Download or read book Bioindication of Stress in Forest Trees and Forest Ecosystems written by Hojka Kraigher and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biologic Markers of Air Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is not much question that plants are sensitive to air pollution, nor is there doubt that air pollution is affecting forests and agriculture worldwide. In this book, specific criteria and evaluated approaches to diagnose the effects of air pollution on trees and forests are examined.
Download or read book Physiological Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Forest Trees written by Heinz Rennenberg and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress in their environment. Due to their longevity, this is of particular significance for trees. As a consequence, trees develop an orchestra of resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to support their growth and development in a constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric environment. The objective of this Special Issue of Forests is to summarize state-of-art knowledge and report the current progress on the processes that determine the resilience and resistance of trees from different zonobiomes as well as all forms of biotic and abiotic stress from the molecular to the whole tree level.
Download or read book Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems written by G.M.J. Mohren and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings fonn the outcome of an International Conference on "Impacts of Global change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems ", held from 26-29 November 1996, at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The conference brought together biologists, ecologists, and forest scientist working in the field of impacts of elevated CO and air pollution on tree physiology and forest ecosystems, and marked the 2 completion of a European COST action on "Impacts of Elevated C02 levels and Air Pollutants on Tree Physiology" (ICAT / COST-614), as well as the conclusion of the frrst phase of an EU-funded project entitled "Long-Term Effects of C02 and Climate Change on European Forests (LTEEF) ", that was carried out under the Environment and Climate Programme of the 4th Framework Programme (contract no's EV5V-CT94-0468 and PECOINIS-CT94-0112). The conference aimed to present an overview of current knowledge of effects of air pollution and climate change, at the biophysical, biochemical and physiological level of trees, against the background of climatic conditions and natural stresses. For the proceedings, we have asked the authors to provide an overview of their recent work, providing an entrance to a particular field of research rather than presenting unpublished material. The meeting took place at the International Agricultural Centre (lAC) with fmancial support provided by the COST-614 secretariat in Brussels. We like to thank mrs. A. van der Bunte of lAC for her support in organising the meeting, mr. A. J. H.
Download or read book Stress physiology and forest productivity written by T.C. Hennessey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining or increasing stand productivity is the concern of forest land managers worldwide. Consequently, there is increasing interest in understanding the impact of environmental stress on productivity and the development of management strategies that ameliorate or reduce the deleterious effects. Invited scientists gathered in Fort Collins, Colorado on July 30, 1985, to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of environmental stress on forest stand productivity. Particular attention was given to elucidating the mode of action by which individual stress elements reduce productivity. Environmental factors and the levels that constitute stressed (suboptimal) conditions in forest stands were identified, and the effects of stress intensity and duration on key stand parameters, including photosynthesis, respiration, assimilate partitioning, senescence and mortality, were emphasized. The role of genetics and silvicultural treatments in lessening the stress impact on stand productivity was presented, particularly in regards to alternative methods for environmental stress management. Modeling of stand dynamics in response to environmental stress was explored as an effective research and management tool. VIII Improved forest management practices will develop as we improve our understanding of the nature of important environmental stresses and as we comprehend their impact on tree and stand performance, manifested through physiological processes and genetic potential. This book is dedicated to such an understanding and comprehension.
Download or read book Advances in Forest Ecophysiology written by Nenad Potočic and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2023-05-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution and the changing climate are some of the greatest threats to the health and functioning of forest ecosystems, strongly jeopardizing their ecological and economic functions as well as services. The impact of increasing temperatures and extreme weather events (droughts, storms, temperature and precipitation extremes) on the vitality of forest trees is often difficult to separate from the impact of pollution, such as nitrogen deposition and tropospheric ozone, as they can exhibit synergistic effects. The use of indicators is elementary in modern forest ecophysiological research, as they help us to disentangle complex interactions between trees and various stress-inducing factors as well as better estimate the level of damage to trees and forest ecosystems. Eleven papers are included in this Special Issue, with wide-ranging topics from various disciplines but centered around tree responses to environmental stress. The task of this Special Issue is twofold: one, to remind us that a better understanding of the physiological processes influencing tree vitality under the changing climate and air pollution pressures requires considerable research efforts and constant advancements in research methods and approaches; two, to highlight the fact that the environmental pressures instigating the use of tree stress response indicators are more present than ever, and will likely continue to affect tree vitality in the foreseeable future.
Download or read book Applications of Physiological Ecology to Forest Management written by J. J. Landsberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-01-08 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest management is a complex process that now incorporates information obtained from many sources. It is increasingly obvious that the physiological status of the trees in a forest has a dramatic impact on the likely success of any particular management strategy. Indeed, models described in this book that deal with forest productivity and sustainability require physiological information. This information can only be obtained from an understanding of the basic biological mechanisms and processes that contribute to individual tree growth. This valuable book illustrates that physiological ecology is a fundamental element of proficient forest management. - Provides essential information relevant to the continuing debate over sustainable forest management - Outlines how modern tools for physiological ecology can be used in planning and managing forest ecosystems - Reviews the most commonly used forest models and assesses their value and future
Download or read book Physiological Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Forest Trees written by Andrea Polle and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress in their environment. Due to their longevity, this is of particular significance for trees. As a consequence, trees develop an orchestra of resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to support their growth and development in a constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric environment. The objective of this Special Issue of Forests is to summarize state-of-art knowledge and report the current progress on the processes that determine the resilience and resistance of trees from different zonobiomes as well as all forms of biotic and abiotic stress from the molecular to the whole tree level.
Download or read book Process Modeling of Forest Growth Responses to Environmental Stress written by Robert K. Dixon and published by Timber Press (OR). This book was released on 1990 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey of the available methods for evaluating the impact of atmospheric pollutants and other environmental stresses on forest growth, emphasizing quantitative means for predicting future growth and health in response to stress.
Download or read book Bioindicators of Forest Health and Sustainability written by W. H. Fogal and published by Sault Ste. Marie : Ontario Forest Research Institute. This book was released on 1997 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objective of the project reported in this document is to review and evaluate the use of remote sensing applications to assess forest health and sustainability. After an introduction discussing the concept of forest health and relationships between stress, strain, and damage, section 2 reviews the factors most likely to cause plant stress, the manner in which the stresses are manifested, and methods for detecting or determining those factors (both environmental and man-made). Section 3 focuses on the manifestations or markers of stress, related factors, and other indicators of health and vigour. This leads to a review of the role of remote sensing technology for supplying such information in section 4, which describes such tools as cameras, imaging spectrometers, satellite-borne sensors, and geographic information technologies. Section 5 reviews applications where remote sensing could contribute to forest health studies, and identifies the most promising technologies. A design framework for forest health monitoring is then outlined, and some general implementation strategies are suggested. Specific project stages and pilot studies are also proposed which are intended to develop essential methodologies or test new approaches to forest health remote sensing. Finally, financial implications of various project options are assessed. The appendix includes discussion of temporal and spatial considerations for monitoring forest health and sustainability.
Download or read book Ozone Bioindicators and Forest Health written by Gretchen Cole Smith and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1994, the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) and Forest Health Monitoring programs of the U.S. Forest Service implemented a national ozone (O3) biomonitoring program designed to address specific questions about the area and percent of forest land subject to levels of O3 pollution that may negatively affect the forest ecosystem. This is the first and only nationally consistent effort to monitor O3 stress on the forests of the United States. This report provides background information on O3 and its effects on trees and ecosystems, and describes the rationale behind using sensitive bioindicator plants to detect O3 stress and assess the risk of probable O3 impact. Also included are a description of field methods, analytic techniques, estimation procedures, and how to access, use and interpret the ozone bioindicator attributes and data outputs such as the national ozone risk map.
Download or read book Studying Tree Responses to Extreme Events written by Achim Bräuning and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.
Download or read book Forest Monitoring written by Tiina Maileena Nieminen and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-03-16 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical content of soil solution is varying in time and space and is dependent on the sampling and measurement techniques in use. It is a valuable indicator for effects of stress factors on both forests and the surrounding water ecosystems. A continuous standardized methodology for soil solution collection and analysis is of ultimate importance. Methods for harmonized collection and analysis of soil solution on a Europe-wide scale are presented with a special emphasis on sampling and measurement techniques, Quality Assurance, and laboratory analyses. Results based on data produced by the harmonized soil solution monitoring under ICP Forests are presented. They show regular exceedances of critical limits for nitrogen concentrations in soil solution on the majority of the examined sites.
Download or read book Magnesium Deficiency in Forest Ecosystems written by Reinhard F. Hüttl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-13 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: R. F. HUTTL AND W. SCHAAF Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus, Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, P.O. Box 10 13 44, 03013 Cottbus, Germany The health status of forest trees and stands is determined by numerous site factors such as chemical, physical, and biological soil factors, water supply, climate, weather conditions, management history as well as atmospheric deposition impacts. In this context, the nutrient supply is an important evaluation parameter. Forest trees well supplied with nutrients are more resistant to stresses that affect the forest ecosystem than other trees. This is true for both biotic and abiotic influences. Therefore the investigation of the so-called 'new type forest damage' was aimed at the exact determination of the health status of damaged trees. When considering the complete forest ecosystem, health (=vitality) means the sustainable ability to withstand negative environmental influences and still remain stable and productive. From this viewpoint, an optimal nutritional status is a prerequisite for an optimal health status. The term 'new type forest damage' comprises a number of damage symptoms which have been observed in various tree species on very different sites since the mid-1970s, particularly in Europe and North America. However, they occurred much more intensively in the 1980s. Generally, this forest damage was thought to be related to negative impacts of air pollutants.
Download or read book Forest Monitoring written by Johannes Eichhorn and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-03-16 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The assessment and evaluation of tree condition and vitality is an essential part of the ICP Forests monitoring programme. Due to the complex structure of forest ecosystems, a number of different indicators of tree condition are adopted. In this chapter, they are described also in terms of their ecological relevance. Special emphasis is laid on biotic agents affecting forest ecosystems and explaining tree responses to stressors. For operational reasons, definitions and recommendations for the use of the indicators are given. Tree condition assessment in forest monitoring is closely linked to field measures of Quality Assurance and Control. Examples of results show that the methods currently used in tree condition monitoring are sensitive to detect the effects of climate change on forests and identifying main spatial and temporal patterns and damaging agents.
Download or read book Management of Nutrition in Forests under Stress written by H.W. Zöttl and published by Springer. This book was released on 1991-06-30 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1970s and 1980s, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Bong. Carr. ) was planted extensively on northern Vancouver Island (B. C. , Canada) to regenerate slashburned clearcuts previously occupied by old-growth Thuja p1icata, Donn, Tsuga heterophy11a, Raf. Sarg. , and an ericaceous unders tory shrub salal (Gaul ther ia sha11on, Pursh [CH sites 1 ) . The planted Sitka spruce grew well initially on these sites, but experienced nutritional stress and reduced growth 8 to 14 yr after planting (Germain, 1985; Weetman et a1. , 1990a,b). Accompanying the onset of the nutritional stress was the reestablishment of a complete ground cover of salal, and it has been suggested that there is a causal connection between these two temporally synchronous events (Weetman et al. , 1990a,b). Other ericaceous species have been implicated in nutritional stress in conifer plantations (Mallik, 1987; Robinson, 1972; Handley, 1963; Rose et a1. , 1983). Three hypotheses to explain this nutritional stress were tested in the study reported in this paper: (1) that salal competition for N can provide an adequate explanation for the observed nutritional stress; (2) that salal inhibits the availability of nutrients to seedlings by interfering with their mycorrhizae; and (3) that the fertility of these CH sites declines after 8 yr following clearcutting and slashburning due to the termination of the flush of nutrients (or "assart effect") associated with this disturbance. A series of pot and field experiments was carried out to test these hypotheses. 1 2.
Download or read book Forest Growth Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century written by Lucy J. Sheppard and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999-10-31 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings consist of papers presented at the 18th IUFRO workshop on Forest Growth Responses to the Pollution Climate of the 21st Century, held in Edinburgh in September 1998. Included are authoritative reviews and experimental evidence of forest growth responses in Europe and North America to the dominant components of air pollution, namely nitrogen and ozone, and their interactions with environmental influences. Nitrogen effects include changes in tree growth, nutrient status and biochemistry. Responses of root mycorrhiza and pathogenic fungi, and changes in trace gas fluxes and soil chemistry are also covered. Effects of the gaseous pollutants, O3, SO2 and O3/CO2 interactions, are discussed in terms of visible injury and biochemical changes. The role and methods of forest health monitoring programmes and the use of bioindicators are evaluated. This book is primarily for people who want a better understanding of how and why forests respond to air pollution, and the implications for the stability of forest ecosystems.
