Download or read book Breast Density Quantification Using Structured light Diffuse Optical Tomography written by Jessica Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anatomical breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, where women with larger amounts of dense fibroglandular tissue (FGT) are more likely to develop breast cancer. Clinical models that consider personal information about a woman (age, family history, and genetics) to predict her risk for breast cancer can help her customize their own screening options or consider preventative measures. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to quantitatively measure the FGT volume, its high-cost makes it impractical to implement. Optical methods provide an appealing alternative, where the systems are low-cost and easily compactable, which makes clinical implementation easier. Optical tomography can spatially resolve and measure the concentration of relevant chromophores within the breast: water, lipid, oxy and deoxyhemoglobin. We have investigated the use of structured-light diffuse optical tomography (SL-DOT) in imaging the breast volume. In SL-DOT, spatially modulated light is illuminated and collected from the breast through the use of two digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs). Through both simulations and phantom studies, we found that SL-DOT is suitable for predicting the percentage of FGT when taking into consideration both the volume segmented from the chromophore maps and the recovered chromophore concentrations. A second independent risk factor in which we are interested is the functional breast density . After intravenous injection of a MRI contrast agent, the intensity of the FGT is enhanced to varying degrees among patients, referred to as background parenchymal enhancement (BPE). It has been shown that BPE is also correlated with breast cancer incidence, most likely due to the higher perfusion of nutrients in blood to the FGT. Because BPE is an indication of blood flow, we believe the hemoglobin content measured from SL-DOT will be correlated to the BPE seen in MRI; therefore, our technique can potentially measure two independent risk factors for breast cancer. Once clinically translated, SL-DOT can be used to measure both the anatomical and functional breast density inexpensively and quickly, allowing women to make informed decisions about their breast cancer screening.

Download or read book Compressive Diffuse Optical Tomography Based on Structured Light and Monte Carlo Methods written by Ruoyang Yao and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics written by Kinam Park and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomaterials for Cancer Therapeutics: Evolution and Innovation, Second Edition, discusses the role and potential of biomaterials in treating this prevalent disease. The first part of the book discusses the fundamentals of biomaterials for cancer therapeutics. Part Two discusses synthetic vaccines, proteins and polymers for cancer therapeutics. Part Three focuses on theranosis and drug delivery systems, while the final set of chapters look at biomaterial therapies and cancer cell interaction. Cancer affects people of all ages, and approximately one in three people are estimated to be diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime. Extensive research is being undertaken by many different institutions to explore potential new therapeutics, and biomaterials technology is being developed to target, treat and prevent cancer. Hence, this book is a welcomed resource to the discussion. - Provides a complete overview of the latest research into the potential of biomaterials for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer - Discusses how the properties of specific biomaterials make them important in cancer treatment - Covers synthetic vaccines, proteins and polymers for cancer therapeutics

Download or read book Compact and Robust Ultrasound guided Diffuse Optical Tomography for Breast Imaging System and Algorithm Developments written by Hamed Vavadi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, claiming lives of hundreds of thousands of women each year. Mammography, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used to detect and diagnose breast lesions and each of them have some disadvantages which motivates researchers to find a new and high sensitive imaging method. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive functional imaging modality that utilizes near-infrared (NIR) light to probe tissue optical properties. Minimal light absorption in the NIR spectrum allows for several centimeters of light penetration in soft tissue. NIR is sensitive to hemoglobin which is directly related to tumor angiogenesis. If multiple wavelengths are used, it can probe tumor oxygen saturation. However, DOT has drawbacks on location uncertainty and low light quantification accuracy due to tissue scattering of NIR light. Ultrasound (US)-guided Diffuse Optical Tomography has overcome these problems. The overall objective of my research is to move US-guided DOT one step closer from a research imaging modality to a commercial prototype for future wide use in clinics. To achieve this goal, I have overcome several challenges in both imaging hardware and software. In this Dissertation, I will discuss the progress we have made on development of two generations of US-guided DOT systems along with the software improvements. The developed systems have been improved in terms of robustness, stability, clinical safety and standards and user friendliness. In terms of software and algorithm development, automated methods for data selection, outlier removal and reference and perturbation filtering are presented. These methods have improved the robustness of the technique and increased speed of image formation by eliminating the need for an expert to perform data preprocessing and data selection. Phantom and clinical experimental results will be demonstrated to evaluate the performance of the developed systems and algorithms.

Download or read book Diffuse Optical Tomography written by Ruixin Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diffuse Optical Tomography has drawn more and more interests in the biomedical field over the recent couple of decades due to its ability to noninvasively recover not only tissue structural information but also functional and molecular properties. The contrasts that optical parameters could demonstrate in DOT are usually higher than those of the conventional methods. Based on these contrasts, different approaches had been developed applying DOT for imaging, and so far lots of efforts were spent on detecting breast cancer by imaging tissue absorption and scattering coefficients as well as hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation level. In this work, we tried to expand the ability of DOT in breast cancer detection by introducing Phase-contrast diffuse optical tomography (PCDOT). PCDOT uses near-infrared diffusing light to non-invasively reconstruct tissue refractive index (RI) distribution. RI depends on the tissue's physical and chemical properties and previous study revealed that it might serve as a promising imaging parameter in breast cancer detection. We've first developed a 2-step method to improve the PCDOT image both qualitatively and quantitatively at single-wavelength; then we've introduced a multispectral PCDOT algorithm to more efficiently reconstruct RI simultaneously with other tissue functional parameters and attempted to improve this algorithm by different structural regularization methods.

Download or read book Optical Imaging of Breast Cancers written by Yan Xu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ultrasound Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography for Breast Cancer Diagnosis written by K. M. Shihab Uddin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to National Breast Cancer Society, one in every eight women in United States is diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. American Cancer Society recommends a semi-annual breast-cancer screening for every woman which can be heavily facilitated by the availability of low-cost, non-invasive diagnostic method with good sensitivity and penetration depth. Ultrasound (US) guided Diffuse Optical Tomography (US-guided DOT) has been explored as a breast-cancer diagnostic and screening tool over the past two decades. It has demonstrated a great potential for breast-cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring and chemotherapy-response prediction. In this imaging method, optical measurements of four different wavelengths are used to reconstruct unknown optical absorption maps which are then used to calculate the hemoglobin concentration of the US-visible lesion. This dissertation focuses on algorithm development for robust data processing, imaging reconstruction and optimal breast cancer diagnostic strategy development in DOT. The inverse problem in DOT is ill-posed, ill-conditioned, and underdetermined. This makes the task of image reconstruction challenging, and thus regularization-based method need to be employed. In this dissertation, a simple two-step reconstruction method that can produce accurate image estimates in DOT is proposed and investigated. In the first step, a truncated Moore-Penrose Pseudoinverse solution is computed to obtain a preliminary estimate of the image. This estimate can be reliably determined from the measured data; subsequently, this preliminary estimate is incorporated into the design of a penalized least squares estimator that is employed to compute the final image estimate. Using physical phantoms, the proposed method was demonstrated to yield more accurate reconstruction compared to other conventional reconstruction methods. The method was also evaluated with clinical data that included 10 benign and 10 malignant cases. The capability of reconstructing high contrast malignant lesions improved by the use of the proposed method.Reconstructed absorption maps are prone to image artifacts from outliers in measurement data from tissue heterogeneity, bad coupling between tissue and light guides, and motion by patient or operator. In this dissertation, a new automated iterative perturbation correction algorithm is proposed to reduce image artifacts based on the structural similarity index (SSIM)) of absorption maps of four optical wavelengths. The SSIM was calculated for each wavelength to assess its similarity with other wavelengths. Absorption map was iteratively reconstructed and projected back into measurement space to quantify projection error. Outlier measurements with highest projection errors were iteratively removed until all wavelength images were structurally similar with SSIM values greater than a threshold. Clinical data demonstrated statistically significant improvement in image artifact reduction.US guidance with DOT helps to reduce false positive rate and hence reduce number of unnecessary biopsies. However, DOT data processing and image reconstruction speed remains slow compared to real-time US. Real-time or near real time diagnosis with DOT is an important step toward the clinical translation of the US-guided DOT. In this dissertation, to address this important need, we present a two-stage diagnostic strategy that is computationally efficient and accurate. In the first stage, benign lesions are identified in near real-time by use of a random forest classifier acting on the DOT measurements and radiologists' US diagnostic scores. The lesions that cannot be reliably classified by the random forest classifier will be passed on to the image reconstruction stage. Functional information from the reconstructed hemoglobin concentrations is used by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for diagnosis in the second stage. This two-step classification approach that combines both perturbation data and functional features results in improved classification, as quantified using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Using this two-step approach, area under the ROC curve (AUC) is 0.937 ± 0.009 with sensitivity of 91.4% and specificity of 85.7%. While using functional features and US score, AUC is 0.892 ± 0.027 with sensitivity of 90.2% and specificity of 74.5%. The specificity increased by more than 10% due to the implementation of the random forest classifier.

Download or read book Quantitative Biomedical Optics written by Irving J. Bigio and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-07 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on physical science principles, Quantitative Biomedical Optics covers theory, instrumentation, methods and applications, with practical exercises and problem sets.

Download or read book A Diffuse Optical Tomography System Combined with X ray Mammography for Improved Breast Cancer Detection written by Thomas John Brukilacchio and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The central thesis of this dissertation states that optical imaging of diffuse tissues must be combined in co-registration with a recognized gold standard of mammographic screening, i.e. X-ray mammography, to gain wide acceptance in the clinical environment. This multi-modality imaging approach promises to overcome the deficiencies of both imaging modalities by drawing on the strengths of each. Functional and structural image contrast would be provided by optical and high-resolution structural contrast by X-ray. Furthermore, the structural information provided by X-ray could be used to improve the optical image reconstruction by providing boundary information and soft constraints for weakly correlated structural contrast. Ultimately, image-processing techniques could be developed to provide the radiologist with a three-dimensional image indicative of both optical and X-ray contrast that would provide much greater information content than either modality alone.

Download or read book Diffuse Optical Tomography Imaging of Chemotherapy Induced Changes in Breast Tissue Metabolism written by Mirella Lorrainy Altoé and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lastly, our analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between DOT feature and mammographic density classification, which could lead to research on the potential use of DOT as a predictor of breast cancer as well as an assessment tool to longitudinally evaluate the efficacy of chemoprevention strategies. These findings represent important steps towards the translation of DOT into current clinical workflow to contribute to better-personalized breast cancer therapies and breast cancer risk management.

Download or read book Biophotonics in Pathology written by S. Cohen and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photonics is a term often used in relation to light-based circuits, but it is actually more inclusive, including the generation, emission, transmission, modulation and signal processing of light. Biophotonics is therefore a term which can be used to describe the development and application of optical techniques for the study of biological molecules, cells and tissues. This book presents some of the most promising new image-based and related technologies which have evolved in the last few years for the study, visualization, characterisation and analysis of abnormal cells and tissues, and discusses their current and potential applications in experimental pathology and clinical pathological diagnosis. The book contains more than a dozen papers contributed by experts in the field, and the technology is described in a manner accessible to an audience of pathologists, cell biologists and biochemists as well as biomedical engineers. Subjects covered include: advanced methods in fluorescence microscopy, automated image interpretation and computer-assisted diagnostics, magnetic resonance microscopy, impedence measurements in the biomedical sciences and raman scattering in pathology, among others. There is an increasing convergence of radiology and pathology, and although this book has been written from the perspective of pathology, it demonstrates a confluence of methodologies similar to those applied in radiology with morphological analysis at the cellular and tissue level, and will also be of interest to radiologists, as well as to other scientists and engineers working in overlapping areas.

Download or read book Parallel rapid diffuse optical tomography of breast written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last year we have experimentally and computationally investigated rapid acquisition and analysis of informationally dense diffuse optical data sets in the parallel plate compressed breast geometry. We have developed and tested a 3-dimensional image reconstruction algorithm for the diffusive wave inverse problem that runs on a parallel computer cluster. This code uses a finite difference method in the forward calculation, a novel Integro-Differential equation, previously developed by this group, in the reconstruction. There has been a significant improvement in our instrumentation and measurement capabilities. A hybrid RF/CW diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system measures limited number of frequency-domain reemission data and significantly larger continuous wave transmission data by a lens coupled CCD simultaneously. The wavelength of the light source is optically switched from 690, 750, 786 and 830 nm and then its position is switched among 45 different positions on the compression plate. The instrument and reconstruction algorithm performance have been tested using small silicone tissue phantoms as a tumor of various size and optical properties suspended into the liquid tissue phantom. The study of the effect of boundary between the matching fluid and breast has been initiated by building and taking measurements from tissue phantoms with breast shape, embedded with small objects with higher absorption or scattering.

Download or read book Spatially dense Multi spectral Frequency domain Diffuse Optical Tomography of Breast Cancer written by Han Yong Ban and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) employs near-infrared light to image the concentration of chromophores and cell organelles in tissue and thereby providing access to functional parameters that can differentiate cancerous from normal tissues. This thesis describes research at the bench and in the clinic that explores and identifies the potential of DOT breast cancer imaging. The bench and clinic instrumentation differ but share important features: they utilize a very large, spatially dense, set of source-detector pairs (10 7) for imaging in the parallel-plate geometry.

Download or read book Emerging Imaging Technologies in Medicine written by Mark A. Anastasio and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the discovery of x-rays in 1895 through the emergence of computed tomography (CT) in the 1970s and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the 1980s, non-invasive imaging has revolutionized the practice of medicine. While these technologies have thoroughly penetrated clinical practice, scientists continue to develop novel approaches that promise to push imaging into entirely new clinical realms, while addressing the issues of dose, sensitivity, or specificity that limit existing imaging approaches. Emerging Imaging Technologies in Medicine surveys a number of emerging technologies that have the promise to find routine clinical use in the near- (less than five years), mid- (five to ten years) and long-term (more than ten years) time frames. Each chapter provides a detailed discussion of the associated physics and technology, and addresses improvements in terms of dose, sensitivity, and specificity, which are limitations of current imaging approaches. In particular, the book focuses on modalities with clinical potential rather than those likely to have an impact mainly in preclinical animal imaging. The last ten years have been a period of fervent creativity and progress in imaging technology, with improvements in computational power, nanofabrication, and laser and detector technology leading to major new developments in phase-contrast imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and optical imaging.

Download or read book Concurrent Diffuse Optical Tomography Spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer written by Vasilis Ntziachristos and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physics of Mammographic Imaging written by Mia K. Markey and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2012-11-09 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the increasing number of digital mammograms and the advent of new kinds of three-dimensional x-ray and other forms of medical imaging, mammography is undergoing a dramatic change. To meet their responsibilities, medical physicists must constantly renew their knowledge of advances in medical imaging or radiation therapy, and must be prepared

Download or read book Characterization of Breast Cancer Using an Endogenous Tumor Spectral Marker written by Shanshan Xu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical imaging has enjoyed a large following in cancer in general and breast cancer in particular (i.e., diffuse optical imaging, DOI and diffuse optical tomography, DOT). Optical imaging biomarkers emerge from modeling specific near-infrared (NIR) absorption signatures that are sensitive indicators of important molecular concentration and disposition. We have developed Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) by increasing spectral information content for the purpose of increasing access to molecular targets and states. Malignancy-specific optical imaging biomarkers may be important because the above-mentioned changes in tumor hemoglobin, water and lipids are a necessary but not a sufficient condition to classify therapeutic response. We note that for all therapeutic imaging assessments (i.e., mammography, ultrasound, MRI, PET) that the same case is true for their respective contrast mechanisms. By a novel spectral analysis method, we have discovered the presence of absorption signatures that are unique to malignant lesions. A reproducible absorption spectrum (Specific Tumor Component, STC) with several distinct spectral features emerges when compared with the normal absorption spectra (the flat line near zero) measured from the normal tissue of these subjects plus an additional 21 patients without any evidence of malignancy. These data demonstrate the existence of a spectral signature that acts as an optical biomarker for malignancy. We are not aware of any other such biomarker that combines high specificity with ease of application in the imaging field. This DOSI-measured malignancy-specific biomarker STC provides an ideal non-invasive surrogate biomarker for breast lesion detection and differentiation. Although STC offers both spectroscopic and quantitative information for breast malignancy, this method relies on complicated data analysis and lacks of standardization. Thus, it is still far from a clinical reality. In order to carry out a quantitative assessment of its potential in becoming a standardized clinical detection modality for tumor detection/prediction/prognosis, the longitudinal temporal stability of signatures must be evaluated and the detection limit must be set. The overall clinical goal is to evaluate the possibilities for STC detection method to become a future clinical practice. Building the linkage between pre-existing detection modalities (pathological biomarkers, DCE-MRI) and novel spectral signature detection is essential. The medical interpretation of the findings from conventional tools will shed light on the understanding and further employment of STC biomarker. Similarly, STC detection with a high diagnosis sensitivity and specificity could be very well an adjunct method for traditional modalities.