Download or read book Carbon 14 Releases from an Unsaturated Repository written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes (40 CFR Part 191 or standards) is to protect public health and safety. The 1985 rule was developed on the basis of the assumption that the repository would be located in a geologic formation that lies below the water table. It is appropriate to examine gaseous releases and transport of pollutants in order to determine site adequacy. When the provisions of the 1985 standard are applied to Yucca Mountain, specifically the limits for carbon-14, we can release in 10,000 years no more than 7,000 curies of carbon-14 in the form of carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, the US Department of Energy (DOE) and others indicate that the repository may release about 8,000 curies of carbon-14 dioxide, an amount that exceeds the standard by 10 to 20 percent. The original basis of the 1985 standards was that, in a site below the water table, the limit for carbon-14 was technically achievable. It was not a standard based on a release level that would prevent a danger to public health. If we examine the danger to public health of the release of 8,000 curies of carbon-14 dioxide during and 8,000-year period, this release would not a pose a significant threat to the average individual. Industry and natural sources release many times this amount of carbon-14 dioxide each year. The question therefore becomes: is it appropriate to spend an additional $3.2 billion on waste packages when the expenditure does not measurably improve the public health?
Download or read book C 14 Release and Transport from a Nuclear Waste Repository in an Unsaturated Medium written by W. B. Light and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Carbon 14 in Waste Packages for Spent Fuel in a Tuff Repository written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic ray neutrons in the upper atmosphere. It is also produced in nuclear reactors, in amounts much smaller than the global inventory. About one-third of this is released directly to the atmosphere, and the other two-thirds remains in the spent fuel. Both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have established limits on release of the 14C in spent fuel. This is of particular concern for the proposed repository in tuff, because of the unsaturated conditions and the consequent possibility of gaseous transport of 14C as CO2. Existing measurements and calculations of the 14C inventory in spent fuel are reviewed. The physical distribution and chemical forms of the 14C are discussed. Available data on the release of 14C from spent fuel in aqueous solutions and in gaseous environments of air, nitrogen, and helium are reviewed. Projected 14C behavior in a tuff repository is described. It is concluded that 14C release measurements from spent fuel into moist air at temperatures both above and below the in situ boiling point of water as well as detailed transport calculations for the tuff geological environment will be needed to determine whether the 10CFR60 and 40CFR191 requirements can be met. 56 refs., 1 tab.
Download or read book Carbon 14 in Waste Packages for Spent Fuel in a Tuff Repository written by R. A. Van Konynenburg and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic ray neutrons in the upper atmosphere. It is also produced in nuclear reactors, in amounts much smaller than the global inventory. About one-third of this is released directly to the atmosphere, and the other two-thirds remains in the spent fuel. Both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have established limits on release of the 14C in spent fuel. This is of particular concern for the proposed repository in tuff, because of the unsaturated conditions and the consequent possibility of gaseous transport of 14C as CO2. Existing measurements and calculations of the chemical forms of the 14C in spent fuel are reviewed. The physical distribution and chemical forms of the 14C are discussed. Available data on the release of nitrogen, and helium are reviewed. Projected 14C behavior in a tuff repository is described. It is concluded that 14C release measurements from spent fuel into moist air at temperatures both above and below the in situ boiling point of water as well as detailed transport calculations for the tuff geological environment will be needed to determine whether the 10CFR60 and 40CFR191 requirements can be met.
Download or read book Weekly Information Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1993-05-14 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Release and Transport of Gaseous C 14 from a Nuclear Waste Repository in an Unsaturated Medium written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain is to be in partially saturated rock. Released radioactive gases such as 14CO2 could have a direct pathway to the biosphere. We study the release of 14C released as 14CO2 from partly failed nuclear waste containers by analyzing the flow of gas into and out of a container. We analyze the transport of released 14CO2 in an unsaturated, fractured, porous medium with gas-phase advection and dispersion. We calculate the inhalation dose to a maximally exposed individual above ground, based on some conservative assumptions about release from containers. For the assumed parameter values, a simple atmospheric diffusion model gives very small doses when compared to background radiation doses. 12 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Download or read book Requirements for Controlling a Repository s Releases of Carbon 14 Dioxide the High Costs and Negligible Benefits written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A repository excavated within the unsaturated zone may release carbon (C)-14 dioxide in amounts that exceed limits imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The release would not threaten the general population, but may expose some hypothetical maximally exposed individual to 0.0005 millirems/year. Yet a repository's releases of C-14 dioxide are strictly regulated, perhaps unintentionally. The EPA and NRC regulations could force the Department of Energy to design and fabricate an expensive 10,000-year waste package solely for the sake of controlling releases of C-14 dioxide. This paper argues that the repository regulations should exempt releases of C-14 dioxide or at least impose more equitable limits. 21 refs., 1 tab.
Download or read book Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project Bibliography 1994 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-05 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Wastes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-02-23 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear weapons production and power generation has caused public outcry and political consternation. Nuclear Wastes presents a critical review of some waste management and disposal alternatives to the current national policy of direct disposal of light water reactor spent fuel. The book offers clearcut conclusions for what the nation should do today and what solutions should be explored for tomorrow. The committee examines the currently used "once-through" fuel cycle versus different alternatives of separations and transmutation technology systems, by which hazardous radionuclides are converted to nuclides that are either stable or radioactive with short half-lives. The volume provides detailed findings and conclusions about the status and feasibility of plutonium extraction and more advanced separations technologies, as well as three principal transmutation concepts for commercial reactor spent fuel. The book discusses nuclear proliferation; the U.S. nuclear regulatory structure; issues of health, safety and transportation; the proposed sale of electrical energy as a means of paying for the transmutation system; and other key issues.
Download or read book Report to the U S Congress and the U S Secretary of Energy written by United States. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XIV written by Teofilo Aniag Abrajano and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book News Releases written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Simulation of Two phase Carbon 14 Transport at Yucca Mountain Nevada written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In support of pacific Northwest Laboratory's (PNL) preliminary total system performance assessment of the proposed high-level nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, transport of carbon-14 (C14) in the unsaturated zone was numerically modeled with the Multiphase Subsurface Transport Simulator (MSTS). Total system performance assessments are being conducted to estimate potential cumulative releases and doses from radionuclides being transported through different pathways to the accessible environment from the proposed waste repository. Transport of radionuclides in the gaseous and liquid phases are pathways through which some of the inventory in the proposed repository could reach the accessible environment. Carbon-14 transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain was estimated with MSTS by considering two-phase diffusion, advection, phase petitioning, and radioactive decay. Transport results were based on a two-dimensional physical and hydrogeological system that represented an east-west cross section through Yucca Mountain. Carbon-14 source rates from failed repository waste canisters were estimated from the source term modeling subtasks associated with PNL's total system performance assessment of the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. Simulation results included estimates of liquid, gas, heat, and C14 transport within the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain. Predictions of C14 distributions surrounding the proposed nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain and a brief description of the thermal-hydrogeologic computer code MSTS are presented.
Download or read book Nuclear Safety written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geological Survey Circular written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
