Download or read book Biological Blast Effects written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Blast Biology a Study of the Primary and Tertiary Effects of Blast in Open Underground Protective Shelters written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book BIOLOGICAL BLAST EFFECTS written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope and nature of several blast hazards are delineated. Tentative criteria are set forth for threshold damage to humans. These criteria are related 10 nuclear weapons in terms of ground ranges and areas involved for one MT and ten MT surface detonations. To allow appreciation of the relative importance of blast with other effects, appropriate values are noted for ionizing and thermal radiation. Four categories of blast hazards are defined, and the character of each is described. The occurrence of combined injuries from pressure, missiles, and displacement is discussed. Experiences in the Texas City disaster of 1947 are reviewed. Selected data relate environmental conditions to gross biologic damage from overpressures, missiles, and impact loading. 86 references. (C.H.).
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast written by Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast written by Clayton S. White and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current state of knowledge relevant to biological blast effects is summarized. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and miscellaneous blast effects are defined, and interspecies experimental data, useful in estimating human response, are presented. Tentative biological criteria defining safe levels of exposure are set forth as are survival curves for different conditions of exposure in Hiroshima. Comparative variations in range of the ''free-field'' effects as they vary with explosive yield are discussed. The fundamental requirement for surviving seconds, minutes, and hours to abet survival for days, weeks, months, and years is emphasized along with the necessity for planning protective measures against all hazardous weapons effects as one attractive alternative for minimizing casualties and maximizing survival in the event of nuclear war. (Author).
Download or read book BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BLAST Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current state of knowledge relevant to biological blast effects was summarized in a selective manner. Initially, five problems of concern to those who would relate the environmental variations produced by nuclear weapons with biological response and hazard assessment were pointed out. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and miscellaneous blast effects were defined and selected interspecies experimental data of a physical and pathophysiological nature useful in estimating human response were presented. Tentative biological criteria defining safe levels of exposure were set forth as were survival curves for different conditions of exposure in Hiroshima. These were discussed along with the comparative variations in range of the free-field effects as they vary with explosive yield. The fundamental requirement for surviving seconds, minutes, and hours to abet survival for days, weeks, months, and years was emphasized along with the necessity for planning protective measures against all hazardous weapons effects as one attractive alternative for minimizing casualties and maximizing survival in the event of a nuclear war. (auth).
Download or read book Compendium on the Biological Effects of Complex Blast Waves written by Donald R.. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast and Shock written by Donald R. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope of blast and shock biology was set forth as covering effects resulting from overpressure (primary), flying debris (secondary), and displacement (tertiary). Procedures employed in the laboratory for simulating the blast wave forms as they varied within structures on nuclear tests were described. For each effect, a selected summary of current information relating the physical parameters to given levels of biological response was presented. From this, the blast and shock hazards estimated for personnel, as a function of range and yield, were illustrated in the form of curves. The range-yield- effects relationship for the biological criteria was discussed in terms of free- field and other exposure situations. They were compared with similar range- effects data for thermal and nuclear radiation.
Download or read book Blast Biology a Study of the Primary and Tertiary Effects of Blast in Open Underground Protective Shelters written by I. Gerald Bowen and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shelters also contained static and dynamic pressure gauges, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring gauges, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring instruments, dust-collecting trays, and eight pigs for the biological assessment of thermal effects. One dog was severely injured from tertiary blast effects associated with a maximal dynamic pressure (Q) of 10.5 psi, and one was undamaged with a maximal Q of 2 psi. Primary blast effects resulting from peak overpressures of 30.3, 25.5, 9.5, and 4.1 psi were minimal. The mortality was 19 per cent of the mice exposed to a peak pressure of 30.3 psi and 5 and 3 per cent of the guinea pigs and mice exposed to a peak pressure of 25.5 psi. Many of the rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice sustained slight lung hemorrhages at maximum pressures of 25.5 and 30.3 psi.
Download or read book Blast Biology written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dogs, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice were exposed to nuclear detonations in two open underground partitioned shelters. The shelters were of similar construction, and each was exposed to separate detonations. Each inner chamber filled through its own orifice; thus four separate pressure environments were obtained. An aerodynamic mound was placed over the escape hatch of each structure to determine its effect on the pressure-curve shape inside the chamber. In one test a sieve plate bolted across the top of the mound was evaluated. Wind protective baffles of solid plate and of heavy wire screen were installed in the shelters to compare primary and tertiary blast effects on dogs. The shelters also contained static and dynamic pressure gages, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring instruments, dust-collecting trays, and eight pigs for the biological assessment of thermal effects. One dog was severely injured from tertiary blast effects associated with a maximal dynamic pressure (Q) of 10.5 psi, and one was undamaged with a maximal Q of 2 psi. Primary blast effects resulting from peak overpressures of 30.3, 25.5, 9.5, and 4.1 psi were minimal. The mortality was 19% of the mice exposed to a peak pressure of 30.3 psi and 5 and 3% of the guinea pigs and mice exposed to a peak pressure of 25.5 psi. Many of the rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice sustained slight lung hemorrhages at maximum pressues of 25.5 and 30.3 psi. Eardrum perforation data for all species, except mice, were recorded. Following shot 2, thermal effects were noted. Animals of the groups saved for observation have died from ionizing-radiation effects.
Download or read book Biological Tolerance to Air Blast and Related Biomedical Criteria written by Clayton S. White and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experience with animals exposed in a variety of above and below ground structures during full-scale field operations at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, 1955 and 1957 were reviewed. The data were assembled and summarized to illustrate the nature of the blast-induced problems of significance in protective shelters, "open" as well as "closed". Potential hazards were related to the following: various patterns of variation in environmental pressure; translational events associated with transient, high-velocity winds, ground shock and gravity involving the impact of energized inanimate objects on the one hand the the consequences of whole-body displacement on the other; non-line-of-site thermal phenomena including hot objects and rapidly moving hot, dust- laden air and debris; and dust, in the respirable size range, sufficiently high in concentration even in "closed" shelters as to warrant design measures to minimize or eliminate the occurrence of small particulates whether arising from wall spalling or otherwise. Tentative biological criteria, conceived to help assess human hazards from blast-related phenomena, were presented. Relevant data from the literature and on- going research in environmental medicine were set forth to aid the reader in appreciating how the criteria were formulated, what information was extrapolated from animal data, and wherein "best estimates" were employed. "State-of-the-art" concepts were noted to emphasize areas in which more thinking and research must continue if more refined, complete and adequate criteria are to be forthcoming for assessing man's response to blast-induced variation in his immediate environment.
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast and Shock Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tertiary Blast Effects written by Donald R. Richmond and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A total of 455 mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits were subjected to impact at velocities ranging between 25 ft/sec and 51 ft/sec. The desired velocities were generated by allowing the animals to free-fall from various heights to a flat concrete pad. The ventral surface of each animal was the area of impact. Probit analyses of the 24-hr mortality data yielded LD50 impact velocities with 95 per cent confidence limits as follows: mouse, 39.4 (37.4-42. 0) ft/sec; rat, 43.5 (42.0 - 44.8) ft/sec; guinea pig, 31.0 (30.0 - 31.9) ft/ sec. The LD50 figures for the mouse and rat were significantly higher, statistically, than those for the guinea pig and rabbit. The small spread in the LD50 values suggested little variation in the tolerance of biological systems to impact. Further, the steepness of the mortality curves indicated a narrow survival range to impact. Extrapolation of the experimental data to the 70 kg animal yielded a predicted LD50 impact velocity of 26 ft/sec (18 mph). Literature relevant to the human case was reviewed and the tentative applicability of the predicted figures to adult man was discussed. (Author).
Download or read book Biological Effects of Blast from Bombs written by and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploratory study was made whose aim was to evaluate the damage done by low velocity (less than 1000 ft/sec) missiles consisting of small fragments of ordinary window glass striking in random orientations a biological target. The index of damage was chosen to be the penetration of the abdominal wall of anesthetized dogs. By use of appropriate laboratory data, a criterion of penetration was derived which expresses in equation form the probability of penetration in terms of missile mass and impact velocity. The penetration criterion was applied individually to data for 2486 glass missiles originating in test houses placed on Operation Teapot (5) at various ranges from ground zero. By use of other statistical procedures, expectation of penetration was computed as a function of overpressure for the region between 1.9 and 5.0 psi. It was found that maximum expectation occurred at about 3.8 psi. The general biological significance of the results obtained was discussed.
Download or read book BLAST BIOLOGY A STUDY OF THE PRIMARY AND TERTIARY EFFECTS OF BLAST IN OPEN UNDERGROUND PROTECTIVE SHELTERS written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dogs, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice were exposed to nuclear detonatiors in two open underground pantitioned shelters. The shelters were of similar constructions and each was exposed to separate detonations. Each inner chamber filled through its own orifice; thus four separate pressure enviromments were obtained. An aerodynamic mound was placed over the escape hatch of each structure to determine its effect on the pressurecurve shape inside the chamber. In one test a sieve plate bolted across the top of the mound was evaluated. Wind protective baffles of solid plate and of heavy wire screen were installed in the shelters to compare primary and tertiary blast effects on dogs. The shelters also contained static and dynamic pressure gages, radiation detectors, telemetering devices, and, in one test, air-temperature measuring instruments, dustcollecting trays, and eight pigs for the biological assessment of thermal effects. One dog was severely injured from tertiary blast effects associated with a maximal dynamic pressure (Q) of 10.5 psi, and one was undamaged with a maximal Q of 2 psi. Primary blast effects resulting from peak overpressures of 30.3, 25.5, 9.5. and 4.1 psi were minimal. The mortality was 19 per cent of the mice exposed to a peak pressure of 30.3 psi and 5 and 3 per cent of the guinea pigs and mice exposed to a peak pressure of 25.5 psi. Many of the rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice sustained slight lung hemorrhages at maximum pressures of 25.5 and 30.3 psi. Eardrum perforation data for all species, except mice, were recorded. Following shot 2, thermal effects were noted. Animals of the groups saved for observation have died from ionizing-radiation effects. (auth).
Download or read book BLAST BIOLOGY Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental data regarding the biologic consequences of exposure to several environmental variations associated with actual and simulated explosive detonations were reviewed. Blast biology is discussed relative to primary, secondary, tentiary, and miscellaneous blast effects as those attributable, respectively, to variations in environmental pressure, trauma from blast-produced missiles (both penetrating and nonpenetrating), the consequences of physical displacement of biological targets by blast-produced winds, and hazards due to ground shock, dust, and thermal phenomena not caused by thermal radiation per se. Primary blast effects were considered, noting physical-biophysical factors contributing to the observed pathophysiology. A simple hydrostatic model was utilized diagrammatically in pointing out possible etiologic mechanisms. The gross biologic response to single. "fast"--Rising overpressures were described as was the tolerance of mice, rats, guinea pigs. and rabbits to "long"-duration pressure pulses rising "rapidly" in single and double steps. Data regarding biological response to "slowly" rising over-pressures of "long" duration are discussed. Attention was called to the similarities under certain circumstances between thoracic trauma from nonpenetrating missiles and that noted from air blast. The association between air emboli, increase in lung weight (hemorrhage and edema), and mortality was discussed. Data relevant to the clinical symptoms and therapy of blast injury are presented. The relation of blast hazards to nuclear explosions was assessed and one approach to predicting the maximal potential casualties from blast phenomena is presented making use of arbitrary and tentative criteria. (auth).
Download or read book Blast Biology written by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Division of Biology and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
