Download or read book Assessing the Impact of Temperature on Grape Phenolic Metabolism written by Seth D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic factors influence grape berry composition including nutrient status, water availability, biotic stress, sun exposure and temperature. Previous research examined the effects of many factors listed above and much progress has been made. It is often difficult, however, to separate effects that typically confound each other, such as sun exposure and temperature. Increasing exposure of a berry to the sun will lead to some degree of heating unless the temperature is otherwise maintained. In this study berry temperatures where manipulated independent of sun exposure, necessarily separating the two effects. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of fruit temperature on the phenolic metabolism of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot) grown under field conditions with controlled exposure to sunlight. While similar studies have focused on production and accumulation of anthocyanins our primary focus was on proanthocyanidins or 'tannins'. Here we report the effects of modulating daytime and nighttime temperatures as well as damping the diurnal temperature range. Furthermore, research was broken into two phases: berry set to véraison (phase I) and véraison to commercial harvest (phase II). This was to assess the effects of treatments during two discrete phases of berry development characterized by accumulation of distinct phenolic metabolites. Samples collected at véraison indicated that damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation advanced the onset of ripening. Those berries were larger (doubledamped: 0.753±0.015 vs control: 0.512±0.034 g/berry) and more colored than all others. Phenolic material from grape seed and skin was quantified and characterized using three chromatography methods. Proanthocyanidin accumulation at véraison was linearly related to heat summation over the developmental period with nighttime heating yielding the highest concentration and daytime cooling yielding the lowest (night-heat: 1.46±0.13 vs day-cool: 0.97±0.09 mg/berry). Damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation reduced proanthocyanidin mDP (double-damped: 21.8±1.0 vs control: 28.0±1.7). Day-Cooling resulted in an increase in the concentration of flavonols at the end of phase I yet a decrease at the end of phase II. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with additional information regarding climatic factors influencing phenolic biosynthesis and to provide grape growers with tools to better manage their crop.
Download or read book Investigating the Effects of Temperature on Secondary Metabolism in Vitis Vinifera L Cv Merlot Berries written by Seth D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (e.g. Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the more important fruit crops from an economic standpoint with world market values over 550 million US dollars in 2007 and 2008, second to apples (United States Department of Agriculture). While a satisfactory level of ripeness is of primary concern, the quality of wine grapes is determined the contribution of secondary metabolites. econdary metabolites provide the color, aroma, flavor, and tactile sensations associated with wine and are believed to be of biological value to humans. Anthocyanins provide the color to red grapes and wine while flavonols are thought to provide color stability to wine through copigmentation with anthocyanins. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) provide astringency or a tactile response in the mouth, which is a primary element of wine quality. For the plant, secondary metabolites are involved in signaling, seed dissemination, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, the temperature of field-grown grapes, Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot, was manipulated by cooling and heating berries relative to ambient temperatures during three growing seasons. A range of thermal time was investigated by delivering cold air during the day (Cool) or warm air at night (Heat). Additionally, the effect of reducing the diurnal temperature range (DTR) was investigated by daytime cooling and nighttime heating without a significant change in the accumulated thermal time compared to ambient berries. The impact on PAs was studied by imposing treatments from fruit set to vé́raison during active PA biosynthesis. Treatments imposed from véraison to harvest maturity ([greater or equal to] 22.0°Brix) were intended to assess the impact on flavonol and anthocyanin accumulation and changes in PAs during ripening. In 2008, experiments focused on PA accumulation by examining metabolites and the expression of genes involved in PA biosynthesis at ten-day intervals up to véraison. Treatment effects described here demonstrate a complex response of grape berries to shifts in temperatures. The data suggest periods of sensitivity with respect to secondary metabolism that may dictate the response to changes in temperatures. To the authors' knowledge, the data presented here is the first of it's kind; examining the effect of temperature on active PA biosynthesis in both the skin and seed of grape as well as the effect of altering the DTR of berries grown under field conditions. This research has implications in understanding fundamental plant responses to their environment and the impact of climate shifts and seasonal temperature variations on grape berry composition.
Download or read book The Biochemistry of the Grape Berry written by Hernâni Gerós and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically significant fruit species. Many scientific advances have been achieved in understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. Some of these advances have led to the improvement of"
Download or read book Grapevine in a Changing Environment written by Hernâni Gerós and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-09 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Over the last decades many scientific advances have led to understand more deeply key physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. However, our knowledge on how grapevines respond to environmental stimuli and deal with biotic and abiotic stresses is still fragmented. Thus, this area of research is wide open for new scientific and technological advancements. Particularly, in the context of climate change, viticulture will have to adapt to higher temperatures, light intensity and atmospheric CO2 concentration, while water availability is expected to decrease in many viticultural regions, which poses new challenges to scientists and producers. With Grapevine in a Changing Environment, readers will benefit from a comprehensive and updated coverage on the intricate grapevine defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress and on the new generation techniques that may be ultimately used to implement appropriate strategies aimed at the production and selection of more adapted genotypes. The book also provides valuable references in this research area and original data from several laboratories worldwide. Written by 63 international experts on grapevine ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, the book is a reference for a wide audience with different backgrounds, from plant physiologists, biochemists and graduate and post-graduate students, to viticulturists and enologists.
Download or read book Grapes 2nd Edition written by Glen L. Creasy and published by CABI. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised with new content and full-colour figures throughout, the second edition of this successful book contains expanded content for all sections, particularly those covering the impact of climate change, seasonal management, mechanisation and organic management options. There is a new vine balance section, as well as significant updates to rootstocks and grafting. It includes information on wine grapes in addition to grapes for fresh consumption and raisin production. Covering a broad range of topics from grapevine growth and fruit development, to vineyard establishment, mechanisation and postharvest processing, this book provides historical and current information about the grape industry and sets out the theory and science behind production practices. It is an invaluable resource for grape producers, horticulture and plant science students, as well as enthusiasts of the vine and its products.
Download or read book Grapevine Molecular Physiology Biotechnology written by Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-04 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine is one of the most widely cultivated plant species worldwide. With the publication of the grapevine genome sequence in 2007, a new horizon in grapevine research has unfolded. Thus, we felt that a new edition of ‘Molecular Biology & Biotechnology of the Grapevine’ could expand on all the latest scientific developments. In this edition and with the aid of 73 scientists from 15 countries, ten chapters describe new aspects of Grapevine Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology and eleven chapters have been revised and updated. This book is intended to be a reference book for researchers, scientists and biotechnological companies, who want to be updated in viticultural research, but also it can be used as a textbook for graduate and undergraduate students, who are interested in the Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Plants with an emphasis on the Grapevine.
Download or read book Red Wine Technology written by Antonio Morata and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-29 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Red Wine Technology is a solutions-based approach on the challenges associated with red wine production. It focuses on the technology and biotechnology of red wines, and is ideal for anyone who needs a quick reference on novel ways to increase and improve overall red wine production and innovation. The book provides emerging trends in modern enology, including molecular tools for wine quality and analysis. It includes sections on new ways of maceration extraction, alternative microorganisms for alcoholic fermentation, and malolactic fermentation. Recent studies and technological advancements to improve grape maturity and production are also presented, along with tactics to control PH level.This book is an essential resource for wine producers, researchers, practitioners, technologists and students. - Winner of the OIV Award 2019 (Category: Enology), International Organization of Vine and Wine - Provides innovative technologies to improve maceration and color/tannin extraction, which influences color stability due to the formation of pyranoanthocyanins and polymeric pigments - Contains deep evaluations of barrel ageing as well as new alternatives such as microoxigenation, chips, and biological ageing on lees - Explores emerging biotechnologies for red wine fermentation including the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts and yeast-bacteria coinoculations, which have effects in wine aroma and sensory quality, and also control spoilage microorganisms
Download or read book Abiotic Stresses in Agroecology A Challenge for Whole Plant Physiology written by Mauro Centritto and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-07-04 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding plant responses to abiotic stresses is central to our ability to predict the impact of global change and environmental pollution on the production of food, feed and forestry. Besides increasing carbon dioxide concentration and rising global temperature, increasingly frequent and severe climatic events (e.g. extended droughts, heat waves, flooding) are expected in the coming decades. Additionally, pollution (e.g. heavy metals, gaseous pollutants such as ozone or sulfur dioxide) is an important factor in many regions, decreasing plant productivity and product quality. This Research topic focuses on stress responses at the level of whole plants, addressing biomass-related processes (development of the root system, root respiration/fermentation, leaf expansion, stomatal regulation, photosynthetic capacity, leaf senescence, yield) and interactions between organs (transport via xylem and phloem, long-distance signaling and secondary metabolites). Comparisons between species and between varieties of the same species are helpful to evaluate the potential for species selection and genetic improvement. This research topic is focused on the following abiotic stresses and interactions between them: - Increased carbon dioxide concentration in ambient air is an important parameter influenced by global change and affects photosynthesis, stomatal regulation, plant growth and finally yield. - Elevated temperature: both the steady rise in average temperature and extreme events of shorter duration (heat waves) must be considered in the context of alterations in carbon balance through increased photorespiration, decreased Rubisco activation and carboxylation efficiency, damage to photosynthetic apparatus, as well as loss of water via transpiration and stomatal sensitivity. - Low temperatures (late frosts, prolonged cold phases, freezing temperature) can decrease overwintering survival rates, productivity of crop plants and species composition in meadows. - Water availability: More frequent, severe and extended drought periods have been predicted by climate change models. The timing and duration of a drought period is crucial to determining plant responses, particularly if the drought event coincides with an increase in temperature. Drought causes stomatal closure, decreasing the cooling potential of transpiration and potentially leading to thermal stress as leaf temperature rises. Waterlogging may become also more relevant during the next decades and is especially important for seedlings and young plants. It is not the presence of water itself that causes the stress, but the exclusion of oxygen from the soil which causes a decrease in respiration and an increase in fermentation rates followed by a period of potential oxidative stress as water recedes. - Salinity: high salt concentration in soil influences soil water potential, the water status of the plant and hence affects productivity. Salt tolerance will become an important trait driven by increased competition for land and the need to exploit marginal lands.Understanding plant responses to abiotic stresses is central to our ability to predict the impact of global change and environmental pollution on the production of food, feed and forestry. Besides increasing carbon dioxide concentration and rising global temperature, increasingly frequent and severe climatic events (e.g. extended droughts, heat waves, flooding) are expected in the coming decades. Additionally, pollution (e.g. heavy metals, gaseous pollutants such as ozone or sulfur dioxide) is an important factor in many regions, decreasing plant productivity and product quality. This Research topic focuses on stress responses at the level of whole plants, addressing biomass-related processes (development of the root system, root respiration/fermentation, leaf expansion, stomatal regulation, photosynthetic capacity, leaf senescence, yield) and interactions between organs (transport via xylem and phloem, long-distance signaling and secondary metabolites). Comparisons between species and between varieties of the same species are helpful to evaluate the potential for species selection and genetic improvement. This research topic is focused on the following abiotic stresses and interactions between them: - Increased carbon dioxide concentration in ambient air is an important parameter influenced by global change and affects photosynthesis, stomatal regulation, plant growth and finally yield. - Elevated temperature: both the steady rise in average temperature and extreme events of shorter duration (heat waves) must be considered in the context of alterations in carbon balance through increased photorespiration, decreased Rubisco activation and carboxylation efficiency, damage to photosynthetic apparatus, as well as loss of water via transpiration and stomatal sensitivity. - Low temperatures (late frosts, prolonged cold phases, freezing temperature) can decrease overwintering survival rates, productivity of crop plants and species composition in meadows. - Water availability: More frequent, severe and extended drought periods have been predicted by climate change models. The timing and duration of a drought period is crucial to determining plant responses, particularly if the drought event coincides with an increase in temperature. Drought causes stomatal closure, decreasing the cooling potential of transpiration and potentially leading to thermal stress as leaf temperature rises. Waterlogging may become also more relevant during the next decades and is especially important for seedlings and young plants. It is not the presence of water itself that causes the stress, but the exclusion of oxygen from the soil which causes a decrease in respiration and an increase in fermentation rates followed by a period of potential oxidative stress as water recedes. - Salinity: high salt concentration in soil influences soil water potential, the water status of the plant and hence affects productivity. Salt tolerance will become an important trait driven by increased competition for land and the need to exploit marginal lands.
Download or read book Resilience of Grapevine to Climate Change From Plant Physiology to Adaptation Strategies written by Chiara Pastore and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-09-20 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ome wide Studies of Grapevine Fruit Composition and Responses to Agro environmental Factors in the Era of Systems Biology written by José Tomás Matus and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fruits play a substantial role in the human diet as a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and a wide range of molecules relevant to health promotion and disease prevention. The characterization of genes involved in the accumulation of these molecules during fruit development and ripening, and in the overall plant’s response to the environment, constitutes a fundamental step for improving yield- and quality-related traits, and for predicting this crop’s behavior in the field. This is certainly the case for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), one of the most largely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The cultivation of this species is facing challenging scenarios driven by climate change – including increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), solar radiation, and earth surface temperature, and decreases of water and nutrient availability. All these events will potentially affect the grapevine phenology, physiology, and metabolism in many growing regions and ultimately affect the quality of their fruits and of the most important derived product, the wine. The sequencing of the grapevine genome has given rise to a new era, characterized by the generation of large-scale data that requires complex computational analyses. Numerous transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have been performed in the past fifteen years, providing insights into the gene circuits that control the accumulation of all sorts of metabolites in grapevines. From now on, the integration of two or more ‘omics’ will allow depicting gene-transcript-metabolite networks from a more holistic (i.e. systems) perspective. This eBook attempts to support this new direction, by gathering innovative studies that assess the impact of genotypes, the environment, and agronomical practices on fruits at the ‘ome’-scale. The works hereby collected are part of a Research Topic covering the use of ‘omics’-driven strategies to understand how environmental factors and agronomical practices – including microclimate modification (e.g. sunlight incidence or temperature), water availability and irrigation, and postharvest management – affect fruit development and composition. These studies report well-settled transcriptomic and metabolomic methods, in addition to newly-developed techniques addressing proteome profiles, genome methylation landscapes and ionomic signatures, some of which attempt to tackle the influence of terroir, i.e. the synergic effect of (micro)climate, soil composition, grape genotype, and vineyard practices. A few reviews and opinions are included that focus on the advantages of applying network theory in grapevine research. Studies on vegetative organs in their relation to fruit development and on fruit-derived cell cultures are also considered.
Download or read book Wine Traceability written by Maria Carla Cravero and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wine traceability is a central theme in the current world market where consumers are increasingly demanding the quality and origin of food and drink. The wine production chain and wine composition are generally controlled by different laws (International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), European Union (EU), and national governments) and need specific documentation. Nevertheless, wine production is subject to fraud. Consequently, the improvement of the methods applied to verify the origin and quality of wines is very important to protect wine consumers and producers. In this book, eight different papers—six research papers and two reviews—address the topic from different points of view.
Download or read book Scientific Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry written by Benjamin Valdez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the wisdom, knowledge and expertise of the food industry that ensures the supply of food to maintain the health, comfort, and wellbeing of humankind. The global food industry has the largest market: the world population of seven billion people. The book pioneers life-saving innovations and assists in the fight against world hunger and food shortages that threaten human essentials such as water and energy supply. Floods, droughts, fires, storms, climate change, global warming and greenhouse gas emissions can be devastating, altering the environment and, ultimately, the production of foods. Experts from industry and academia, as well as food producers, designers of food processing equipment, and corrosion practitioners have written special chapters for this rich compendium based on their encyclopedic knowledge and practical experience. This is a multi-authored book. The writers, who come from diverse areas of food science and technology, enrich this volume by presenting different approaches and orientations.
Download or read book Managing Wine Quality written by Andrew G. Reynolds and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-04-28 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many aspects of both grape production and winemaking influence wine sensory properties and stability. Progress in research helps to elucidate the scientific basis of quality variation in wine and suggest changes in viticulture and oenology practices. The two volumes of Managing wine quality review developments of importance to wine producers, researchers, and students. The focus is on recent studies, advanced methods and likely future technologies.The first volume Viticulture and wine quality opens with chapters reviewing current understanding of wine aroma, colour, taste and mouthfeel. Part two focuses on the measurement of grape and wine properties. Topics covered include instrumental analysis of grape, must and wine, sensory evaluation and wine authenticity and traceability. The effects of viticulture technologies on grape composition and wine quality attributes are the subject of part three. Terroir, viticultural and vineyard management practices, fungal contaminants and grape processing equipment are among the areas discussed.With authoritative contributions from experts across the world's winemaking regions, Managing wine quality: Volume1: Oenology and wine quality is an essential reference for all those involved in viticulture and oenology wanting to explore new methods, understand different approaches and refine existing practices. - Reviews current understanding of wine aroma, colour, taste and mouthfeel - Details the measurement of grape and wine properties through instrumental analysis, must and wine, and sensory evaluation - Examines viticulture and vineyard management practices, fungal contaminants and processing equipment
Download or read book Grapevine in a Changing Environment written by Hernâni Gerós and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Over the last decades many scientific advances have led to understand more deeply key physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. However, our knowledge on how grapevines respond to environmental stimuli and deal with biotic and abiotic stresses is still fragmented. Thus, this area of research is wide open for new scientific and technological advancements. Particularly, in the context of climate change, viticulture will have to adapt to higher temperatures, light intensity and atmospheric CO2 concentration, while water availability is expected to decrease in many viticultural regions, which poses new challenges to scientists and producers. With Grapevine in a Changing Environment, readers will benefit from a comprehensive and updated coverage on the intricate grapevine defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress and on the new generation techniques that may be ultimately used to implement appropriate strategies aimed at the production and selection of more adapted genotypes. The book also provides valuable references in this research area and original data from several laboratories worldwide. Written by 63 international experts on grapevine ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, the book is a reference for a wide audience with different backgrounds, from plant physiologists, biochemists and graduate and post-graduate students, to viticulturists and enologists.
Download or read book Genomic Designing for Abiotic Stress Resistant Fruit Crops written by Chittaranjan Kole and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-20 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents deliberations on molecular and genomic mechanisms underlying the interactions of crop plants to the abiotic stresses caused by heat, cold, drought, flooding, submergence, salinity, acidity, etc., important to develop resistant crop varieties. Knowledge on the advanced genetic and genomic crop improvement strategies including molecular breeding, transgenics, genomic-assisted breeding, and the recently emerging genome editing for developing resistant varieties in fruit crops is imperative for addressing FHNEE (food, health, nutrition, energy, and environment) security. Whole genome sequencing in many of these crops followed by genotyping-by-sequencing has provided precise information regarding the genes conferring resistance useful for gene discovery, allele mining, and shuttle breeding which in turn opened up the scope for 'designing' crop genomes with resistance to abiotic stresses. The seven chapters each dedicated to a fruit crop and a fruit crop group in this volume elucidate different types of abiotic stresses and their effects on and interaction with the crops; enumerate the available genetic diversity with regard to abiotic stress resistance among available cultivars; illuminate the potential gene pools for utilization in interspecific gene transfer; present brief on classical genetics of stress resistance and traditional breeding for transferring them to their cultivated counterparts; depict the success stories of genetic engineering for developing abiotic stress-resistant crop varieties; discuss on molecular mapping of genes and QTLs underlying stress resistance and their marker-assisted introgression into elite varieties; enunciate different genomics-aided techniques including genomic selection, allele mining, gene discovery, and gene pyramiding for developing adaptive crop varieties with higher quantity and quality of yields, and also elaborate some case studies on genome editing focusing on specific genes for generating abiotic stress-resistant crops.
Download or read book New Advances in Genetic Studies to Understand Yeast Adaptation to Extreme and Fermentative Environments written by Francisco A. Cubillos and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-04-30 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Viticulture written by Albert Julius Winkler and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1974 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The text is designed to enable those concerned with either vine or fruite problems to arrive at considered diagnoses. Tje student will find the text and cited references a comprehensive source of information.
