Download or read book Biaxial Stretching of Semi crystalline Polymer Films written by K. Matsumoto and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biaxial Stretching of Film written by Mark T. DeMeuse and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-18 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biaxial (having two axes) stretching of film is used for a range of applications and is the primary manufacturing process by which products are produced for the food packaging industry. Biaxial stretching of film: principles and applications provides an overview of the manufacturing processes and range of applications for biaxially stretched films.Part one reviews the fundamental principles of biaxial stretching. After an introductory chapter which defines terms, chapters discuss equipment design and requirements, laboratory evaluations, biaxial film structures and typical industrial processes for the biaxial orientation of films. Additional topics include post production processing of biaxially stretched films, the stress-strain behaviour of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and academic investigations of biaxially stretched films. Part two investigates the applications of biaxial films including fresh cut produce, snack packaging and product labelling. A final chapter investigates potential future trends for biaxially oriented films and orienting lines.Biaxial stretching of film: principles and applications is a valuable reference tool for a broad spectrum of readers, ranging from polymer and fibre engineers to electrical engineers. It will also be suitable for professionals in the food packaging and paper industries. A valuable reference tool for polymer and fibre engineers, electrical engineers and professionals in the food packaging and paper industries Provides a comprehensive overview of the manufacturing processes of biaxially stretched films and includes a discussion of their future applications Places emphasis on the technology as well as the different types of polymers used
Download or read book Temporally Programmed Stretching of Polymer Films written by Sylvain Seif and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This research provides an in-depth analysis on the effects of organoclay inclusion in PLA film on the evolution of structural hierarchy during constant and variable rate uniaxial and biaxial stretching processes. At lower deformation rates and/or higher temperatures PLA exhibits three regime stress-optical behavior: In Regime I, the material remains amorphous while obeying the traditional linear Stress Optical Rule (SOR), in Regime II strain crystallization occurs in conjunction with a positive deviation from SOR, and in Regime III, birefringence increases slowly with stress as the chains reach their finite extensibilities or are locked in place by an oriented crystalline network. This is due to partial chain relaxation at these conditions which allows the highly oriented adjacent chains to register themselves into the crystal lattice formation. Lower temperature and/or higher rates, on the other hand, evoke a nematic-like phase consisting of high orientation but significant translational disorder, bringing about Regime I-III behavior with the absence of Regime II. As the organoclay filler content increases, higher temperatures and/or lower rates are required to overcome the confinement effect on the PLA chains in the vicinity of the high aspect ratio organoclay platelets and/or to relax the chains that are quickly being pulled and oriented by the clay. The 3D ordered crystal zones in filled material don't all orient in the MD, as many of the PLA chains that are entangled between and interconnected with the organoclay platelets' surfaces deform and crystallize away from the MD as the platelets separate during stretching. This phenomenon leads to lower Regime I-II slopes and end-birefringence values with an increase in clay loading. Application of very low stretch rates early on in the deformation process (Exponential (EXP) profile) was found to delay the strain crystallization mechanism which leads to rapid orientation development in the material. For the same value of strain, the highest birefringence values are evidenced in the Logarithmic (LOG) profile, whereas the lowest values are seen in the EXP profile. Furthermore, higher crystallinity values for the same strain values are obtained in the LOG profile, while lower values are obtained in the EXP profile. This implies that the chains orient and crystallize more efficiently when high rates are applied early on in the deformation process. Intermediate levels of crystallinity are induced when Linear (constant stretch rate) or Sigmoidal (high stretch rates at intermediate stages of deformation) deformation profiles are applied. Incorporation of Cloisite 30B organoclay speeds up the oriented crystallization process, bringing about significantly higher crystallinity levels at the lower deformation levels. However, as the deformation proceeds to high extension levels, higher crystallinity levels are noted in neat PLA. Films stretched using simultaneous equal biaxial (SEB) mode, in which the film is stretched under identical rates to the same stretch ratios in the MD and the TD, exhibit optically uniaxial symmetry with the two out-of-plane birefringences increasing monotonously with deformation. Furthermore, in-plane isotropy, as indicated by near zero value for in-plane birefringence [delta]n12, is evident throughout the entire deformation process in both neat and filled PLA material regardless of process conditions, as the in-plane crystal and molecular orientation is equal at all equal draw ratios. Diffraction rings of much higher intensity are noted in neat PLA, indicating higher strain crystallization levels as proven by DSC. Additionally, despite the formation of a crystalline phase, out-of-plane Regime II stress-optical behavior is not observed during SEB stretching at all conditions. Furthermore, more intense diffraction spots, as well as higher % crystallinity values, are observed during UCW stretching, as stress relaxation leading to 3D oriented and ordered chains is harder to achieve and is of lower magnitude during SEB stretching. Another part of the research involves the effects of molecular weight and rubbery state uniaxial stretching conditions on the mechano-optical behavior of Poly(m-xylylenediamine adipamide) (Nylon MXD6) films. At low stretching temperatures and high rates the stress optical behavior is found to start with an initial glassy photo-elastic behavior. Decreasing stretching rate or increasing processing temperature is found to eliminate this glassy photo-elastic regime leading to the observation of a linear initial stress optical behavior past a temperature T11 of 95%C for both M.W. materials. Following this initial regime, the behavior is controlled by the competition between orientation and relaxation during deformation. If the chain orientation relaxation is not suppressed by increasing the stretching rate and/or the molecular weight or by decreasing temperature, the material strain crystallizes. The influence of relaxation and forced retraction from different extension levels on the structure and mechano-optical behavior of Nylon MXD6 is also investigated. When relaxation takes place at the early stages of Regime I, or from the amorphous state, the stress relaxation at the processing temperature accompanies a decrease in birefringence following the linear stress-optical behavior and the material remains amorphous. In contrast, when the material is deformed and relaxed from various points along the Regime II and the Regime III, an increase in birefringence is observed during the holding stage, as a result of the local, microscopic spontaneous deformation process of the macromolecular chains under constrained engineering strain. Whereas forced retraction from within Regime I results in a gradual decrease in birefringence, retraction from within Regime III does not yield any significant changes in structure or crystallinity level even when retraction as high as 30% is applied."--Abstract.
Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.
Download or read book Membrane Processes in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutics written by Catherine Charcosset and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-03-14 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter 1: Principles on membrane and membrane processes -- Chapter 2: Ultrafiltration -- Chapter 3: Microfiltration -- Chapter 4: Virus Filtration -- Chapter 5: Membrane chromatography -- Chapter 6: Membranes for the Preparation of Emulsions and Particles -- Chapter 7: Other Membrane Processes -- Chapter 8: Some Perspectives.
Download or read book Intelligent Robotics and Applications written by YongAn Huang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three volume set LNAI 10462, LNAI 10463, and LNAI 10464 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications, ICIRA 2017, held in Wuhan, China, in August 2017. The 235 papers presented in the three volumes were carefully reviewed and selected from 310 submissions. The papers in this third volume of the set are organized in topical sections on sensors and actuators; mobile robotics and path planning; virtual reality and artificial intelligence; aerial and space robotics; mechatronics and intelligent manufacturing.
Download or read book Selected Papers of Turner Alfrey written by Turner Alfrey and published by Marcel Dekker. This book was released on 1986 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nucleation and Growth of Spherulitic Domain Structure in Semi crystalline Polymer Thin Films written by Tao Huang and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MEMBRANE PROCESSES Volume II written by and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-11-05 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane Processes is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. These volumes discuss matters of great relevance to our world on desalination which is a critically important as clearly the only possible means of producing fresh water from the sea for many parts of the world. The two volumes present state-of-the art subject matter of various aspects of Membrane Processes such as: History And Current Status Of Membrane Desalination Processes; Membrane Science And Reclamation; Membrane Characterization; Principles And Practices Of Reverse Osmosis; Reverse Osmosis: Introduction; Hollow-Fiber Membranes; Preparation And Characterization Of Ionexchange Membranes; Preparation And Characterization Of Micro- And Ultrafiltration Membranes; Membrane Distillation; Desalination By Membrane Distillation; Pervaporation;Dialysis And Diffusion Dialysis; Donnan Dialysis; Modeling And Calculation Of Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes; Survey Of Theoretical Approaches To Modeling; Pressure-Driven Membrane. Processes(Submodels For Transport In Phases); Reverse Osmosis Process And System Design; Practical Aspects Of Large-Scale Reverse Osmosis Applications; Health, Safety And Environmental Considerations; Membrane Separation Technologies; Concentration Of Liquid Foods; Mass Transfer Operation–Membrane Separations; Mass Transfer Operations: Hybrid Membrane Processes; Recent Advances In Membrane Science And Technology In Seawater Desalination – With Technology Development In The Middle East And Singapore. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy and Decision Makers
Download or read book Polymer Morphology written by Qipeng Guo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-29 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. • Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology • Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface-induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self-assembly, deformation, and surface topography • Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites • Discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods, like x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy and their applications in the morphology of polymer materials
Download or read book Roll to Roll Manufacturing written by Jehuda Greener and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-22 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A single-volume resource featuring state-of-the art reviews of key elements of the roll-to-roll manufacturing processing methodology Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing is an important manufacturing technology platform used extensively for mass-producing a host of film-type products in several traditional industries such as printing, silver-halide photography, and paper. Over the last two decades, some of the methodologies and know-how of R2R manufacturing have been extended and adapted in many new technology areas, including microelectronics, display, photovoltaics, and microfluidics. This comprehensive book presents the state-of-the-art unit operations of the R2R manufacturing technology, providing a practical resource for scientists, engineers, and practitioners not familiar with the fundamentals of R2R technology. Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing: Process Elements and Recent Advances reviews new developments in areas such as flexible glass, display, and photovoltaics and covers a number of process innovations implemented recently to extend and improve the capabilities of traditional R2R lines. It covers such topics as: coating and solidification processes, in-line vacuum deposition, drying, web handling and winding, polymer film substrates, novel hybrid composite films, flexible solar cells and more. Additionally, this book: Examines key elements (unit operations) of the R2R technology, and discusses how these elements are utilized and integrated to achieve desired process efficiencies in a host of applications. Illustrates several established and novel application areas where R2R processing is utilized in current or future products. Discusses process design methodology and key advantages of R2R manufacturing technology over batch or sheet-to-sheet operations. Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing: Process Elements and Recent Advances is an ideal book for undergraduate and graduate students in various science and engineering disciplines, as well as for scientists, engineers, and technical and business leaders associated in any way with the development, commercialization, and manufacture of a variety of film products.
Download or read book Structure and Properties of Polymer Films written by R. Lenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of the relationship between the structure, morphology and properties of polymer films has significantly progressed in recent years through the use of a number of phyiscal techniques - some new and some old. These methods include small and large angle x-ray diffraction, bire fringence, light scattering, infrared dichroism, fluorescence polarization, light and electron microscopy and interferrometry. This collection of papers, most of which were presented at a symposium at the Boston American Chemical Society Meeting in April, 1972, represent a collection of recent studies using many of these methods by some of the leading scientists in their fields. It is evident that these various techniques permit the study of various aspects of film structure such as crystal structure and orientation, amorphous orientation, the interrelation of crystalline and amorphous regions in lamellar, fibrillar, and spherulitic superstructure and the relationshi. p of these structural variables to the mechanical and optical properties of the films. Film structure is sufficiently complex that a complete understanding of the relationship between structure and properties will come from the employment of a combination of several of these methods. vii CONTENTS Optical Studies of the Morphology of Polymer Films ••• • • 1 Richard S. Stein Light Scattering by Oriented Native Cellulose Systems 25 R. H. Marchessault Superstructure in Films of Bio and Biorelated Small Angle Polymers as Noted by 39 Light Scattering • • Garth L.
Download or read book Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites Revised and Expanded written by Harutun Karian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-03-25 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the success of its predecessor with completely revised material and six new chapters, the Handbook of Polypropylene and Polypropylene Composites, Second Edition responds to increasing interest and changing global trends in the manufacture and application of polypropylene resin. The authors highlight viable options for the manufacture of
Download or read book First Annual Contractors Conference of the Artificial Kidney Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases written by Roger A. Lieberman and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Contractors Conference of the Artificial Kidney Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Contractor s Conference Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annual Contractor s Conference of the Artificial Kidney Program of the National Institute of Arthritis Metabolism and Digestive Diseases written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: