Download or read book Catabolite Sensing Regulatory Pathtways in Group A Streptocccus Control Virulence and Host pathogen Interactions written by Colin Christopher Kietzman and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) is remarkable for its ability to cause a wide range of diseases and infect hundreds of millions of people yearly. Group A streptococcus faces a unique challenge in its pathogenesis cycle in that humans are its only known reservoir, and colonization and infection commonly occur in the same tissue. Thus to persist within a specific host niche Group A streptococcus has developed a sizable arsenal of effectors and control mechanisms allowing it to combat and adapt to the host immune response. In most cases alteration of regulatory pathways controlling transcription of virulence factor genes leads to significant changes in the ability of Group A streptococcus to cause disease. Several environmental signals and regulators effecting expression of virulence factors have been identified. One of the most pervasive signals effecting streptococcal virulence factor transcription is growth phase. In virtually all described incidences, virulence factor transcript abundance is influenced by growth phase, yet specific signals and mechanisms of sensing growth phase have remained elusive. These studies were undertaken to study the mechanisms of growth phase dependent transcriptional regulation of Group A streptococcal virulence factors, to ii elucidate global changes in transcriptional control due to altered growth phase regulators, and to examine the role of growth phase regulation in host- pathogen interactions during streptococcal infection. In pursuit of these goals, we initially analyzed a growth phase controlled physiologic trait, the production of H2O2, linked to virulence in related pathogens. We identified the gene responsible for H2O2 production, lactate oxidase (IctO), and through transcriptional and biochemical analyses identified the carbon catabolite control protein (CcpA) as a central transcriptional regulator of growth phase in response to glucose availability. Inactivation of CcpA revealed global changes in virulence factor transcription and overlap with another recently identified carbohydrate regulator, LacD1. Studies on these regulators indicated that while they respond to a common signal their effects on co- regulated genes are restricted to discrete times during streptococcal infection. Disruption of CcpA in particular led to attenuation of virulence and mis-regulation of a large contingent of virulence genes in infected tissues. Mis-regulation of target genes in the CcpA mutant correlated with an increase in host TNF[alpha] transcription, and occurred at times when wild type streptococci were causing maximal disease. Ablation of TNF[alpha] in the host led to an increase in local virulence in the CcpA deficient strain, and a switch from local to invasive disease during infection by wild type streptococci. In total, our studies have shown that growth phase regulation is comprised of multiple overlapping and organized pathways. Furthermore, functional growth phase regulation is necessary for Group A streptococcus to cause fully virulent disease, perhaps due to the interaction of growth phase regulated factors with host immune signaling pathways. Finally we have shown that TNF[alpha] is necessary to control localized infection and prevent dissemination to deeper tissues during infections by a streptococcal strain that normally causes localized non- spreading lesions. Understanding the mechanisms by which Group A streptococcus senses the host environment and interacts with the immune system is especially critical in studies of streptococcal pathogenesis and development of anti-streptococcal therapies. A broad spectrum streptococcal protective vaccine is unavailable and without treatment relatively minor streptococcal infections can progress to life threatening invasive disease or lead to highly disabling nonsuppurative sequelae. Our studies suggest that targeting growth phase sensitive regulatory pathways is a good strategy in combating streptococcal disease. In addition, in light of the use of many immunosuppressive therapies as treatments for various ailments, our results indicate the need for further investigations into the role TNF[alpha] in controlling human streptococcal diseases; patients receiving anti-TNF[alpha] treatments may be at an increased risk for serious infections by Group A streptococcus. Further analysis and identification of specific growth phase controlled factors contributing to attenuation of CcpA deficient strains, identification of factors involved in alteration of host-pathogen interactions resulting in disparate TNF[alpha] responses, and elucidation of the mechanisms by which TNF[alpha] production leads to control of localized infection will provide insights into Gram positive bacterial infection, and the molecular mechanisms determining the outcome of Group A streptococcal disease.
Download or read book Host Pathogen Interactions in Streptococcal Diseases written by G Singh Chhatwal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria that cause a wide spectrum of diseases, such as pharyngitis, necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, as well as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease as sequelae. Antibiotics alone have not been able to control the disease and in spite of many efforts an effective vaccine is not yet available. A prerequisite for novel and successful strategies for combating these bacteria is a complete understanding of the highly complex pathogenic mechanisms involved, which are analyzed in this volume. In ten chapters, prominent authors cover various aspects including streptococcal diseases and global burden, epidemiology, adaptation and transmission, and molecular mechanisms of different diseases, as well as sequelae, vaccine development and clinical management. This book will serve as a valuable reference work for scientists, students, clinicians and public health workers and provide new approaches to meeting the challenge of streptococcal diseases.
Download or read book Prokaryotic Metabolism and Physiology written by Byung Hong Kim and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive and up-to-date review of key metabolic processes in bacteria and archaea and how metabolism is regulated under various conditions.
Download or read book Bacterial Evasion of the Host Immune System written by Pedro Escoll and published by Caister Academic Press Limited. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expert international authors critically review the most important current research in bacterial evasion of the host immune response. Topics range from an overview of the seven most important bacterial secretion systems to a thorough review of evsaion by mycobacteria. Essential reading for everyone involved in bacterial pathogenesis research.
Download or read book The Bacterial Phosphotransferase System written by Milton H. Saier and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2002-06-13 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following it's discovery in E.coli by Kundig, Ghosh and Rosema thirty seven years ago, a wealth of information has accumulated on the bacterial Phosphotransferase system (PTS). Since then the PTS has been found in a wide variety of different bacteria where it has been recognised to play a pivotal role in numerious aspects of bacterial cellular physiology. While the primary functions of this system involve sugar reception, transport and phosphorylation, the secondary functions include the regulation, both directly and indirectly, of important metabolic pathways. In this book, Internationally recognised authors review the current research on the PTS, discuss the multifaceted structural and functional aspects of the system and attempt to provide a realistic forecast of future discoveries. Study of this important system will contribute to our understanding of prokaryotic physiology and pathogenesis, will allow major advances in biotechnology, and will result in the development of agents capable of effectively combating harmful microorganisms.
Download or read book Oral Biofilms written by S. Eick and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofilms are highly organized polymicrobial communities that are embedded in an extracellular matrix and formed on natural and artificial surfaces. In the oral cavity, biofilms are formed not only on natural teeth, but also on restorative materials, prosthetic constructions, and dental implants. Oral diseases like caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and also pulp inflammation are associated with biofilms. This publication is an up-to-date overview on oral biofilms from different clinically relevant perspectives. Experts comprising basic researchers and clinicians report on recent research relating to biofilms - from general summaries to recommendations for daily clinical work. This book covers all aspects of oral biofilms, including models used in the laboratory, biofilms in dental water unit lines, periodontal and peri-implant biofilms, caries-related biofilms, halitosis, endodontic biofilms, and Candida infections, as well as biofilms on dental materials and on orthodontic appliances. Several chapters deal with anti-biofilm therapy, from the efficacy of mechanical methods and the use of antimicrobials, to alternative concepts. This publication is particularly recommended to dental medicine students, practitioners, other oral healthcare professionals, and scientists with an interest in translational research on biofilms.
Download or read book Regulation of Bacterial Virulence written by Michael L. Vasil and published by American Society for Microbiology Press. This book was released on 2012-12-05 with total page 1189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive compendium of scholarly contributions relating to bacterial virulence gene regulation. • Provides insights into global control and the switch between distinct infectious states (e.g., acute vs. chronic). • Considers key issues about the mechanisms of gene regulation relating to: surface factors, exported toxins and export mechanisms. • Reflects on how the regulation of intracellular lifestyles and the response to stress can ultimately have an impact on the outcome of an infection. • Highlights and examines some emerging regulatory mechanisms of special significance. • Serves as an ideal compendium of valuable topics for students, researchers and faculty with interests in how the mechanisms of gene regulation ultimately affect the outcome of an array of bacterial infectious diseases.
Download or read book Implication of Quorum Sensing System in Biofilm Formation and Virulence written by Pallaval Veera Bramhachari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-28 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book illustrates the importance and significance of Quorum sensing (QS), it’s critical roles in regulating diverse cellular functions in microbes, including bioluminescence, virulence, pathogenesis, gene expression, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. Microbes can coordinate population behavior with small molecules called autoinducers (AHL) which serves as a signal of cellular population density, triggering new patterns of gene expression for mounting virulence and pathogenesis. Therefore, these microbes have the competence to coordinate and regulate explicit sets of genes by sensing and communicating amongst themselves utilizing variety of signals. This book descry emphasizes on how bacteria can coordinate an activity and synchronize their response to external signals and regulate gene expression. The chapters of the book provide the recent advancements on various functional aspects of QS systems in different gram positive and gram negative organisms. Finally, the book also elucidates a comprehensive yet a representative description of a large number of challenges associated with quorum sensing signal molecules viz. virulence, pathogenesis, antibiotic synthesis, biosurfactants production, persister cells, cell signaling and biofilms, intra and inter-species communications, host-pathogen interactions, social interactions & swarming migration in biofilms.
Download or read book Evolution and Disease written by James Thomas Charles Nash and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bacterial Cellular Metabolic Systems written by K. Shimizu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-03-26 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The metabolic regulation of a cell system is of critical importance in systems biology, and a robust model of these mechanisms is essential in predicting the effects on the metabolism of both the culture environment and the knockout of specific genes. Bacterial cellular metabolic systems focuses on this highly topical subject in relation to culture environment and provides a detailed analysis from gene level to metabolic level regulation, as well as offering a discussion of the most recent modelling approaches. The book begins with an introduction to metabolic mechanisms and to the metabolic regulation of a cell, before moving on to discussing the action of global regulators in response to a specific culture environment. The second half of the book examines conventional flux balance analysis and its applications, 13C-metabolic flux analysis, and the effect of a specific gene knockout on the metabolism. Comprehensive account of metabolic regulation via global regulators in response to changes in the culture environment Basic formulation of 13C-metabolic flux analysis based on 13C-labelling experiments Systems biology approach for the modelling and computer simulation of the main metabolic pathways of a cell system
Download or read book Foodborne Microbial Pathogens written by Arun Bhunia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-22 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At last, here is a graduate-level textbook that focuses on the very latest information on the molecular and cellular mechanism of several major foodborne bacterial pathogens. For the first time in the field, this book makes the link between foodborne illness and immunology. It also covers virulence genes and their regulation in the host or the food environment, pathogenicity testing models, clinical symptoms and prevention and control strategies. Unlike other textbooks this one also covers the host/parasite interaction to a level where readers have a real appreciation of the disease mechanism. It is imperative that we acquire a better understanding of foodborne pathogens. And this is what this brilliant and timely contribution to the subject offers.
Download or read book Gram positive Pathogens written by Vincent A. Fischetti and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the only single volume to deal with all aspects of gram–positive pathogens. It addresses the mechanisms of gram–positive bacterial pathogenicity, including the current knowledge on gram–positive structure and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Emphasizing streptococci, staphylococci, listeria, and spore–forming pathogens, Gram–Positive Pathogens includes chapters written by many of the leading researchers in these areas. The chapters systematically dissect these organisms biologically, genetically, and immunologically in an attempt to understand the strategies used by these bacteria to cause human disease.
Download or read book Foodborne Microbial Pathogens written by Arun K. Bhunia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-21 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book primarily covers the general description of foodborne pathogens and their mechanisms of pathogenesis, control and prevention, and detection strategies, with easy-to-comprehend illustrations. The book is an essential resource for food microbiology graduate or undergraduate students, microbiology professionals, and academicians involved in food microbiology, food safety, and food defense-related research or teaching. This new edition covers the significant progress that has been made since 2008 in understanding the pathogenic mechanism of some common foodborne pathogens, and the host-pathogen interaction. Foodborne and food-associated zoonotic pathogens, responsible for high rates of mortality and morbidity, are discussed in detail. Chapters on foodborne viruses, parasites, molds and mycotoxins, and fish and shellfish are expanded. Additionally, chapters on opportunistic and emerging foodborne pathogens including Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Brucella abortus, Clostridium difficile, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Plesiomonas shigelloides have been added. The second edition contains more line drawings, color photographs, and hand-drawn illustrations.
Download or read book Bioluminescence Fundamentals and Applications in Biotechnology Volume 3 written by Gérald Thouand and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-12 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English. /div
Download or read book Microbial Biofilms written by Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-07-13 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the book Microbial Biofilms: Importance and applications, eminent scientists provide an up-to-date review of the present and future trends on biofilm-related research. This book is divided with four subdivisions as biofilm fundamentals, applications, health aspects, and their control. Moreover, this book also provides a comprehensive account on microbial interactions in biofilms, pyocyanin, and extracellular DNA in facilitating Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, atomic force microscopic studies of biofilms, and biofilms in beverage industry. The book comprises a total of 21 chapters from valued contributions from world leading experts in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Serbia, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, and Turkey. This book may be used as a text or reference for everyone interested in biofilms and their applications. It is also highly recommended for environmental microbiologists, soil scientists, medical microbiologists, bioremediation experts, and microbiologists working in biocorrosion, biofouling, biodegradation, water microbiology, quorum sensing, and many other related areas. Scientists in academia, research laboratories, and industry will also find it of interest.
Download or read book The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-30 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary.
Download or read book Bacterial Pathogenesis written by Pascale Cossart and published by Cold Spring Harbor Perspective. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial pathogens cause numerous human diseases. This collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine surveys the spectrum of bacterial pathogens from Salmonella and Shigella to Heliobacter pylori. It examines the basic biology of these parasites, their virulence mechanisms and the host's response to infection. The effectiveness of antibiotics and vaccine strategies are also covered, along with the novel antimicrobial therapies that are being developed.
