Download or read book Biochemical Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Biomass written by Christopher James Barr and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation research is to gain a deeper understanding of two major processes in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars. These two core processes are the ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment step as well as biochemical (enzymatic) conversion of polysaccharides to monomeric sugars. Cellulose, one of the three primary components of lignocellulosic biomass, is recalcitrant to enzymatic deconstruction due, in part, to a predominantly crystalline structure. Enzymatic access to cellulose is restricted by hemicellulose and lignin. Pretreatment of lignocellulose by ionic liquids can result in a change in the cellulose structure as well as removal or redistribution of the hemicellulose and lignin. These changes result in a regenerated substrate that is more easily hydrolyzed compared to native substrates. Changes in cellulose structure as well as compositional changes within lignocellulosic biomass were examined as a response to changes in the IL incubation temperature. Maxima in 24 hour hydrolysis of glucan to glucose appears to be substrate dependent with maxima at incubation temperatures: 120°C for poplar, 110°C for switchgrass, and 100°C for corn stover. At these temperatures, native cellulose I was converted to a primarily amorphous substrate where the residual crystalline cellulose exhibits predominantly cellulose II features. This optimal incubation temperature occurred before dramatic xylan losses to the IL wash. In a substrate with minimal lignin and xylan (newspaper), a maximum in enzyme digestibility was seen at a considerably lower (60°C) pretreatment temperature. Differences in polysaccharide structure of IL pretreated poplar and switchgrass can impact hydrolysis of these polysaccharides to monomeric sugars and the formulation of the enzyme mixture needed for complete hydrolysis. These differences predicated studies with mono-component enzymes to determine critical enzyme activities and interactions. Endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, ß-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and ß-xylosidase were shown to be critical during hydrolysis for both poplar and switchgrass. Initial studies showed differences between poplar and switchgrass. Beneficial accessory enzymes necessary for hydrolysis of poplar were ferulic acid esterase and exopolygalacturonase while switchgrass required a-L-arabinofuranosidase and ferulic acid esterase. Further studies on switchgrass varying ß-glucosidase activity showed only a-L-arabinofuranosidase was necessary only for hydrolysis of IL pretreated switchgrass. Commercially available enzyme mixtures used for the digestion of lignocellulosic biomass contain many different types of enzymes. The composition of these enzyme mixtures are relatively unknown and are traditionally characterized by the amount of sugar released from the hydrolysis of filter paper in one hour (filter paper unit, FPU). This characterization does not quantitate the xylanolytic component within the mixture, especially accessory hemicellulases whose necessity may vary between substrates. Supplementation of the commercial mixture, Cellic CTec2, with a-L-arabinofuranosidase improved switchgrass xylose yields by 75% and resulted in complete conversion of switchgrass xylan at lower enzyme loadings than previous studies.
Download or read book Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Indira Priya Samayam and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation research is to gain a more fundamental understanding of the impact of ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in production of ethanol and other chemicals through a sugar platform and biochemical conversion of polysaccharides to monomeric sugars. Recalcitrance of cellulose hydrolysis is a primary roadblock for efficient enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars that are fermented to ethanol or other products. The structure of lignocellulosic biomass is rendered amenable to enzymatic saccharification upon IL pretreatment. Changes in the structure of cellulose in relation to the biomass digestibility with varying ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment were examined. Conversion of native cellulose I to amorphous cellulose or cellulose II improved the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. The performance of commercial enzyme mixtures were evaluated through saccharification of IL pretreated biomass substrates (poplar and switchgrass) at low biomass slurry concentrations. Poplar and switchgrass hydrolysis with commercial cellulase, Spezyme CP, and Multifect Xylanase showed synergism between the two enzymes. However, switchgrass hydrolysis was less complete than that of poplar, likely due to differences in hemicellulose structural features. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides in lignocellulose at high biomass slurry concentrations is essential in economical fermentation of hydrolyzates to ethanol and other products. Commercial enzyme mixtures were varied for simultaneous or sequential hydrolysis and fermentation of pentose and hexose sugars with Pichia stipitis for IL treated poplar. In sequential hydrolysis of poplar at modest enzyme loadings of 9 mg/g xylan Multifect Xylanase, 1.8 mg/ g xylan SXA (ß-xylosidase) at 50°C in the first step and 10 FPU/g glucan Spezyme CP, and 40 CBU/g glucan Novozyme 188 at 25°C in the second step, the yields of glucose and xylose at 15% (w/v) solid loadings were 61% and 83%, respectively. The incomplete hydrolysis may be due to the accumulation of cellobiose and low activity of enzymes at 25°C. Further increase in Novozyme 188 loadings or hydrolysis may improve hydrolysis yields. A maximum of 66% theoretical ethanol yield based on initial sugar analysis of poplar was expected from these hydrolyzates if all the released sugars were fermented to ethanol. In sequential hydrolysis and fermentation with P. stipitis, 56% theoretical ethanol yields based on the initial sugar composition of poplar respectively was achieved.
Download or read book Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution Volume 1 written by Nour Shafik El-Gendy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This first volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on the role of waste management in solving pollution problems and the value-added products that can be created out of waste, turning a negative into an environmental and economic positive. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing our world today, in every country, region, and even down to local landfills. Not just solving these problems, but turning waste into products, even products that can make money, is a huge game-changer in the world of environmental engineering. Finding ways to make fuel and other products from solid waste, setting a course for the production of future biorefineries, and creating a clean process for generating fuel and other products are just a few of the topics covered in the groundbreaking new first volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution. The valorization of waste, including the creation of biofuels, turning waste cooking oil into green chemicals, providing sustainable solutions for landfills, and many other topics are also covered in this extensive treatment on the state of the art of this area in environmental engineering. This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. AUDIENCE Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas
Download or read book Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals written by Charles E. Wyman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals. Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals presents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances. Topics covered include: • The importance of biomass conversion to fuels • The role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass • Composition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion • Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH • Ionic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass • Comparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations • Physical and chemical features of pretreated biomass • Economics of pretreatment for biological processing • Methods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams • Experimental pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operations This comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic. It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.
Download or read book Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Anuj Chandel and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides important aspects of sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which has a pivotal role for the economic production of several value-added products and biofuels with safe environment. Different pretreatment techniques and enzymatic hydrolysis process along with the characterization of cell wall components have been discussed broadly. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: This book comprehensively covers the improvement in methodologies for the biomass pretreatment, hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown into fermentable sugars, the analytical methods for biomass characterization, and bioconversion of cellulosics into biofuels. In addition, mechanistic analysis of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been discussed in details, highlighting key factors influencing these processes at industrial scale.
Download or read book Wood written by Dietrich Fengel and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-08-02 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pre treatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production written by Shyamal Roy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel is materially obstructed by the compositional and chemical complexity of biomaterials, resulting in a challenge in using these as raw materials for the biofuel production process. This book explains various lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment methods with emphasis on concepts, practicability, mechanisms of action, and advantages and disadvantages and potential for industrial applications. It also highlights the main challenges and suggests possible ways to make these pre-treatment technologies feasible for the biofuel industry. Features Presents different pre-treatment technologies available for lignocellulosic biomass in a concise manner. Covers use of different pre-treatment methods in laboratory to industrial scales. Includes combined pre-treatment and deep eutectic solvents methods. Discusses problems related to industrial adaptation and corresponding economics of different techniques. Explores significant fuels and chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers working on biomass conversion, characterization, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, microbial enzymes, fermentation technology, and industrial biotechnology.
Download or read book Nanotechnology Based Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids written by Inamuddin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous solvents used in chemical processes have poisonous and unsafe properties that pose significant ecological concerns ranging from atmospheric emissions to the contamination of water effluents. To combat these ecological threats, over the course of the past two decades, the field of green chemistry has grown to develop more natural reaction processes and techniques involving the use of nonconventional solvents to diminish waste solvent production and thus decrease negative impact on the environment. Ionic liquids in particular are more environmentally friendly substitutes to conventional solvents, and as such, have seen more widespread use in the past decade. They have been used in such processes as extraction, separation, purification of organic, inorganic, and bioinorganic compounds, reaction media in biochemical and chemical catalysis, green organic and drug synthesis, among other industrial applications. Thus, in proving themselves a suitable greener media for economic viability in chemical processes, ionic liquids are leading to more sustainable development. This edition explores the application of ionic liquids as a green solvent. It contains a state-of-the-art overview on ionic liquids as green solvents for chemical processes and techniques, as well as some of their useful industrial applications.
Download or read book Pretreatment of Biomass written by Ashok Pandey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-18 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pretreatment of Biomass provides general information, basic data, and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources—biomass for their pretreatment—which is one of the most essential and critical aspects of biomass-based processes development. The quest to make the environment greener, less polluted, and less hazardous has led to the concept of biorefineries for developing bio-based processes and products using biomass as a feedstock. Each kind of biomass requires some kind of pretreatment to make it suitable for bioprocess. This book provides state-of-art information on the methods currently available for this. This book provides data-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for further processing. Pretreatment of biomass is considered one of the most expensive steps in the overall processing in a biomass-to-biofuel program. With the strong advancement in developing lignocellulose biomass- and algal biomass-based biorefineries, global focus has been on developing pretreatment methods and technologies that are technically and economically feasible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in methods used for the pretreatment of biomass. An entire section is devoted to the methods and technologies of algal biomass due to the increasing global attention of its use. - Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatament processes and technologies for biomass - Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery - Useful for researchers intending to study scale-up - Provides information on integration of processes and technologies for the pretreatment of biomass
Download or read book Bioalcohol Production written by Keith W. Waldron and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-05-24 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioethanol is one of the main biofuels currently used as a petroleum-substitute in transport applications. However, conflicts over food supply and land use have made its production and utilisation a controversial topic. Second generation bioalcohol production technology, based on (bio)chemical conversion of non-food lignocellulose, offers potential advantages over existing, energy-intensive bioethanol production processes. Food vs. fuel pressures may be reduced by utilising a wider range of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks, including energy crops, cellulosic residues, and, particularly, wastes.Bioalcohol production covers the process engineering, technology, modelling and integration of the entire production chain for second generation bioalcohol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Primarily reviewing bioethanol production, the book's coverage extends to the production of longer-chain bioalcohols which will be elemental to the future of the industry.Part one reviews the key features and processes involved in the pretreatment and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioalcohol production, including hydrothermal and thermochemical pretreatment, and fractionation to separate out valuable process feedstocks. Part two covers the hydrolysis (saccharification) processes applicable to pretreated feedstocks. This includes both acid and enzymatic approaches and also importantly covers the development of particular enzymes to improve this conversion step. This coverage is extended in Part three, with chapters reviewing integrated hydrolysis and fermentation processes, and fermentation and co-fermentation challenges of lignocellulose-derived sugars, as well as separation and purification processes for bioalcohol extraction.Part four examines the analysis, monitoring and modelling approaches relating to process and quality control in the pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation steps of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production. Finally, Part five discusses the life-cycle assessment of lignocellulose-to-bioalcohol production, as well as the production of valuable chemicals and longer-chain alcohols from lignocellulosic biomass.With its distinguished international team of contributors, Bioalcohol production is a standard reference for fuel engineers, industrial chemists and biochemists, plant scientists and researchers in this area. - Provides an overview of the life-cycle assessment of lignocelluloses-to-bioalcohol production - Reviews the key features and processes involved in the pre-treatment and fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass for bioalcohol production - Examines the analysis, monitoring and modelling approaches relating to process and quality control in pre-treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation
Download or read book Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology Volume 2 written by Azura Amid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-14 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume, “Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2”, consists of multidisciplinary methods and techniques commonly used in biotechnology studies. There are two sections covered in this book – Ionic Liquid Related Techniques & Evergreen Biotechnology Techniques. A brief introduction supports each protocol to allow easy learning and implementation. The first section consists of three chapters covering studies in modern biotechnology focusing on the role of ionic liquid techniques in extracting secondary metabolites, enzyme stabilization and biomass processing. The second section covers evergreen methodologies. It comprises five chapters covering topics on microcarrier technology for cell culture; Polymerase Chain Reaction for non-halal sources detection in food; ELISA for biomarker identification; gamma ray-induced mutagenesis for enhancing microbial fuel cells; and the effect of temperature on antibacterial activity of Carica papaya seed extract. This book will be useful to graduate students, researchers, academics, and industry practitioners working in the area of biotechnology
Download or read book Biotechnology of Lignocellulose written by Hongzhang Chen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-21 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents and summarizes the new thoughts, new methods and new achievements that have emerged in the biotechnology of lignocellulose in recent years. It proposes new concepts including the primary refining, fractionation, multi-level utilization and selective structural separation of lignocellulose, etc. By approaching lignocellulose as a multi-level resource, biotechnology could have a significant effect on ecological agriculture, bio-energy, the chemical and paper making industries, etc., ultimately establishing distinctive eco-industrial parks for lignocellulose. Additionally, this book provides systematic research methods for the biotechnology of lignocellulose including investigation methods for the primary refining of lignocellulose, for microbial degradation and enzymatic hydrolysis, for cellulose fermentation and for lignocellulose conversion processes. It offers an excellent reference work and guide for scientists engaging in research on lignocellulose. Dr. Hongzhang Chen is a Professor at the Institute of Process Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Download or read book Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels written by Abu Yousuf and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels explores the existing technologies and most recent developments for the production of second generation liquid biofuels, providing an introduction to lignocellulosic biomass and the processes for its conversion into biofuels. The book demonstrates biorefinery concepts compared with petro refinery, as well as the challenges of second generation biofuels processing. In addition to current pre-treatment techniques and their technical, environmental and economic implications, chapters included also further examine the particularities of conversion processes for bioethanol, biobutanol and biodiesel through chemical, biochemical and combined approaches. Finally, the book looks into concepts and tools for techno-economic and environmental analysis, which include supply chain assessment, by-products, zero-waste techniques and process evaluation and optimization. Lignocellulosic Biomass to Liquid Biofuels is particularly useful for researchers in the field of liquid biofuels seeking alternative chemical and biochemical pathways or those interested advanced methods to calculate maximum yield for each process and methods to simulate the implications and costs of scaling up. Furthermore, with the introduction provided by this volume, researchers and graduate students entering the field will be able to quickly get up to speed and identify knowledge gaps in existing and upcoming technology the book's comprehensive overview. - Examines the state-of-the-art technology for liquid biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass - Provides a comprehensive overview of the existing chemical and biochemical processes for second generation biofuel conversion - Presents tools for the techno-economic and environmental analysis of technologies, as well as for the scale-up simulation of conversion processes
Download or read book Fuel Ethanol Production from Sugarcane written by Thalita Peixoto Basso and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a broad understanding of bioethanol production from sugarcane, although a few other substrates, except corn, will also be mentioned. The 10 chapters are grouped in five sections. The Fuel Ethanol Production from Sugarcane in Brazil section consists of two chapters dealing with the first-generation ethanol Brazilian industrial process. The Strategies for Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment section deals with emerging physicochemical methods for biomass pretreatment, and the non-conventional biomass source for lignocellulosic ethanol production addresses the potential of weed biomass as alternative feedstock. In the Recent Approaches for Increasing Fermentation Efficiency of Lignocellulosic Ethanol section, potential and research progress using thermophile bacteria and yeasts is presented, taking advantage of microorganisms involved in consolidating or simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation processes. Finally, the Recent Advances in Ethanol Fermentation section presents the use of cold plasma and hydrostatic pressure to increase ethanol production efficiency. Also in this section the use of metabolic-engineered autotrophic cyanobacteria to produce ethanol from carbon dioxide is mentioned.
Download or read book Ionic Liquid Based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability written by Mohammad Jawaid and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-12-04 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ionic Liquid-based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability explores the range of sustainable and green applications of IL materials achieved in recent years, such as gas solubility, biomass pre-treatment, bio-catalysis, energy storage, gas separation and purification technologies. The book also provides a reference material for future research in IL-based technologies for environmental and energy applications, which are much in-demand due to sustainable, reusable and eco-friendly methods for highly innovative and applied materials. Written by eminent scholars and leading experts from around the world, the book aims to cover the synthesis and characterization of broad range of ionic liquids and their sustainable applications. Chapters provide cutting-edge research with state-of-the-art developments, including the use of IL-based materials for the removal of pharmaceuticals, dyes and value-added metals. - Describes the fundamentals and major applications of ionic liquid materials - Covers up-to-date developments in novel applications of IL materials - Provides practical tips to aid researchers who work on ionic liquid applications
Download or read book Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts written by James W. Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-30 with total page 1110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed as a text not only for students and researchers, but anyone interested in green technology, Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts offers the reader a vast overview of the state-of-the-art in renewable energies. The typical chapter sets out to explain the fundamentals of a new technology as well as providing its context in the greater field. With contributions from nearly 100 leading researchers across the globe, the text serves as an important and timely look into this rapidly expanding field. The 40 chapters that comprise Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts are handily organized into the following 8 sections: · Introduction and Brazil's biofuel success · Smokeless biomass pyrolysis for advanced biofuels production and global biochar carbon sequestration · Cellulosic Biofuels · Photobiological production of advanced biofuels with synthetic biology · Lipids-based biodiesels · Life-cycle energy and economics analysis · High-value algal products and biomethane · Electrofuels
Download or read book Ionic Liquids written by Mark B. Shiflett and published by ACS Symposium. This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to provide an update on some of the latest research and applications in the broad field of ionic liquids. This volume spans research and development activities ranging from fundamental and experimental investigations to commercial applications. A brief history of the field is included, as well as both new developments and reviews organized in the general topical areas of applications, materials, biomass processing, and fundamental studies. This book attempts to propel the field forward by bringing together contributions from some of the foremost researchers on ionic liquids. Recent products and new large-scale processes using ionic liquids, both in operation and being announced, indicate that an exciting new chapter in this field is about to begin. The authors summarize some of the history, applications, conferences, books, databases, issues related to data quality and toxicity for researchers working in the field of ionic liquids and includes an overview for each proceeding chapter with an introduction about the authors.
