Download or read book Calendars of Middle East countries written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calendars of Middle East Countries written by Vladimir Vasilʹevich T︠S︡ybulʹskiĭ and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calendars of Middle East Countries written by Vladimir V. Cybul'skij and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calendars and Years written by John M. Steele and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2007-10-08 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dates form the backbone of written history. But where do these dates come from? Many different calendars were used in the ancient world. Some of these calendars were based upon observations or calculations of regular astronomical phenomena, such as the first sighting of the new moon crescent that defined the beginning of the month in many calendars, while others incorporated schematic simplifications of these phenomena, such as the 360-day year used in early Mesopotamian administrative practices in order to simplify accounting procedures. Historians frequently use handbooks and tables for converting dates in ancient calendars into the familiar BC/AD calendar that we use today. But very few historians understand how these tables have come about, or what assumptions have been made in their construction. The seven papers in this volume provide an answer to the question what do we know about the operation of calendars in the ancient world, and just as importantly how do we know it? Topics covered include the ancient and modern history of the Egyptian 365-day calendar, astronomical and administrative calendars in ancient Mesopotamia, and the development of astronomical calendars in ancient Greece. This book will be of interest to ancient historians, historians of science, astronomers who use early astronomical records, and anyone with an interest in calendars and their development.
Download or read book Legislative Calendar written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calendars of Middle East Countries written by Vladimir Vasilʹevič Cybulʹskij and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Middle East written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes "Who's who in the Middle East and North Africa."
Download or read book The Middle East Life in Saudi Arabia written by K. Andrew Pulsifer and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2003-05-27 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps nothing in all of literature has caused such controversy as the Dark Lady of the Shakespeare Sonnets. Who was she? How did she meet Shakespeare? How did their romance go wrong? Who was the young friend, the third corner of the famous love triangle? What was the effect of that romance on Shakespeare as a person and on his subsequent writings? The Shakespeare Sonnets give us only a single point of view, and an incomplete version of the story. This novel gives something never before examined. Exactly what happened and when and why . . . through the eyes of the Dark Lady herself.
Download or read book The Middle East Unveiled written by Donna Marsh and published by How To Books. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why did Mr Abdul Rahman Hassan seem uncomfortable when I asked him if his Christian name was Abdul?A" Many organisations new to the Middle East become very successful; many more struggle, and some will fail altogether. Often, the difference between a successful organisation and one that fails is that organisation's level of cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence has never been more important as businesses globalise, especially in parts of the world that are very different to markets in the West. Cultural and social mistakes can cost businesses dearly. Learning how to do business in the Middle East without causing offence is crucial. This book provides cultural and practical business intelligence for all Western business people working throughout the Middle East. It also focuses on issues specifically important to Western businesswomen, as well as for men who might be working with Arab and Muslim women. It can make the difference between success and failure for the reader and his or her organisation.
Download or read book Calendrical Calculations written by Nachum Dershowitz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanded coverage includes generic cyclical calendars, astronomical lunar calendars, and the Korean, Vietnamese, Aztec, and Tibetan calendars.
Download or read book Islam 4 volumes written by Cenap Çakmak and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 1938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This expansive four-volume encyclopedia presents a broad introduction to Islam that enables learning about the fundamental role of Islam in world history and promotes greater respect for cultural diversity. One of the most popular and widespread religions in the world, Islam has attracted a great deal of attention in recent times, particularly in the Western world. With the ongoing tensions in the Middle East and a pervasive sense of hostility toward Arab Americans, there is ever increasing need to examine and understand Islam as a religion and historical force. Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia provides some 700 entries on Islam written by expert contributors that cover the religion from the birth of Islam to the present time. The set also includes 16 pages of color images per volume that serve to illustrate the diverse expressions of this important religious tradition. Each entry begins with a basic introduction, followed by a general discussion of the subject and a conclusion. Each entry also features a further readings list for readers. In addition to supplying a comprehensive, authoritative overview of Islam, this work also specifically addresses many controversial related issues, including jihad, violence in Islam, polygamy, and apostasy.
Download or read book Towards an Islamic Lunisolar Calendar written by Hisham Abad and published by Hisham Abad. This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Calendar was invented in ancient times to allow nations to pace their economic and social activities with climatic seasons. Throughout the history of civilizations, much depended on organizing and administering an accurate calendar. Hunter-gatherers needed the calendar to predict the migrations of herds of wild animals. As humanity advanced, farming communities required calendars to predict the coming of rain or the time of the flooding of rivers. Traders and seafaring communities needed to map the best time of the year to tackle the dangers of seas when sailing far from home. In contemporary times of globalization, calendars have become even more critical in optimizing the complex supply chains of local and global production cycles. Oral traditions ascertain that the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula used a rudimentary lunisolar calendar, called in the literature the “Arabian Calendar.” Like with all nations, the lunisolar Arabian Calendar helped the Arabs organize their meager resources in the best ways possible. For example, research showed that the Ḥajj season and its pan-Arabian markets were scheduled to coincide with the date harvesting season peaking from July to September. The abundance of the date harvest available in this period, along with assigning the concept of inviolability to the Arabian months spanning this season, allowed them to travel across Arabia to Mecca to trade in the pan-Arabian markets and to participate in the religious rituals of their pilgrimage (the Ḥajj). It is asserted in this book that Prophet Muḥammad followed the lunisolar Arabian Calendar all his life. At the end of the tenth year after he migrated from Mecca to Medīna, and during his Farewell Pilgrimage, the Qurʾān sternly abolished the process of intercalation, i.e., the Nasīʾ, the very process which allowed the Arabs to organize their various economic and religious activities. When Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb initiated the Hijri Calendar seven years after Prophet Muḥammad death, i.e., in 17 AH, he founded it as “purely lunar,” which meant its months were allowed to float within the solar year. Caliph ʿUmar is famous for his zeal in protecting the fundamental Islamic principle of monotheism. This, I show, was the reason for introducing the Hijri Calendar as purely lunar, because “Nasīʾ,” i.e., Quraysh’s method of intercalation was hopelessly entangled with the polytheistic religion of Quraysh, the Prophet’s tribe, and the guardian of the holy places in Mecca and its environs. The harmful effects of following the purely lunar Hijri Calendar were realized from early on. But the prohibition of Nasīʾ inhibited the early Islamic caliphs from reforming the Hijri Calendar. This book explores the history of the Arabian Calendar and its intimate connection with the Hijri Calendar. The main findings of this book are as follows: 1- The main Ḥajj shrines in Macca are aligned in the direction of sunrises and sunsets of the Summer Solstice day. 2- Quraysh intercalated its Arabian Calendar by forcing the Summer Solstice (SS) Day to occur within the 11th month of the Arabian Calendar, Shawwāl. The Nasīʾ month was added when the onset of the SS was about to transfer to into the 11th month Dhū’l Qaʿda. 3- The onset of the SS day was determined through the sunset alignment along the line joining the posts of “al-Wosṭā and al-ʿAqaba Jamarāt, and also by observing the sun rising from behind the peak of mount Thabīr from the location of the sacrificial altar of pre-Islamic Mina. 4- The Prophet arrived in his migration from Mecca to Medīna on the Days of ʿĀshūrāʾ which corresponded to the dates of 8th of Rabīʿ-I, the 10th of the Hebrew month Tishri, and to the 23rd of September 632. 5- The epoch of the Hijri Calendar must be adjusted back by two days from the epoch used so far. 6- The Farewell Pilgrimage occurred in autumn on September 4, 632 CE, not in spring on March 11, 632 CE.
Download or read book Understanding Cultural Differences Between The Middle East and The West written by Kizzi Nkwocha and published by Athena Publishing. This book was released on 2024-02-22 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's interconnected world, bridging the gap between cultures is not just a challenge, but a necessity for success. In "Understanding Cultural Differences Between the Middle East and the West," Kizzi Nkwocha offers a compelling exploration into the intricate tapestry of cultural diversity that defines these two regions. As an esteemed online English tutor, personal development coach, and the visionary behind Business Game Changer Magazine, Nkwocha brings a wealth of experience and insight to this vital conversation. Why is understanding cultural differences between the Middle East and the West so crucial? The answer lies in the potential for transformative collaboration, innovation, and growth that arises when we embrace diversity. Whether you're a business professional, educator, diplomat, or simply an individual seeking to navigate the complexities of our global society, this book serves as a beacon of enlightenment and empowerment. Through a combination of meticulous research, real-world anecdotes, and practical strategies, Nkwocha illuminates the cultural nuances that shape interactions between the Middle East and the West. From communication styles and business practices to social customs and values, each chapter offers a deeper understanding of the factors driving cross-cultural dynamics. But "Understanding Cultural Differences Between the Middle East and the West" is more than just a guidebook—it's a call to action. It challenges readers to transcend stereotypes, biases, and preconceptions, and to embrace empathy, curiosity, and respect as the cornerstones of meaningful intercultural exchange. In a world often marred by division and misunderstanding, this book stands as a testament to the transformative power of knowledge and empathy. It empowers readers to build bridges of understanding, forge meaningful connections, and pave the way for a future defined by cooperation and mutual respect. Whether you're embarking on a business venture, engaging in diplomatic negotiations, or simply seeking to expand your horizons, "Understanding Cultural Differences Between the Middle East and the West" is an indispensable companion on your journey towards cultural proficiency and global citizenship. Let it be your guide as you embark on a path towards a more interconnected, harmonious world.
Download or read book Mathematics Elsewhere written by Marcia Ascher and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics Elsewhere is a fascinating and important contribution to a global view of mathematics. Presenting mathematical ideas of peoples from a variety of small-scale and traditional cultures, it humanizes our view of mathematics and expands our conception of what is mathematical. Through engaging examples of how particular societies structure time, reach decisions about the future, make models and maps, systematize relationships, and create intriguing figures, Marcia Ascher demonstrates that traditional cultures have mathematical ideas that are far more substantial and sophisticated than is generally acknowledged. Malagasy divination rituals, for example, rely on complex algebraic algorithms. And some cultures use calendars far more abstract and elegant than our own. Ascher also shows that certain concepts assumed to be universal--that time is a single progression, for instance, or that equality is a static relationship--are not. The Basque notion of equivalence, for example, is a dynamic and temporal one not adequately captured by the familiar equal sign. Other ideas taken to be the exclusive province of professionally trained Western mathematicians are, in fact, shared by people in many societies. The ideas discussed come from geographically varied cultures, including the Borana and Malagasy of Africa, the Tongans and Marshall Islanders of Oceania, the Tamil of South India, the Basques of Western Europe, and the Balinese and Kodi of Indonesia. This book belongs on the shelves of mathematicians, math students, and math educators, and in the hands of anyone interested in traditional societies or how people think. Illustrating how mathematical ideas play a vital role in diverse human endeavors from navigation to social interaction to religion, it offers--through the vehicle of mathematics--unique cultural encounters to any reader.
Download or read book Middle East and Islam written by Paul Auchterlonie and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Complete Idiot s Guide to Middle East Conflict written by Mitchell Geoffrey Bard and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2008 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is, perhaps, no other place in the world fraught with as much turmoil as the Middle East. This updated guide provides readers with an intense look at current events and the ever-changing political and social landscape, as well as the history-ancient and modern-of the region. This latest edition of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict offers a completely updated view of events in the region through the corrective lens of present-day knowledge, as well as a look at what's going on there right now- The rearming of Hezbollah, and what it may mean to Israel and the Lebanese government. The increased threat of Iran-despite increased pressure from the United States and Europe, its acquisition of nuclear weapons may only be a matter of time. With Hamas controlling Gaza and the Palestinian Authority now divided, can the Palestinians present a united position in peace talks? The evacuation from Gaza-has this peace measure only led to a launching pad for a new front in a war against Israel?
Download or read book Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East written by Hossein Askari and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East evaluates the general role that tax policies have played in the economic development of the Middle East since 1945 and proposes some recommendations on how fiscal tools could be better used to promote further advancement in this region. This book is divided into six parts. Part I contains the purpose and outline of the study, while Part II discusses the economic aspects of the major categories of taxes used in most developing countries. The fiscal history and categorical breakdown of the tax profiles of 16 Middle Eastern countries are reviewed in Part III. Part IV analyzes the literature on econometric models that explain differences among countries in tax effort. In Part V, the differences in relative tax efforts across 16 countries with considerations in Islamic history, culture, and natural resource endowment are elaborated. The last part summarizes the entire study. This publication is a good reference for economists and specialists concerned with the taxation and tax policies in the Middle East.
