Download or read book Bicycle Travel Injury Risk and Conspicuity written by Sandar Tin Tin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background Regular cycling provides health, environmental and economic benefits but is rarely part of everyday travel for many people. The real and perceived risk of injury is commonly cited as a significant deterrent to engaging in such activity and is sometimes associated with the danger of motorised traffic. Bicycle-motor vehicle collisions often result from the driver's failure to detect the cyclist in time, suggesting that conspicuity may be a contributing factor. Conspicuity can be categorised into physical conspicuity and attention conspicuity. The former may be enhanced by using conspicuity aids whereas the latter may be improved through the safety in numbers effect. In New Zealand, one of the most car-dependent countries, bicycling is marginalised and receives relatively little attention in the transport and road safety research agenda. As a result, there is insufficient evidence regarding bicycle travel, injury risk and associated factors to guide education and policy. Aims: This thesis comprises three main components - bicycle travel, injury risk and conspicuity and aims: -- to investigate the prevalence of bicycle travel, particularly for a trip to work, and identify associated enablers and barriers; to estimate the exposure-based rate of bicycle crash injuries and identify associated risk and protective factors, and to assess the role of conspicuity in bicycle crashes involving a motor vehicle. Methods: This research was based on the Taupo Bicycle Study, a prospective cohort study involving 2628 adult cyclists (aged 16 years and over). The participants were recruited from the Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge (New Zealand's largest mass cycling event) in 2006 (N=2438) and in 2008 (N=190) using a web-based questionnaire. The questionnaire asked about demographic characteristics, general cycling activity and crash experience in the past twelve months and habitual use of injury preventive measures with options ranging from never to always. Bicycle crash outcome data were collected through linkage to insurance claims, hospital discharges, mortality records and police reports and covered the period between recruitment and 30 June 2011 (i.e., a median follow-up of 4.6 years). As only a small number of bicycle-motor vehicle crashes were identified in the linked data, another linkage was undertaken in 2013 and the longer-term outcome data covering the period till 30 April 2013 (a median follow up of 6.4 years) were used in the analysis addressing the third research question. For all longitudinal analyses, the study sample was restricted to 2590 cyclists who were resident in New Zealand at recruitment. Cox proportional hazards regression modelling for repeated events was performed using a counting process approach and factors influencing the likelihood of experiencing crash episodes were identified. The investigations of the Taupo Bicycle Study were supplemented with analyses of national data (aggregate or de-identified) obtained from Censuses, Household Travel Surveys, hospital discharge and mortality records, police reports, cycle counts and climate database. Results: Bicycle travel: Analysis of Census data from 1986 to 2006 showed a decline in the prevalence of cycling to work from 5.6% to 2.5%, respectively. About one-third of the Taupo Bicycle Study participants reported cycling to work at least once a week. The prevalence was lower in women, older age groups, non-Māori, less experienced cyclists and in the Auckland region. The participants of the Taupo Bicycle Study reported (in decreasing order of frequency) that more bicycle lanes, more bicycle paths, better bicycle security in public places, reduced vehicle speed and bike friendly public transport as important factors that would encourage them to cycle more often. They reported (in decreasing order of frequency) that access to shower facilities at work, the need to negotiate fewer difficult intersections, rising costs of petrol, fewer car parks, bikes designed to commute, and rising costs of car parking would be important incentives to cycling to work. They perceived that adverse weather and the danger of car-dominated transport environment including road safety, traffic en route, driver attitude and behaviour and breathing polluted air were the most important barriers to bicycle travel. Analysis of automatic cycle counts on Tamaki Drive in Auckland and weather data showed that selected weather variables such as gust speed, rain, temperature and sunshine duration accounted for 23% of the variance in hourly cycle volume and 56% of the variance in daily cycle volume. Injury risk: Analysis of hospital discharge, mortality and travel survey data revealed an increase in the number of on-road cycling injuries per million hours spent cycling from 21 injuries in 1996/99 to 31 injuries in 2003/07. The rate was higher than other types of road users except motorcyclists. During a median follow-up of 4.6 years, the participants of the Taupo Bicycle Study experienced 116 crashes that came to the attention of medical personnel or police per 1000 person-years, of which 66 occurred on the road and 10 involved a collision with a motor vehicle. This corresponds to 391 crashes per million hours spent cycling in general, and 240 crashes and 38 collisions per million hours spent cycling on the road. The crash risk was associated with age, body mass index, urban residence, region, cycling off-road, in the dark or in a bunch, type of bicycle used and prior crash history, with variations in effect estimates by crash type (on-road, off-road and collision crashes). In the Taupo Bicycle Study, participants who reported a history of bicycle crashes in the preceding year had a higher risk of involvement in future bicycle crashes (hazard ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.60). When this association was investigated using a propensity score stratification approach, it was significant only in the highest two quintiles of the propensity score where the likelihood of having experienced a crash was more than 33%. The association was also stronger for previous crashes that had received medical care compared to those that had not. In the Taupo Bicycle Study, participants usually residing in Auckland had a higher risk of on-road bicycle crashes (hazard ratio: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.76) but had a similar risk of off-road bicycle crashes (hazard ratio: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.21) compared to the participants from the other regions of New Zealand. In the mediation analysis, about 53% of the increased risk in Auckland was explained by differences in the participants' cycling patterns and urban residence. It is likely that the remaining risk differential is at least partly influenced by factors associated with Auckland's crowded, car-dominated transport environment. Conspicuity: Analysis of hospital discharge, mortality and travel survey data to explore the effect of attention conspicuity showed regional differences in the rate of on-road cycling injuries in relation to the level of car and bicycle use, supporting the safety in numbers (or risk in scarcity) effect. Analysis of the Taupo Bicycle Study data to investigate the effect of physical conspicuity found that the risk of bicycle crashes involving a motor vehicle was similar across different usage patterns of conspicuity aids. In subgroup analyses, the most conspicuous group had a higher risk in Auckland but a lower risk in other regions. Conclusions: In New Zealand, the prevalence of bicycle commuting is low and has been in decline between 1986 and 2006 (note that there are signs of recovery recently). The exposure-based rate of bicycle crash injuries is relatively high compared to other road user categories. Regional differences in travel patterns and injury risks suggest that the risk in scarcity effect exists for New Zealand cyclists. This may be attributed partly to the poor attention conspicuity of cyclists and partly to poor cycling infrastructure in the country's car-dominated traffic environment. Conspicuity aids used to enhance physical conspicuity may be ineffective in such situation. In the last two decades, New Zealand has been caught in a vicious circle - a lower proportion of cyclists on the road decreases their conspicuity and poses them a higher crash risk which in turn discourages bicycle use. Turning this vicious circle to a virtuous one requires cooperative and multidisplinary efforts to promote cyclists' safety and encourage cycling on New Zealand roads.

Download or read book ITF Research Reports Cycling Health and Safety written by International Transport Forum and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report of the International Transport Forum's Cycling Safety Working Group monitors international trends in cycling, safety and policy, and explores options that may help decision makers design safe environments for cycling.

Download or read book Bicycle Safety Analysis written by Haizhong Wang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Around 700 bicycle fatalities happen every year, and the number has steadily increased since 2009. At the same time Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Ore., are promoting cycling as a healthy transportation mode, so bicycle safety has become a more urgent concern for the Pacific Northwest area. The Highway Safety Manual provides an evidence-based approach – safety performance function (SPFs) to evaluate safety for common traffic, but not, however, for bicycles. Therefore, a data-driven and evidence-based bicycle safety evaluation method is needed specifically for the Pacific Northwest region. Based on the first bicycle SPFs created by Krista Nordback in 2013, we used STRAVA bicycle count data (a type of crowdsourced bicycle travel data), other traffic count data, and bicycle crash data to establish Pacific Northwest SPFs in terms of bike count and crash frequency for road intersections. The SPFs demonstrated the relationship between crash frequency and traffic and bike volumes. The intersections with higher traffic volumes had higher bicycle crash frequencies. In addition, this project improved the usability of a GIS tool that had been created during a previous PacTrans project to estimate bicycle exposure. States DOTs and other agencies can use the SPFs to screen and identify previous bicycle black spots in the Pacific Northwest region in order to optimize safety investments.

Download or read book Bicycling the Law written by Bob Mionske and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to statistics compiled by the League of American Bicyclists, more than 57 million Americans rode a bicycle in 2005. Of these, more than 9 million describe themselves as ""active cyclists"" -- weekend riders, off-road riders, commuters, and amateur and professional athletes. These 9 million face the daily hazards of commuting in traffic, overenthusiastic dogs, faulty roads, harassment, road rage, and bicycle theft. This book was written for them. Bicycling and the Law is designed to be the primary resource for cyclists faced with a legal question. It provides readers with information that can help them avoid many legal problems in the first place, and informs them of their rights, their responsibilities, and what steps to take if they do encounter a legal problem. This useful guide makes the law both entertaining and comprehensible, presenting an accurate and thorough explanation of the laws governing bicycles and the activity of bicycling.

Download or read book A Study of Bicycle motor vehicle Accidents Text written by Kenneth D. Cross and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cycle Helmets written by Mayer Hillman and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poročilo temelji na rezultatih raziskav, ki so jih v zvezi s kolesarskimi nesrečami, njihovimi posledicami za kolesarje (poškodbe glave) in uporabo kolesarskih čelad izvedli v raznih državah, predvsem v Veliki Britaniji, ZDA in Avstraliji. Vključuje tudi statistične analize o prometnih nesrečah s poškodbami glave med vsemi skupinami prometnih udeležencev. Sama uporaba kolesarskih čelad ne preprečuje prometnih nesreč in je pri zmanjševanju števila poškodb glave drugotnega pomena. Bistvenega pomena je ustvariti tako okolje, v katerem je manj verjetno, da do nesreče pride.

Download or read book The Use of Conspicuity Aids by Cyclists and the Risk of Crashes Involving Other Road Users written by Phil Miller and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bicycle Accidents written by Jeffrey P. Broker and published by Lawyers and Judges Publishing. This book was released on 2006 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With more than 20 years of experience investigating bicycle accidents between them, the authors present a wealth of information on the many different aspects of bicycle accidents and covers such topics as cyclists rights and duties, accident types, insurance and liability issues and bicycle regulatory information, and much more.

Download or read book Cyclist Injury Risk and Pollution Exposure at Urban Signalized Intersections written by Jillian Strauss and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cycling as a mode of travel is becoming more popular especially in urban areas like Montreal, Canada. With this reality come serious concerns for cyclist safety and health. These concerns have initiated the need to study the determinants of cyclist injury risk as well as cyclist exposure to traffic-related air pollution. These two issues are particularly important at intersections where cyclists are exposed to high vehicular traffic and as a result are exposed to the risk of collisions and air pollution. With the goal of improving road safety and reducing cyclist exposure to air pollution, this report seeks to meet the following objectives, to: i) investigate the impact of motor-vehicle traffic, geometric design and built environment factors on cyclist injury occurrence and bicycle activity at signalized intersections in Montreal and ii) study the association between bicycle activity (volume) and traffic-related air pollution... concentrations. As an application ...

Download or read book Cycling for Sustainable Cities written by Ralph Buehler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to make city cycling--the most sustainable form of urban transportation--safe, practical, and convenient for all cyclists. Cycling is the most sustainable mode of urban transportation, practical for most short- and medium-distance trips--commuting to and from work or school, shopping, visiting friends, going to the doctor's office. It's good for your health, spares the environment a trip's worth of auto emissions, and is economical for both public and personal budgets. Cycling, with all its benefits, should not be reserved for the fit, the spandex-clad, and the daring. Cycling for Sustainable Cities shows how to make city cycling safe, practical, and convenient for all cyclists.

Download or read book Issues in Global Public Community and Institutional Health 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 4426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health. The editors have built Issues in Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Global, Public, Community, and Institutional Health: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book Risk and Burden of Bicycle Crash Injuries in Iowa and Nationwide written by Cara Jo Hamann and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increases in bicycling in the United States results in increased exposure to crashes and injuries. This research focuses on the factors involved in bicycle crashes in the United States and the state of Iowa. Data from the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the Iowa Department of Transportation were used to address three aims: 1) estimate the burden and examine the outcomes of bicycle crashes resulting in hospitalizations nationwide by motor vehicle involvement, 2) describe how bicycle motor vehicle crashes vary by intersection and non-intersection in Iowa, and 3) identify the impact of on-road bicycle facilities on bicycle-motor vehicle crashes in Iowa. Using the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample, years 2002-2009, the estimated annual burden of injury from bicycle-related hospitalizations equated to a billion dollars in hospital charges, over 100,000 days in the hospital, and over 300 in-hospital deaths. We also found that bicycling crashes involving motor vehicles had more hospital charges, longer stays, and greater odds of in-hospital death. We also used the Iowa Department of Transportation crash database, 2001 to 2010, to examine risk factors for bicycle-motor vehicle (BMV) crash locations.

Download or read book Cycle Safety written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bicycles written by Ronald Chow and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helmet use can substantially reduce the risks associated with bicycle injuries, as these protective devices can prevent an array of serious facial injuries. A meta-analysis was carried out looking to summarize studies into the helmet use of adolescents and young adults, where the authors found a U-trend between age and helmet use, with the proportion of individuals regularly wearing a helmet declining first and then rising with reference to the progression of age. The increasing trend in young adults has been well-documented in the literature, but few studies have looked into helmet use among adolescents. In this book, produced in collaboration with the Bicycle Safety and Awareness Club in Ontario, Canada, the authors present survey studies conducted in independent schools in North America, looking into bicycle and helmet use of adolescents.

Download or read book World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention written by Marjorie Peden and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-09 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day thousands of people are killed and injured on our roads. Millions of people each year will spend long weeks in the hospital after severe crashes and many will never be able to live, work or play as they used to do. Current efforts to address road safety are minimal in comparison to this growing human suffering. This report presents a comprehensive overview of what is known about the magnitude, risk factors and impact of road traffic injuries, and about ways to prevent and lessen the impact of road crashes. Over 100 experts, from all continents and different sectors -- including transport, engineering, health, police, education and civil society -- have worked to produce the report. Charts and tables.

Download or read book Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety written by Dora Holland and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walking and biking are becoming increasingly popular modes of transportation: nearly a million more people reported walking or biking to work in 2013 than in 2005. While total traffic fatalities declined from 2004 through 2013 (the most recent year for which data are available), this was not matched by a similar decline in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities. This book examines trends in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities and injuries from 2004 through 2013 and characteristics of these fatalities and injuries; safety initiatives selected states and cities have implemented and their views on challenges in addressing this issue; and actions taken by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to help improve safety. Furthermore, this book identifies noteworthy and innovative international designs, treatments, and other practices that have potential to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety and access and increase walking and bicycling in the United States.

Download or read book Epidemiology of Bicycle Injuries and Risk Factors for Serious Injury written by Frederick P. Rivara and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: