Download or read book Belarus Back in the U S S R written by United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Back in the USSR written by Jens Marius Saether and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Last Soviet Republic written by Stewart Parker and published by Trafford Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first serious study of Alexander Lukashenko president of Belarus. Exposes the reality behind the myth of 'Europe's last Dictatorship'.
Download or read book Our Glorious Past written by David Marples and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Belarus Back in the U S S R written by United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Belarus written by David R. Marples and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1999 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the key questions about postcommunist Belarus, and comes to the optimistic conclusion that Belarus will survive into the twenty-first century, but as a Eurasian, rather than a European state.
Download or read book Belarus written by Andrew Wilson and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and revelatory history of modern Belarus - from independence to 2020’s contested election In 2020 Belarus made headlines around the world when protests erupted in the aftermath of a fraught presidential election. Andrew Wilson explores both Belarus’s complicated road to nationhood and its politics and economics since it gained independence in 1991. Two new chapters reveal the extent of Aliaksandr Lukashenka’s grip on power, the growth of the opposition movement and the violent crackdown that followed the vote. Wilson also examines the prospects for Europe as a whole of either Lukashenka’s downfall or his survival with Russian support. “Andrew Wilson has done all students of European politics a great service by making the history of Belarus comprehensible and by showing how the future of Belarus might be different than its present.”—Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
Download or read book Belarus written by D. Marples and published by Springer. This book was released on 1996-06-23 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe examines the principal effects of Soviet rule on Belarus as the prelude to a detailed analysis of the medical and social consequences of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. It places these problems into the contemporary political context and assesses the ability of the newly-independent state to deal with a disaster of such dimensions.
Download or read book The A to Z of Belarus written by Vitali Silitski and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2010-04-07 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political map of Eastern Europe changed dramatically in December 1991 when the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine huddled together in a Bielavieza Forest retreat and decided to dissolve the 15 union republics, which composed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). One of those republics was the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). A United Nations member since 1945, Belarus has a rich cultural heritage that is seen as a promising base for the development of a solid national identity and for real independence. It is this cultural heritage and sense of history that nourish the ongoing efforts of the nationalist minority, as well as the larger democratic opposition, to resist the regime of President Alaksandr Luka?enka who is bent on restoring ties to Russia. Thus Belarus, with its burdens of the past and potential for the future, finds itself in a struggle that will affect not only its own destiny, but also the international structure of Eastern Europe. The A to Z of Belarus—through its chronology, introductory essays, appendixes, map, bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on important persons, places, events, and institutions and significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects—traces Belarus' history and provides a compass for the direction the country is heading.
Download or read book The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism 1906 1931 written by Per Anders Rudling and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2015-02-27 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Belarusian nationalism emerged in the early twentieth century during a dramatic period that included a mass exodus, multiple occupations, seven years of warfare, and the partition of the Belarusian lands. In this original history, Per Anders Rudling traces the evolution of modern Belarusian nationalism from its origins in late imperial Russia to the early 1930s. The revolution of 1905 opened a window of opportunity, and debates swirled around definitions of ethnic, racial, or cultural belonging. By March of 1918, a small group of nationalists had declared the formation of a Belarusian People's Republic (BNR), with territories based on ethnographic claims. Less than a year later, the Soviets claimed roughly the same area for a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). Belarusian statehood was declared no less than six times between 1918 and 1920. In 1921, the treaty of Riga officially divided the Belarusian lands between Poland and the Soviet Union. Polish authorities subjected Western Belarus to policies of assimilation, alienating much of the population. At the same time, the Soviet establishment of Belarusian-language cultural and educational institutions in Eastern Belarus stimulated national activism in Western Belarus. Sporadic partisan warfare against Polish authorities occurred until the mid-1920s, with Lithuanian and Soviet support. On both sides of the border, Belarusian activists engaged in a process of mythmaking and national mobilization. By 1926, Belarusian political activism had peaked, but then waned when coups d'etats brought authoritarian rule to Poland and Lithuania. The year 1927 saw a crackdown on the Western Belarusian national movement, and in Eastern Belarus, Stalin's consolidation of power led to a brutal transformation of society and the uprooting of Belarusian national communists. As a small group of elites, Belarusian nationalists had been dependent on German, Lithuanian, Polish, and Soviet sponsors since 1915. The geopolitical rivalry provided opportunities, but also liabilities. After 1926, maneuvering this complex and progressively hostile landscape became difficult. Support from Kaunas and Moscow for the Western Belarusian nationalists attracted the interest of the Polish authorities, and the increasingly autonomous republican institutions in Minsk became a concern for the central government in the Kremlin. As Rudling shows, Belarus was a historic battleground that served as a political tool, borderland, and buffer zone between greater powers. Nationalism arrived late, was limited to a relatively small elite, and was suppressed in its early stages. The tumultuous process, however, established the idea of Belarusian statehood, left behind a modern foundation myth, and bequeathed the institutional framework of a proto-state, all of which resurfaced as building blocks for national consolidation when Belarus gained independence in 1991.
Download or read book Back in the USSR written by Fiona Hill and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harvard University's Ethnic Conflict Project analyses ethnic conflict in the former USSR in order to determine its implications for Western assistance and US foreign policy. This report focuses on Russia's role in relation to recent ethnic conflicts in the ex-USSR. Given the West's impotence to resolve civil conflict in places like Cambodia, Somalia and ex-Yugoslavia, Russia has made an "interesting proposition" regarding instability in the multi-ethnic mosaic of the fourteen newly-independent republics of the former Soviet Union. In 1993 it requested that the international community sanction and finance its "peacekeeping" activities in these republics. The report suggests that in each recent conflict Russia has, in fact, intervened to aggravate rather than defuse the unrest for its own strategic objectives. These objectives include guaranteeing access to warm water ports, raw materials and markets and maintaining a buffer zone against traditional rivals - Turkey, Iran, China and Europe. In attempting to protect its aims, the report continues, Russian policy has compromised the sovereignty of each of the former republics of the USSR and forced them into increasing dependence on Moscow. In Belarus, Central Asia and Ukraine, the aims have been pursued via economic and diplomatic means. In Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Tajikistan, Russiahas been more aggressive. A series of policy recommendations for the US is offered in the final section of the report. The US is advised to oppose the unilateral installation of Russian peacekeepers in the former Soviet republics, to support moderate forces and to counteract nationalist extremists in these republics, to commission fact-finding missions to examine alleged human rights abuses against Russians in Central Asia and to encourage the newly independent states to submit laws pertaining to ethnic minorities to the CSCE or Council of Europe for review. Such measures should help prevent Russia from exploiting minority grievances, the report concludes.
Download or read book Belarus written by Andrew Wilson and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and revelatory history of modern Belarus - from independence to 2020's contested election In 2020 Belarus made headlines around the world when protests erupted in the aftermath of a fraught presidential election. Andrew Wilson explores both Belarus's complicated road to nationhood and its politics and economics since it gained independence in 1991. Two new chapters reveal the extent of Aliaksandr Lukashenka's grip on power, the growth of the opposition movement and the violent crackdown that followed the vote. Wilson also examines the prospects for Europe as a whole of either Lukashenka's downfall or his survival with Russian support. "Andrew Wilson has done all students of European politics a great service by making the history of Belarus comprehensible and by showing how the future of Belarus might be different than its present."--Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
Download or read book The Repressive Factors of the USSR s Internal Policy and Everyday Life of the Belarusian Society 1944 1953 written by Iryna Kashtalian and published by Harrassowitz. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iryna Kashtalian examines forms of repressive factors and the impact they had on the daily life of the Belarusian society between 1944 and 1953. The research was based on relevant archives and eyewitness reports. The repressive factors of the USSR's internal policy noticeably influenced main aspects of daily life, particularly in West Belarus, which was still in the course of submitting to the Soviet system into which the rest of BSSR territory had already been integrated. The threat of repressions made the majority of BSSR inhabitants choose conformism as a strategy of survival. However, despite the continuous threat of violence and the difficult conditions of postwar restoration, the search for possibilities to maintain close social networks was a determining factor in everyday life. Fighting for this goal obliged people to use both legal and illegal means. Due to the scope for decision-making they occasionally had, local functionaries could determine the extent of the repressive measures without losing sight of the actual aims. Yet, this strongly depended on the individual circumstances and on the respective functionary's personality.
Download or read book The Role of Small States in the Post Cold War Era written by Dmitry Shlapentokh and published by Strategic Studies Institute U. S. Army War College. This book was released on 2012 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States is no longer the only global center of power as it was in the first years of post-Cold War era. Neither are there just two superpowers -- the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics -- that define the course of global events. The new multipolarity implies the presence of several centers of power that will provide the opportunity for small states, such as Belarus, to move from one center of power to the other and/or to engage in a sort of geopolitical gamesmanship. During the last 10 years or so, Belarus moved from Russia to the European Union and back, while at the same time engaging in relationships with Iran and China. While relationships with Russia and the European Union have not been stable, the story is different with China and Iran. Belarus has always maintained a good relationship with both countries, especially with China. This demonstrates the increasing role of Asia in the geopolitical arrangements now and certainly in the years to come."-- Publisher's website.
Download or read book A Life for Belarus written by Stanislau Shushkevich and published by Central European University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memoir of the first president of an independent Belarus (1991-1994) tells about the revival of independent Belarus, the difficulties in establishing a democracy and a market economy, a hardened Soviet mentality, and the political immaturity of the intelligentsia and obduracy of the old nomenklatura. Stanislau Shushkevich, born in 1934, narrates his path from a son of an "enemy of the people" to a doctorate in physics, and then to be the first head of independent Belarus. A series of entertaining essays discuss some major events as well as some minor ones that are barely known. The book describes Shushkevich's role in hosting the Belavezha Accords, which brought about the end of the Soviet Union, and explores the motivation behind the decision for the de jure dissolution of the empire at a time when the major world leaders were categorically against the division of the USSR into independent states. The author draws particular attention to the role of the Baltic States in the late perestroika period. He also addresses the political passivity of the Soviet intelligentsia and the reasons for the revival of the Soviet Union in Russia and Belarus. Shushkevich, who lives in Minsk, also provides valuable insights into contemporary Belarus, including an assessment of Lukashenka's controversial role in recent events.
Download or read book The Last Dictatorship in Europe written by Brian Bennett and published by Hurst Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Belarus is an isolated country dominated by one man. Few tourists go there despite its fascinating, cultured past and beautiful countryside. Belarussians are friendly and hospitable yet they rarely have the chance to speak their minds and are deprived of access to unbiased information. They have been removed from the flow of European history by a tyrannical regime described by Condoleezza Rice, the former US Secretary of State, as 'the last dictatorship in Europe'. The people of Belarus were not ready for independence in 1991 and were misled into believing that the young, unsophisticated Alexander Lukashenko would lead them into a bright future. Instead he foisted upon them a dictatorship little different from what they had known before. Bennett's book tracks the history of Belarus from the collapse of the Soviet Union to the eventual establishment of dictatorship in 2006. It takes the reader through the excitement and mistakes of the first presidential election in 1994, undemocratic referenda and elections, suspicious disappearances of critics of the regime and the suppression of opposition. It ends with a close look at the enigmatic Alexander Lukashenko and hazards a guess as to how his regime will end. Belarus deserves to be better known; this book pulls back the curtain
Download or read book Belarus Back in the U S S R written by Christopher H. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2001-12-01 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Witnesses: Ross Wilson, Principal Deputy to the Ambassador-at-Large and Special Advisor to the Secretary of State for the New Independent States; Ambassador Hans-Georg Wieck, OSCE Advisory and Monitoring Group; Arkady Cherepansky, Charge D'Affaires, Embassy of the Republic of Belarus to the USA; Ambassador Andrei O. Sannikov, International Coordinator for Charter 97; Rachel Denber, Deputy Director, Human Rights Watch, Europe and Central Asia Division; and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, Executive Director, International League for Human Rights.
