Download or read book Building Asset Based Transitions to Postsecondary Education with Multilingual Students with Disabilities written by Audrey A. Trainor and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important volume presents the results from a five-year, mixed methods study on the transition from high school to postsecondary education for young adults who, during secondary school, received both English learner and special education services. It aims to improve our understanding of, and thus the supportive service provisions for, the dually identified student population in secondary and higher education settings. The book explores dually identified students’ complex and intersectional experiences, strengths, and needs using multiple methods of inquiry, including the examination of educational transition-focused policies and practices, a comprehensive review of research results, case studies, and comparative analysis of key stakeholder perspectives for this student population. With a focus on equitable, culturally sustaining transition research and practice, the book informs graduate students, researchers, and teacher educators about how to mitigate the effects of historical marginalization, increasing our collective understanding of intersectional experiences and how they shape young adults’ choices as they leave high school and move into young adulthood.

Download or read book Transition by Design written by Audrey Trainor and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2017-03-24 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transitions to adulthood for adolescents with disabilities are as diverse as the adolescents themselves. While there have been marked improvements for students with disabilities, there is still concern that employment education and independent living outcomes are not equitable across groups of students. For example, adolescents of color are more likely to face exclusionary discipline procedures in school resulting in detention and court involvement which, in turn, can limit access to educational opportunities in inclusive settings. Recommending a shift toward strengths-based approaches to research and practice, Trainor explores how all stakeholders, including researchers and practitioners, can help shape equitable opportunities for youth with disabilities in transition. Transition by Design reframes disability, diversity, and equity during the transition from high school to adulthood. Book Features: Uses a unique theoretical framework in transition: cultivating a culture of practice. Lays out an in-depth examination of the school-to-prison pipeline as a major issue in transition. Examines health status and healthcare access issues relative to transition. Calls for culturally responsive approaches to research by exposing the limitations of intervention methods and holes in the extant literature.

Download or read book Deaf and Hard of Hearing Learners With Disabilities written by Caroline Guardino and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-14 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers foundational information and research-based strategies for meeting the needs of deaf and hard of hearing learners with disabilities. The disabilities covered in this volume include developmental delays, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual and learning disabilities, deafblindness, emotional and behavioral disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a variety of high incidence syndromes. Contributors examine the literature within each disability category, share best practices, and consider demographics/characteristics, intervention/identification, placement, communication/language, psychosocial issues, assistive technologies/accommodations, assessments, and transition/post-secondary outcomes. Each chapter begins with learning objectives and concludes with discussion questions and a resource list. Deaf and Hard of Hearing Learners with Disabilities is an essential book for courses at the undergraduate and graduate level, and in workshops and webinars for in-service teachers, professionals, and families.

Download or read book Improving Education for Multilingual and English Learner Students written by and published by . This book was released on 2020-11 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Funds of Knowledge written by Norma Gonzalez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-04-21 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of "funds of knowledge" is based on a simple premise: people are competent and have knowledge, and their life experiences have given them that knowledge. The claim in this book is that first-hand research experiences with families allow one to document this competence and knowledge, and that such engagement provides many possibilities for positive pedagogical actions. Drawing from both Vygotskian and neo-sociocultural perspectives in designing a methodology that views the everyday practices of language and action as constructing knowledge, the funds of knowledge approach facilitates a systematic and powerful way to represent communities in terms of the resources they possess and how to harness them for classroom teaching. This book accomplishes three objectives: It gives readers the basic methodology and techniques followed in the contributors' funds of knowledge research; it extends the boundaries of what these researchers have done; and it explores the applications to classroom practice that can result from teachers knowing the communities in which they work. In a time when national educational discourses focus on system reform and wholesale replicability across school sites, this book offers a counter-perspective stating that instruction must be linked to students' lives, and that details of effective pedagogy should be linked to local histories and community contexts. This approach should not be confused with parent participation programs, although that is often a fortuitous consequence of the work described. It is also not an attempt to teach parents "how to do school" although that could certainly be an outcome if the parents so desired. Instead, the funds of knowledge approach attempts to accomplish something that may be even more challenging: to alter the perceptions of working-class or poor communities by viewing their households primarily in terms of their strengths and resources, their defining pedagogical characteristics. Funds of Knowledge: Theorizing Practices in Households, Communities, and Classrooms is a critically important volume for all teachers and teachers-to-be, and for researchers and graduate students of language, culture, and education.

Download or read book The Pedagogy of Pathologization written by Subini Ancy Annamma and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WINNER OF THE 2019 AESA CRITICS' CHOICE BOOK AWARD WINNER OF THE 2018 NATIONAL WOMEN'S STUDIES ASSOCIATION ALISON PIEPMEIER BOOK PRIZE Linking powerful first-person narratives with structural analysis, The Pedagogy of Pathologization explores the construction of criminal identities in schools via the intersections of race, disability, and gender. amid the prevalence of targeted mass incarceration. Focusing uniquely on the pathologization of female students of color, whose voices are frequently engulfed by labels of deviance and disability, a distinct and underrepresented experience of the school-to-prison pipeline is detailed through original qualitative methods rooted in authentic narratives. The book’s DisCrit framework, grounded in interdisciplinary research, draws on scholarship from critical race theory, disability studies, education, women’s and girl’s studies, legal studies, and more.

Download or read book Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-08-25 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educating dual language learners (DLLs) and English learners (ELs) effectively is a national challenge with consequences both for individuals and for American society. Despite their linguistic, cognitive, and social potential, many ELsâ€"who account for more than 9 percent of enrollment in grades K-12 in U.S. schoolsâ€"are struggling to meet the requirements for academic success, and their prospects for success in postsecondary education and in the workforce are jeopardized as a result. Promoting the Educational Success of Children and Youth Learning English: Promising Futures examines how evidence based on research relevant to the development of DLLs/ELs from birth to age 21 can inform education and health policies and related practices that can result in better educational outcomes. This report makes recommendations for policy, practice, and research and data collection focused on addressing the challenges in caring for and educating DLLs/ELs from birth to grade 12.

Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Emotions and Education Promoting Positive Mental Health in Students with Learning Disabilities written by Nicholas D. Young and published by Vernon Press. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an experienced team of practitioners and scholars, this text attempts to fill the gap in texts that specifically address the needs of Learning Disabilities (LD) students in the socioemotional and mental health domains. By providing a foundational understanding of some of the salient issues facing students with learning disabilities, we hope to empower all of those who are working to ensure their success by providing the particular challenges that LD students and their families may face, and strategies and best practices for building creativity, resiliency, prosocial behavior, and positive mental health. As a practitioner and family-oriented text, this book seeks to offer a truncated review of relevant literature followed by suggestions to guide practice.

Download or read book Understanding Developing and Writing Effective IEPs written by Roger Pierangelo and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2007-04-06 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by legal and education experts and aligned with the reauthorization of IDEA 2004, this practical resource provides a step-by-step plan for creating, writing, and evaluating IEPs.

Download or read book Educating English Language Learners written by Fred Genesee and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a review of scientific research on the learning outcomes of students with limited or no proficiency in English in U.S. schools. Research on students in kindergarten to grade 12 is reviewed. The primary chapters of the book focus on these students' acquisition of oral language skills in English, their development of literacy (reading & writing) skills in English, instructional issues in teaching literacy, and achievement in academic domains (i.e., mathematics, science, and reading). The reviews and analyses of the research are relatively technical with a focus on research quality, design characteristics, and statistical analyses. The book provides a set of summary tables that give details about each study, including full references, characteristics of the students in the research, assessment tools and procedures, and results. A concluding chapter summarizes the major issues discussed and makes recommendations about particular areas that need further research.

Download or read book Subtractive Schooling written by Angela Valenzuela and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2010-03-31 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2000 Outstanding Book Award presented by the American Educational Research Association Winner of the 2001 American Educational Studies Association Critics' Choice Award Honorable Mention, 2000 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Awards Subtractive Schooling provides a framework for understanding the patterns of immigrant achievement and U.S.-born underachievement frequently noted in the literature and observed by the author in her ethnographic account of regular-track youth attending a comprehensive, virtually all-Mexican, inner-city high school in Houston. Valenzuela argues that schools subtract resources from youth in two major ways: firstly by dismissing their definition of education and secondly, through assimilationist policies and practices that minimize their culture and language. A key consequence is the erosion of students' social capital evident in the absence of academically oriented networks among acculturated, U.S.-born youth.

Download or read book The Accidental Teacher written by Annie Lubliner Lehmann and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2009-06-02 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mother's honest, unvarnished, and touching memoir about the life lessons she learned from a son with autism

Download or read book Transition from School to Work written by Paul Wehman and published by Brookes Publishing Company. This book was released on 1987 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Participation and ICT written by Moa Yngve and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: The use of information and communication technology (ICT) has been highlighted over the past 20 years as a promising accommodation to improve participation in school activities among students with special educational needs (SEN). However, evidence is still needed. In addition, little attention has been given to students opportunities for participation in school activities, their need for and access to support in school activities among students with SEN in upper secondary education. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about the participation in school activities of students with special educational needs in regular upper secondary education before and after they received an ICT intervention, and subsequently their participation in productive occupations. Methods: This thesis comprises four studies in which secondary data from a sample of students with SEN in upper secondary education that had received an ICT intervention was used. Secondary data of students was retrieved from two intervention projects in which school personnel identified students with SEN based on the following criteria: difficulties in achieving educational goals, or completing school assignments and/or high levels of school absence. The first study included secondary data for 509 students with SEN who had given written informed consent to participate in the research. Of these, about forty percent did not have any educational support at inclusion. Based on the pool of 509 students, study-specific criteria was applied in three successive studies. Study I was a psychometric evaluation of the assessment instrument the School Setting Interview (SSI), which measures the student–environment fit and identifies students’ potential need for support in 16 school activities. Rasch analysis was used to examine the targeting, model fit, functioning of items and response categories, and unidimensionality of the SSI scale. Study II used descriptive statistics to examine the perceived need for, and access to, support in school activities among 484 students. In addition, a logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with students who perceived a need for support in school activities to the highest extent. In study III, the influence of an individualised ICT intervention on participation in school activities was evaluated among 300 students with SEN. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse students SSI assessments before and after the intervention, their school attendance, and pass grades. A Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test and a t-test investigated differences in support needs and the interval measure of student–environment fit, generated via Rasch analysis, before and after the ICT intervention. Chi-square analyses and t-tests were performed to investigate differences between students who had and had not achieved a significant improvement in student–environment fit after the intervention. Study IV applied an embedded mixed-methods approach. Participants who had agreed during study III to be contacted one year after upper secondary education (n = 244) received a questionnaire to investigate their participation in productive occupations. Eighty-one answered the questionnaire. In addition, 20 participated in a semi-structured interview using the Swedish version of the Worker Role Interview (WRI) to investigate their perceived work ability. Data from the questionnaire and the participants’ WRI ratings were analysed using descriptive statistics, and group comparisons were performed between participants who were and were not established in productive occupations. Written notes from the WRI rating forms were analysed using a deductive content analysis. Findings: The students with SEN perceived a need for support in several school activities (Mdn 7) and were rarely satisfied with the support that the school had provided (study II). It was demonstrated that the academic school activities: Remember things, Write, Do homework, Read and Take exams, in which more than two-thirds of the students perceived a need for support, were in need of most improvements to promote students’ participation. Study II further showed that students with a high level of school absence, enrolled in a vocational programme or with a neuropsychiatric disorder were those who perceived the greatest need for support in school activities. The psychometric evaluation of the SSI in study I provided support for the construct validity of the SSI for measuring the student–environment fit among students with SEN in upper secondary education. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the rating categories of the scale did not function as intended which led to a post hoc categorisation of items with disordered thresholds in Study III in order to obtain reliable measurements of student– environment fit before and after the ICT intervention. Study III showed that an individualised ICT intervention, including computer, tablet and/or smartphone with software, and services to use the ICT as support in school activities, increased the student–environment fit. After the intervention, the decrease in students’ support needs and improved student–environment fit were found to be statistically significant with large effect sizes. Just over half of the students had increased or maintained their school attendance and obtained pass grades in all the courses in which they were enrolled in English, Mathematics and Swedish. The ICT intervention proved to be most beneficial for students who experienced fewer than the median number of support needs in school activities (Mdn 6), who had been without previous support in school and for students with pass grades. One year after upper secondary education, almost two-thirds (63%) of the participating 81 former students with SEN were either working or enrolled in further studies. The group that was established in work or further studies had obtained pass grades in all subjects to a greater extent and had received time-assisting ICT to a lesser extent during the intervention in their upper secondary education than the group that was not established (study IV). The former students with SEN believed in their work ability and were optimistic and motivated about future work or studies. During the process of finding and obtaining a productive role as an employee or student, the participants perceived social support from friends and family. Conclusion: This thesis demonstrated restricted participation in several school activities among the students with SEN in upper secondary education and students were rarely satisfied with the support that the school had provided. Findings indicated that the academic school activities: Remember things, Write, Do homework, Read and Take exams were in need of most improvements to promote participation among students with SEN. Attention should also be given to identifying the need for support in school activities among students with a high level of school absence, enrolled in vocational programmes or with a neuropsychiatric disorder. In this process, the SSI can be used as a valid assessment instrument. An individualised ICT intervention has the potential to provide students with SEN better opportunities to participate in school activities. Findings also indicated that the former upper secondary school students with SEN who had received an individualised ICT intervention had belief in their work ability. Bakgrund: En godkänd gymnasieexamen är ofta en förutsättning för ungdomars möjlighet att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden eller för att studera vidare. Ungdomar som inte lyckas etablera sig i arbete eller vidare studier löper ökad risk för ohälsa. Gymnasieelever som har behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter tar i lägre utsträckning gymnasieexamen. Elever som av olika anledningar har svårt att nå kunskapsmålen är berättigade adekvata stödinsatser för att stimulera deras lärande och utveckling. Kunskapen om gymnasieelevers behov av och tillgång till stöd i skolaktiviteter är dock begränsad. Dessutom saknas det valida och reliabla bedömningsinstrument för att identifiera elevers behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter och för att utvärdera stödinsatser som syftar till att öka elevers möjlighet till aktivitet och delaktighet. Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) har under de senaste 20 åren lyfts fram som en möjlig och lovande stödinsats för att möjliggöra ökad delaktighet i skolaktiviteter och ge elever i behov av stöd bättre förutsättningar att nå kunskapsmålen. Forskning saknas dock kring vilken påverkan användning av IKT i skolaktiviteter kan ha för elevers delaktighet. Dessutom efterfrågas longitudinell uppföljning av deltagande i arbete och vidare studier bland elever som erhållit stödinsatser under sin gymnasieutbildning. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att öka kunskapen om delaktighet i skolaktiviteter för gymnasieelever i behov av stöd innan och efter de erhöll en IKT-intervention, och sedermera elevernas deltagande i arbete och vidare studier. Metod: Avhandlingen består av fyra delstudier där undersökningsgruppen utgörs av gymnasieelever i behov av stöd som sedan tidigare deltagit i två interventionsprojekt. I projekten blev eleverna identifierade av skolpersonal utifrån deras svårigheter att nå utbildningsmål, genomföra skoluppgifter och/eller hade hög skolfrånvaro. Eleverna erhöll en IKT-intervention som stöd i skolaktiviteter. I avhandlingens första studie inkluderades sekundärdata för 509 elever i behov av stöd som gett skriftligt informerat samtycke till att delta i forskning. Av dessa hade cirka 40% inte erhållit något stöd i skolan sedan tidigare. Dessa 509 elever utgör basen för de efterföljande tre studierna som tillämpade studiespecifika kriterier. Studie I var en psykometrisk prövning av bedömningsinstrumentet Bedömning av Anpassningar i Skolmiljön (BAS). BAS syftar till att undersöka i vilken grad förutsättningarna i 16 vanliga skolaktiviteter överensstämmer med elevens förutsättningar (student–environment fit), och identifierar elevens eventuella behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter. Data analyserades med Rasch-analys för att undersöka hur väl BAS fångar målgruppens behov av stödinsatser i skolaktiviteter, hur ingående variabler och skattningsskalan fungerar samt huruvida BAS mäter det som instrumentet avser att mäta. I studie II användes deskriptiv statistik för att undersöka 484 elevers upplevda behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter och deras tillgång till adekvat stöd för kunna delta i skolaktiviteter. Dessutom tillämpades en logistisk regressionsanalys för att identifiera faktorer som var associerade med elever som upplevde behov av stöd i många skolaktiviteter. Studie III syftade till att undersöka om en individuellt utformad IKTintervention inverkade på 300 elevers delaktighet i skolaktiviteter. Deskriptiv statistik användes för att analysera elevernas BAS-bedömningar före och efter intervention, deras skolnärvaro och godkända betyg. Skillnad i antal upplevda behov innan och efter intervention undersöktes med Wilcoxons teckenrangtest. T-test genomfördes för att jämföra elevernas student– environment fit, genererad via Rasch-analys, före och efter intervention. Chi-två-test och t-test genomfördes för att undersöka skillnader mellan elever som hade, och inte hade, uppnått en statistiskt signifikant förbättrad student–environment fit. I studie IV kontaktades 244 deltagare, som i studie III accepterat uppföljning ett år efter gymnasiet, i syfte att undersöka deras deltagande i arbete och vidare studier samt deras upplevda arbetsförmåga. Data samlades in via ett frågeformulär (n=81) och semistrukturerade intervjuer (n=20) där den svenska versionen av instrumentet the Worker Role Interview (WRI) användes. Formulärdata och deltagarnas WRI-skattning analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och gruppjämförelser genomfördes mellan deltagare som var och inte var etablerade i arbete eller eftergymnasiala studier. Skriftliga anteckningar från de 20 WRI-sammanställningsblanketterna analyserades med en teoriguidad (deduktiv) innehållsanalys. Resultat: Eleverna upplevde behov av stöd i flertalet skolaktiviteter (median= 7) och bristfällig tillgång till tillfredsställande stödinsatser (studie II). Mer än två tredjedelar av eleverna upplevde behov av stöd inom akademiska skolaktiviteter: Komma ihåg saker, Skriva, Göra läxor, Läsa och Göra prov. I dessa skolaktiviteter hade endast en liten andel elever (4-24%) erhållit stödinsatser som de ansåg var tillfredsställande och majoriteten hade inte erhållit något stöd alls. Studie II visade att hög skolfrånvaro, att gå ett yrkesinriktat gymnasieprogram eller att ha en neuropsykiatrisk diagnos var associerat med att uppleva behov av stöd i många skolaktiviteter. Den psykometriska prövningen av BAS visade att bedömningsinstrumentet uppvisade validitet för att mäta student–environment fit bland gymnasieelever i behov av stöd. Vidare upptäcktes att skattningsskalans kategorier inte fungerade som tänkt, vilket ledde till en bearbetning av kategorierna i studie III för att erhålla reliabla mätningar av student–environment fit före och efter IKT-interventionen. Studie III visade att en individuellt utformad IKT-intervention, innehållandes dator, surfplatta och/eller smart telefon med anpassade mjukvaror och stöd för att använda tekniken i skolaktiviteter, ökade elevernas student– environment fit. Efter interventionen upplevde de 300 eleverna statistiskt signifikant färre behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter och statistiskt signifikant högre student–environment fit. Drygt hälften av eleverna hade ökat eller bibehållit sin skolnärvaro och fått godkända betyg i samtliga kurser i engelska, matematik och svenska. IKT-interventionen visade sig vara mest fördelaktig för elever som upplevde något färre antal behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter, som inte hade stöd i skolan innan IKT-interventionen och för elever med godkända betyg. Ett år efter gymnasiet hade nästan två tredjedelar (63%) av de deltagande 81 före detta eleverna etablerat sig i arbete eller vidare studier. Gruppen som etablerat sig i arbete eller vidare studier hade i större utsträckning godkända betyg och hade i mindre utsträckning erhållit tidsassisterande IKT under gymnasiet. I den kvalitativa analysen framkom att de före detta eleverna hade tro på sin arbetsförmåga, de var optimistiska och motiverade i relation till framtida arbete eller studier. De upplevde att de hade stöd från vänner och familj i processen att etablera sig i en produktiv roll och i att upprätthålla den. Slutsats: Avhandlingen visade att gymnasieelever i behov av stöd upplever begränsad delaktighet i flertalet skolaktiviteter och att de sällan har erhållit anpassningar som de är nöjda med. Resultaten indikerade att skolmiljön främst i akademiska skolaktiviteter behöver förbättras för att främja delaktighet bland gymnasieelever i behov av stöd. Behov av stödinsatser var störst bland elever med hög skolfrånvaro, i yrkesinriktade program eller med neuropsykiatrisk diagnos. Dessa elevers behov av stöd bör uppmärksammas och utredas. I enlighet med avhandlingens fynd kan BAS användas för att ta fram valid information om behov av stöd i skolaktiviteter, varpå stödinsatser kan planeras och utvärderas för att öka elevers delaktighet i skolaktiviteter. Avhandlingen visade att en individuellt utformad IKTintervention kan öka delaktigheten i skolaktiviteter för elever i behov av stöd i gymnasieskolan. Resultaten indikerade också att elever som upplevt behov av stöd i gymnasieskolan och som erhållit en IKT-intervention hade tro på sin arbetsförmåga.

Download or read book Multilingual Higher Education written by Christa van der Walt and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2013-04-08 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that a multilingual approach to higher education is imperative in an increasingly globalised education environment. Higher education cannot afford a narrow focus on English language proficiency; this book addresses the need to acknowledge other languages explicitly in classroom instruction and student learning to improve student success, to widen access and to internationalise institutions.

Download or read book Culturally Responsive Teaching and The Brain written by Zaretta Hammond and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold, brain-based teaching approach to culturally responsive instruction To close the achievement gap, diverse classrooms need a proven framework for optimizing student engagement. Culturally responsive instruction has shown promise, but many teachers have struggled with its implementation—until now. In this book, Zaretta Hammond draws on cutting-edge neuroscience research to offer an innovative approach for designing and implementing brain-compatible culturally responsive instruction. The book includes: Information on how one’s culture programs the brain to process data and affects learning relationships Ten “key moves” to build students’ learner operating systems and prepare them to become independent learners Prompts for action and valuable self-reflection