Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Catalytic converter systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Low Cost Catalytic Systems for Emission Control from CI Engines written by Mritunjay Kumar Shukla and published by . This book was released on 2023-06-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In past decades humans used to travel on their own from one place to another place. This self- dependent travel life was time-consuming and challenging. One of the greatest inventors, Rudolf Diesel, invented the diesel engine in the 1890s; this significant technological development became a part of the human lifestyle. The piston-cylinder arrangement converts fuel's chemical energy into mechanical energy to power the engine, driving utilities such as trains, cars, trucks, and marine vessels . Diesel engines usually operate with a higher compression ratio vis-à-vis gasoline engines, leading to high thermal efficiency. Also, the diesel engine is well known for transportation using light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles because of superior fuel economy, better drivability, and lower mass. Hydrocarbons are produced due to the incomplete combustion of the air-fuel mixture. Unburnedfuel molecules are recombined and form intermediate compounds known as HCs. Also, sometimes lubricating oil particles stick on the cylinder walls and come out in the form of HCs, generally minimum for engines. HC emissions discussed here are of gaseous states. HCs forms in liquid/solid-state are categorized as particulate matter discussed separately in other sections. HC forms from the fuel drip from injector sac volume and lean mixtures formed during the ignition delay in heavy-duty engines. Also, flame quenching within crevices, oil release, and storage are the sources of the HCs. These all are regarded assources of HCs for light-duty engines and are considered asource of HCs . HC emissions are generally used to judge how efficiently combustion is taking place during various operating conditions.HC emissions are always believed to be a red emission pollutant as it is responsible for depleting ozone levels and photochemical smog when it reacts with NOx. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless, colourless gas produced due to fuel's incomplete combustion. Incombustible fuel can result inCO due to oxygen deficiency, lowtemperature, and insufficient residence time for the combustion process . Also, it is known as highly toxic gaseous emissions. CO forms during the process of HC formation, which can be understood by the below-mentioned chemical reaction process
Download or read book Diesel Emissions and Their Control 2nd Edition written by W. Addy Majewski and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 1135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduceemissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the secondedition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensablereference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey orseeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference bookcaters to a wide audience.In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expandedthe coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industryevolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed aboutthe most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing acompetitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has alsostreamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies.This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the “Technology Guide” papers offer in-depth insights. Eachchapter includes links to relevant online materials, granting readers accessto even more expertise and knowledge.The second edition is organized into six parts, providing a structuredjourney through every aspect of diesel engines and emissions control: Part I: A foundational exploration of the diesel engine, combustion, andessential subsystems. Part II: An in-depth look at emission characterization, health andenvironmental impacts, testing methods, and global regulations. Part III: A comprehensive overview of diesel fuels, covering petroleumdiesel, alternative fuels, and engine lubricants. Part IV: An exploration of engine efficiency and emission controltechnologies, from exhaust gas recirculation to engine control. Part V: The latest developments in diesel exhaust aftertreatment,encompassing catalyst technologies and particulate filters. Part VI: A historical journey through the evolution of dieselengine technology, with a focus on heavy-duty engines in the NorthAmerican market. (ISBN 9781468605693, ISBN 9781468605709, ISBN 9781468605716, DOI: 10.4271/9781468605709)
Download or read book Future of Diesel written by Renee J. Robins and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Executive Summary: The Summer Air Symposium is a continuation of conferences established in 1993 for the purpose of informing decision makers on scientific aspects of important air pollution issues. Participation is limited to invited members of the scientific, regulatory, industrial, and public interest communities. The small size of the group promotes discussions that have led to important progress on ideas for improvements in air pollution control. The conference is co-sponsored by a variety of organizations (see Appendix I). The objective of the 2000 Symposium was to discuss scientific aspects of diesel engines and fuel, including: * what is known about the science; * uncertainties and their magnitude; and * what research is needed. Widespread Diesel: Diesel engines are in widespread use for a number of reasons. They are the most economical engines to own and operate due to their high power density. They are highly reliable and very durable, with an effective infrastructure for fuel distribution. Models are available in a wide power range, and the engine can be modified to operate with alternate fuels. Diesel Pollution: Diesels have become a large part of the NO, pollution problem. NO, from gasoline-powered vehicles has declined due to emission controls, and stationary-source NOx has also decreased substantially in most parts of the country. However diesel emissions have been essentially uncontrolled for the last thirty years while use of diesel vehicles has been increasing. Diesels also contribute substantially to ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM), although the variation in emission rates for the in-use fleet is large. It is known that in-use diesel NO, emissions are high from a variety of consistent data and corollary information, however uncertainties remain, such as fleet activity and how representative test cycles are. There are tradeoffs between fuel economy, PM, and NO, in injection timed engines. Heavy duty diesel trucks dominate heavy duty diesel vehicle emissions, however transit buses and school buses have localized exposures that are of concern. Off-road emissions are more distributed. Construction is the major source, followed by locomotives, agriculture, marine, and commercial. Diesel Regulation: On June 2, 2000, EPA published proposed Phase 2 rules. These rules attempt to regulate vehicle and fuel as a system, aiming for 90% reduction in PM, NOx, and HC emissions in new vehicles. EPA anticipates very low emissions from these requirements if sulfur levels in fuel are reduced. New federal diesel truck emission standards have been proposed by U.S.EPA, and these will reduce both NOx and PM by 98% from uncontrolled levels. Off-road diesels are as important as buses and trucks, because they emit as much NOx and twice as much PM, and new off-road emission standards are being developed. Greater than 97% reduction in off-road emissions, compared to uncontrolled levels, is achievable. Defining the certification process is as important as the emission standard set, because that is how it is determined whether the standard is met or not. In Europe, where diesel is a popular choice for automobiles and light duty vehicles, regulations for 2005-2008 are similar to the US for PM but not for NOx. Some European governments are requiring diesel particulate filters for all trucks starting in 2005. NOx limits for 2005 are not stringent, but 2008 limits will require a NOx emission control device. The EU 2005 standards are probably the last time diesel engines will face less stringent regulations than gasoline-powered light duty cars and trucks. Japan's current standards are less stringent than Europe for both NOx and PM, and less stringent for US standards for PM but similar for NOx. New long-term standards are currently under discussion. They are not anticipated to be as stringent for PM but similar for NOx compared to future US and European requirements. In general, there is more emphasis on CO 2 and greenhouse gases in Europe (and to a lesser extent Japan) whereas in the US, the emphasis is on conventional pollutants. Issues: Active after-treatment for both NOx and PM may be needed in the future. There are interesting and promising developments with respect to after-treatment, but no proven devices. The control of NOx is the more difficult problem. The fundamental constraint is that there is no catalyst available to facilitate the dissociation of NOx. Selective catalytic reduction is feasible, as are NOx traps that store NOx as nitrate, and plasma systems. Fuel changes are a key enabling technology. Current California requirements call for 15 ppm sulfur in diesel fuel used in transit buses as of 2002. EPA's proposed Phase II rules call for a sulfur cap of 15 ppm for highway diesel fuel by 2006. This is in contrast to 350 ppm sulfur in current US on-road fuel. Engine manufacturers are calling for ultra-low sulfur fuel, arguing that 15 ppm isn't low enough. However oil companies question whether this can be accomplished. Concerns about ultra-low sulfur fuel include whether enough refineries can upgrade fast enough to meet supply needs, and how contamination and measurement affect the ability to meet standards. Health concerns will continue to drive further regulation of emissions from diesel engines. EPA has been assessing diesel health risk for 12 years. Diesel exhaust contains carbonaceous particles with some organics adhered, gaseous phase organics, and some metals. All of these have associated toxicological issues. In California, the Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES II) found that -70% of all cancer risk in the South Coast Air Basin is attributable to diesel PM. There is a growing interest in the size distribution of particulates. Particulates smaller than 100 nm are low in mass but high in number, and toxicologists need to determine how important they are. Control of emissions from in-use vehicles is expected to get increasing regulatory attention. Retrofit programs can significantly reduce PM, HC, CO, and toxic emissions. There is also the potential for NOx reductions. California is planning to retrofit 1.25 million engines, mostly mobile and some stationary.
Download or read book Automotive Air Pollution written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.
