Download or read book Towards an Islamic Lunisolar Calendar written by Hisham Abad and published by Hisham Abad. This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Calendar was invented in ancient times to allow nations to pace their economic and social activities with climatic seasons. Throughout the history of civilizations, much depended on organizing and administering an accurate calendar. Hunter-gatherers needed the calendar to predict the migrations of herds of wild animals. As humanity advanced, farming communities required calendars to predict the coming of rain or the time of the flooding of rivers. Traders and seafaring communities needed to map the best time of the year to tackle the dangers of seas when sailing far from home. In contemporary times of globalization, calendars have become even more critical in optimizing the complex supply chains of local and global production cycles. Oral traditions ascertain that the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula used a rudimentary lunisolar calendar, called in the literature the “Arabian Calendar.” Like with all nations, the lunisolar Arabian Calendar helped the Arabs organize their meager resources in the best ways possible. For example, research showed that the Ḥajj season and its pan-Arabian markets were scheduled to coincide with the date harvesting season peaking from July to September. The abundance of the date harvest available in this period, along with assigning the concept of inviolability to the Arabian months spanning this season, allowed them to travel across Arabia to Mecca to trade in the pan-Arabian markets and to participate in the religious rituals of their pilgrimage (the Ḥajj). It is asserted in this book that Prophet Muḥammad followed the lunisolar Arabian Calendar all his life. At the end of the tenth year after he migrated from Mecca to Medīna, and during his Farewell Pilgrimage, the Qurʾān sternly abolished the process of intercalation, i.e., the Nasīʾ, the very process which allowed the Arabs to organize their various economic and religious activities. When Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb initiated the Hijri Calendar seven years after Prophet Muḥammad death, i.e., in 17 AH, he founded it as “purely lunar,” which meant its months were allowed to float within the solar year. Caliph ʿUmar is famous for his zeal in protecting the fundamental Islamic principle of monotheism. This, I show, was the reason for introducing the Hijri Calendar as purely lunar, because “Nasīʾ,” i.e., Quraysh’s method of intercalation was hopelessly entangled with the polytheistic religion of Quraysh, the Prophet’s tribe, and the guardian of the holy places in Mecca and its environs. The harmful effects of following the purely lunar Hijri Calendar were realized from early on. But the prohibition of Nasīʾ inhibited the early Islamic caliphs from reforming the Hijri Calendar. This book explores the history of the Arabian Calendar and its intimate connection with the Hijri Calendar. The main findings of this book are as follows: 1- The main Ḥajj shrines in Macca are aligned in the direction of sunrises and sunsets of the Summer Solstice day. 2- Quraysh intercalated its Arabian Calendar by forcing the Summer Solstice (SS) Day to occur within the 11th month of the Arabian Calendar, Shawwāl. The Nasīʾ month was added when the onset of the SS was about to transfer to into the 11th month Dhū’l Qaʿda. 3- The onset of the SS day was determined through the sunset alignment along the line joining the posts of “al-Wosṭā and al-ʿAqaba Jamarāt, and also by observing the sun rising from behind the peak of mount Thabīr from the location of the sacrificial altar of pre-Islamic Mina. 4- The Prophet arrived in his migration from Mecca to Medīna on the Days of ʿĀshūrāʾ which corresponded to the dates of 8th of Rabīʿ-I, the 10th of the Hebrew month Tishri, and to the 23rd of September 632. 5- The epoch of the Hijri Calendar must be adjusted back by two days from the epoch used so far. 6- The Farewell Pilgrimage occurred in autumn on September 4, 632 CE, not in spring on March 11, 632 CE.
Download or read book Medieval Islamic Civilization A K index written by Josef W. Meri and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2006 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher description
Download or read book The Islamic World written by John L. Esposito and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-13 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the events of September 11, 2001, students and people everywhere are filled with questions about Islam. What do Muslims believe? Who is Osama bin Laden? What is a jihad? Even though Islam is a major religion with more than one billion followers worldwide and more than six million in the United States alone, there is still uncertainty and misunderstanding about the ideas, tenets, and practice of Islam. Understanding Islam and the people who believe in it has become crucially important in the greater world. The Islamic World: Past and Present is the ideal source for fostering understanding and answering questions. John Esposito's acclaimed four-volume The Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (1995) set the standard in references on Islam. Adapted from this award-winning set, The Islamic World: Past and Present brings all the scholarship and information of the original to general readers and college and high school students. In addition to the more approachable language and user-friendly page layout, this reference covers events and changes of the last eight years. It also includes entirely new entries to provide coverage of the pre-modern world of Islam. Containing more than 300 articles, it provides an excellent, comprehensive resource for gaining understanding into a belief system that seems mysterious and incomprehensible to many.
Download or read book Islamic Beliefs Practices and Cultures written by Marshall Cavendish Reference Staff and published by Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. This book was released on 2011-01-15 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces the ideas promoted by Islam's founder in the seventh century and tracking their development into new doctrines, schools of thought, and philosophical, literary, and cultural traditions as diverse as recitation of scripture in madrassas in Egypt
Download or read book Medieval Islamic Civilization written by Josef W. Meri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-10-31 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medieval Islamic Civilization examines the socio-cultural history of the regions where Islam took hold between the seventh and sixteenth century. This important two-volume work contains over 700 alphabetically arranged entries, contributed and signed by international scholars and experts in fields such as Arabic languages, Arabic literature, architecture, art history, history, history of science, Islamic arts, Islamic studies, Middle Eastern studies, Near Eastern studies, politics, religion, Semitic studies, theology, and more. This reference provides an exhaustive and vivid portrait of Islamic civilization including the many scientific, artistic, and religious developments as well as all aspects of daily life and culture. For a full list of entries, contributors, and more, visit www.routledge-ny.com/middleages/Islamic.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Islam written by Juan Eduardo Campo and published by Infobase Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the terms, concepts, personalities, historical events, and institutions that helped shape the history of this religion and the way it is practiced today.
Download or read book Islamic Culture written by Farid Younos and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Islamic Culture: A Study of Cultural Anthropology,” illustrates Islamic culture from an anthropological point of view. It shows that Islam as a way of life relates to all cultural aspects based upon the tradition of its Prophet, Mohammad. For the ?rst time, this study shows that the Prophet of Islam is the founder of Islamic culture and this culture is not an inherited concept but based upon a revelation received from God.
Download or read book The Blessed Days and Nights of the Islamic Year written by Hüseyin Algül and published by Tughra Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The blessed days, nights, and months are each a distinctive sign of Islam. They are celebrated by Muslims all around the world in due respect to their unique worth and sanctity that make them distinct from the rest of the year. Although the worth and sanctity of these special times have essentially been shaped by the Islamic tradition from the seventh century onwards, most of these dates have their origins far back in history.
Download or read book Time in Early Modern Islam written by Stephen P. Blake and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-11 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prophet Muhammad and the early Islamic community radically redefined the concept of time that they had inherited from earlier religions' beliefs and practices. This new temporal system, based on a lunar calendar and era, was complex and required sophistication and accuracy. From the ninth to the sixteenth centuries, it was the Muslim astronomers of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires who were responsible for the major advances in mathematics, astronomy and astrology. This fascinating study compares the Islamic concept of time, and its historical and cultural significance, across these three great empires. Each empire, while mindful of earlier models, created a new temporal system, fashioning a new solar calendar and era and a new round of rituals and ceremonies from the cultural resources at hand. This book contributes to our understanding of the Muslim temporal system and our appreciation of the influence of Islamic science on the Western world.
Download or read book Routledge Revivals Medieval Islamic Civilization 2006 written by Josef Meri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic civilization flourished in the Middle Ages across a vast geographical area that spans today's Middle and Near East. First published in 2006, Medieval Islamic Civilization examines the socio-cultural history of the regions where Islam took hold between the 7th and 16th centuries. This important two-volume work contains over 700 alphabetically arranged entries, contributed and signed by international scholars and experts in fields such as Arabic languages, Arabic literature, architecture, history of science, Islamic arts, Islamic studies, Middle Eastern studies, Near Eastern studies, politics, religion, Semitic studies, theology, and more. Entries also explore the importance of interfaith relations and the permeation of persons, ideas, and objects across geographical and intellectual boundaries between Europe and the Islamic world. This reference work provides an exhaustive and vivid portrait of Islamic civilization and brings together in one authoritative text all aspects of Islamic civilization during the Middle Ages. Accessible to scholars, students and non-specialists, this resource will be of great use in research and understanding of the roots of today's Islamic society as well as the rich and vivid culture of medieval Islamic civilization.
Download or read book Islam written by and published by PediaPress. This book was released on with total page 955 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Islamic Thought written by Abdullah Saeed and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic Thought is a fresh and contemporary introduction to the philosophies and doctrines of Islam. Abdullah Saeed, a distinguished Muslim scholar, traces the development of religious knowledge in Islam, from the pre-modern to the modern period. The book focuses on Muslim thought, as well as the development, production and transmission of religious knowledge, and the trends, schools and movements that have contributed to the production of this knowledge. Key topics in Islamic culture are explored, including the development of the Islamic intellectual tradition, the two foundation texts, the Qur’an and Hadith, legal thought, theological thought, mystical thought, Islamic Art, philosophical thought, political thought, and renewal, reform and rethinking today. Through this rich and varied discussion, Saeed presents a fascinating depiction of how Islam was lived in the past and how its adherents practise it in the present. Islamic Thought is essential reading for students beginning the study of Islam but will also interest anyone seeking to learn more about one of the world’s great religions.
Download or read book Islam FAQ written by Jim McCrudden and published by Islam FAQ. This book was released on 2008 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [From a review posted on the net.] The blurb on the back says "There are surprises in this book." No kidding. There are surprises on every page. This is the definitive ´everything you wanted to know about Muslims but were too afraid to ask´ book. And, actually, you´d do well to be afraid because some of the answers to the faqs are a bit scary. And surprising. And occasionally not an answer at all. Take this answer about whether or not pictures are forbidden by Islam for example. "Given the choice of sticking an icepick up your nose, or reconciling the points of view, go for the icepick. It´s all over in a second or two that way". In a lot of ways this is really a very funny book on a very serious subject and the tone, throughout, is conversational rather than conspiratorial. It´s extraordinarily readable. The author puts none of his own opinions in and this removes the sense that you are being driven to somebody´s point of view. The Question that I most Frequently Asked myself while reading Islam F.A.Q was "Where is the faqing index?" This would be a great reference book for schools etc but...no index. Where´s the stuff on Fatwa? Apostasy? Taliban? Jihad? All these are well covered but unless you dog ear the pages, you´ll be trawling back and forth trying to find what you want. It´s probably because I am a senior school teacher that I think like this, and in the back of my mind there is the thought that this author has come up with a brand new genre. The non-fiction book that is meant to be read for an overall picture, not bought for research. I guess the best way to read it is from the beginning. All the way through. Buy it but be prepared for surprises.
Download or read book An Introduction to Islam for Jews written by Reuven Firestone and published by Jewish Publication Society. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helping Jews understand Islam--a reasoned and candid view
Download or read book The Islamic Scholarly Tradition written by Asad Q. Ahmed and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the expansive scholarly expertise of former students of Professor Michael Allan Cook, this volume contains highly original articles in Islamic history, law, and thought. The contributions range from studies in the pre-Islamic calendar, to the "blood-money group" in Islamic law, to transformations in Arabic logic.
Download or read book Islam in the Era of Globalization written by Johan Meuleman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-09-30 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization, modernity and identity are fundamental issues in contemporary Islam and Islamic Studies. This collection of essays reflects the wide diversity that characterises contemporary Islamic Studies. The case studies cover regions stretching from China and Southeast Asia to diaspora communities in the Caribbean and Tajikistan. There is significant participation of intellectual voices from all areas concerned, providing a real contribution to the academic exchange between the Muslim and the Euro-American worlds.
Download or read book Islamic Faith in America written by James A. Beverley and published by Infobase Learning. This book was released on 2015-04-29 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the second-largest world religion, Islam is also one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States.
