Download or read book Assessing Risk Factors for Adverse Birth Outcomes and Early Childhood Respiratory Illness an Examination of Supplement Initiation and Participation in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children During Pregnancy written by Vivian Alfonso and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, rate of preterm birth peaked in 2006 and little progress has been made to date despite ambitious Healthy People 2020 goals. Infants born premature are at higher risk of death and disability, including psychological conditions, learning difficulties and medical disabilities, than term newborns. Additionally, adverse birth outcomes are associated with asthma, the leading cause of chronic childhood illness and disability. According to the 'Barker hypothesis', intrauterine exposures may serve as a programming stimulus that alters the development of biologic systems and the risk or susceptibility to future disease. One such programming stimulus is maternal nutrition in pregnancy as previous research has shown associations between prenatal nutrition (such as vitamin supplement use and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children enrollment (WIC)) and birth and early childhood respiratory health outcomes. Through this dissertation, we address gaps in knowledge regarding supplement use in pregnancy and prenatal enrollment in the nutrition program among low-income, minority women, allowing for better informed public health messages. In the first study, we identified WIC eligible parous women who gave birth to first and second siblings between 2007 and 2011 from California electronic birth records to assess the impact of program enrollment on recurrent preterm birth. WIC eligibility in the second pregnancy was based upon both an income criteria (assessed through Medi-Cal as the second pregnancy primary payer for prenatal care) and "nutritional risk" (assessed through a premature first birth). We found that eligible second pregnancy non-enrollees had a higher risk of recurrent preterm birth than program participants among both first pregnancy WIC non-enrollees and first pregnancy WIC enrollees. These findings suggest that the benefits provided by WIC to patrons, including vouchers for food supplementation, counseling and referrals to health and social services, may improve birth outcomes of the women electing to enroll in the program. In sensitivity analyses, we also found the magnitude of this association was strongest for the following high risk subgroups of eligible women: first pregnancy Medi-Cal participants, younger, and Black or Hispanic mothers with the shortest time between births. The second study used data from a Los Angeles based case-control study nested within the 2003 birth cohort to assess the relationship between the timing of pre-natal supplement initiation and birth outcomes. This study limited analyses to non-Hispanic white and Hispanic women, the predominant racial/ethnic groups among respondents. Among Hispanic mothers, we observed an increased odds of preterm birth the later a woman initiated pre-natal supplement use in pregnancy and the magnitude of the association was larger in US-born compared to foreign-born women. The case-control respondents were followed approximately three years later to assess offspring respiratory outcomes. The third study objective was to assess whether adverse early childhood respiratory health is associated with the timing of folic acid supplement initiation in pregnancy. Among all study participants, timing of folic acid use (derived from reports of both folic acid and pre-natal supplements) was not associated with wheeze in the first three years of life, current wheeze, or lower respiratory tract infection in offspring even after re-weighing the population to account for premature birth and censorship. Among mothers with a history of eczema, hay fever or asthma, we found late folic acid supplement initiators had between 1.7-1.9 times the risk of adverse respiratory health outcomes compared to their first trimester initiating counterparts. No association was found among non-atopic mothers. In conclusion, our results support that prenatal nutrition in pregnancy may serve as a programming stimulus as timing of supplement initiation and nutrition program enrollment were found to be associated with offspring health. Both are potentially modifiable factors and the information obtained through these studies highlights the importance of tailored public health interventions for those at highest risk of adverse birth and childhood respiratory health outcomes.
Download or read book WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-06-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the scientific basis for nutrition risk criteria used to establish eligibility for participation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The volume also examines the specific segments of the WIC population at risk for each criterion, identifies gaps in the scientific knowledge base, formulates recommendations regarding appropriate criteria, and where applicable, recommends values for determining who is at risk for each criterion. Recommendations for program action and research are made to strengthen the validity of nutrition risk criteria used in the WIC program.
Download or read book Adverse Birth Outcomes and Associated Risk Factors written by Ingrid Mburia and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cause for adverse birth outcomes such as prematurity, low birth weight, small for gestational age, among others, is not clearly understood. Despite medical advancements, infants that overcome poor birth outcomes face significant cognitive, behavioral, and developmental challenges in their childhood and throughout their lifespan. It has been established that some race/ethnic groups and populations in the lower economic strata are disproportionately affected by adverse birth outcomes. It is of utmost importance to continue exploring factors that contribute to race/ethnic disparities in order to develop targeted intervention strategies. In Nevada, several initiatives have been developed to address disparities in poor birth outcomes, however, the state faces challenges such as: provider shortages, long distance to hospitals and/or areas that offer health care services, low high school graduation rates, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among casino workers, a growing prescription and illicit drug use problem, among others. The goals of this epidemiological study were to: 1) determine whether distance was a barrier in obtaining specialized care for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, 2) asses the association between working in the service industry and preterm birth among Hispanic women and 3) evaluate the relationship between depression, substance use, and low birth weight. In study one, distance of more than 50 miles was found to be associated with delivery of a VLBW infant in a non-level III hospital. Study two revealed that Hispanic women working in the service industry had increased odds of preterm birth compared to those working in administrative support positions. Results of study three showed that mothers who used prescription drugs during pregnancy had higher odds of delivering a low birth weight baby. Additionally, women with a clinical diagnoses of depression prior to becoming pregnant had higher odds of using substances during pregnancy (OR: 3.51; 95% CI = 3.46-3.56) compared to women who did not have a clinical diagnoses of depression prior to pregnancy. The findings of this dissertation support avenues to further explore factors associated with adverse birth outcomes and barriers to accessing health care services among pregnant women.
Download or read book Infants at Risk for Developmental Dysfunction written by Delores L. Parron and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Early Life Environments and Long Term Outcomes written by Corneliu Bolbocean and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large literature has linked "in utero" environment to health and socio-economic outcomes in adulthood. We consider the effect of early life environments on health and skill formation outcomes. We first evaluate the impact of perinatal-neonatal level of technology at birth, which varies across delivery institutions, on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with Cerebral Palsy. The level of technology at delivery determines the type of therapy newborns receive immediately after birth. The type of therapy is critical to prevent or treat adverse events around labor and delivery which determine later neurological and neurocognitive impairments such as CP. We evaluate the relationship between availability of neonatal technology, which is associated with levels of care at delivery hospitals, and CP nonambulatory status, using data from the Canadian Multi-Regional Cerebral Palsy Registry. In a follow-up paper we further explore the efficiency of neonatal transfers across Quebec neonatal system. We find robust evidence that there is no statistical significant relationship between level of neonatal care at birth and CP severity. This finding means that differences in levels of neonatal care and associated technology available at delivery are not associated at the margin with the risk of a non-ambulatory CP phenotype among children with CP. Overall we conclude that, in the Quebec regionalized neonatal care system, there is no gain to increasing the level of care assigned to mothers at risk of CP. We estimate the effect of mothers' participation in the Supplementary Nutrition Assistance Program and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children on early cognitive and non-cognitive developmental outcomes as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Our data are from a large, prospective, community-based panel study of mother-infant pairs. In this rich data set we can directly identify the change in neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with changes in food programs uptake. In a model where unobserved heterogeneity only affects the level of neurodevelopmental outcomes this can be interpreted as a causal effect. Our results suggest that brief prenatal investments may be more cost effective than traditional educational interventions in improving early childhood developmental outcome.
Download or read book Vibrant and Healthy Kids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity.
Download or read book Parenting Matters written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.
Download or read book Reducing Birth Defects written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-10-27 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries.
Download or read book American Academy of Pediatrics Textbook of Pediatric Care written by Jane Meschan Foy and published by . This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive manual of pediatric medicine - completely updated with 75 new chapters and e-book access.
Download or read book Guidelines for Perinatal Care written by American Academy of Pediatrics and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide has been developed jointly by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and is designed for use by all personnel involved in the care of pregnant women, their foetuses, and their neonates.
Download or read book Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-05-27 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years, public concerns have grown in response to the apparent rising prevalence of food allergy and related atopic conditions, such as eczema. Although evidence on the true prevalence of food allergy is complicated by insufficient or inconsistent data and studies with variable methodologies, many health care experts who care for patients agree that a real increase in food allergy has occurred and that it is unlikely to be due simply to an increase in awareness and better tools for diagnosis. Many stakeholders are concerned about these increases, including the general public, policy makers, regulatory agencies, the food industry, scientists, clinicians, and especially families of children and young people suffering from food allergy. At the present time, however, despite a mounting body of data on the prevalence, health consequences, and associated costs of food allergy, this chronic disease has not garnered the level of societal attention that it warrants. Moreover, for patients and families at risk, recommendations and guidelines have not been clear about preventing exposure or the onset of reactions or for managing this disease. Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy examines critical issues related to food allergy, including the prevalence and severity of food allergy and its impact on affected individuals, families, and communities; and current understanding of food allergy as a disease, and in diagnostics, treatments, prevention, and public policy. This report seeks to: clarify the nature of the disease, its causes, and its current management; highlight gaps in knowledge; encourage the implementation of management tools at many levels and among many stakeholders; and delineate a roadmap to safety for those who have, or are at risk of developing, food allergy, as well as for others in society who are responsible for public health.
Download or read book Preterm Birth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-23 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
Download or read book Comparative Quantification of Health Risks Sexual and reproductive health written by Majid Ezzati and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2004 with total page 2282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific evidence on prevalence and the resulting health effects of a range of exposures that are know to be hazardous to human health, including childhood and maternal undernutrition, nutritional and physiological risk factors for adult health, addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health risks, and risks in the physical environments of households and communities, as well as among workers. This book is the culmination of over four years of scientific equiry and data collection, know as the comparative risk assessment (CRA) project.
Download or read book The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Surgeon General's report returns to the topic of the health effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. The last comprehensive review of this evidence by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) was in the 1986 Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, published 20 years ago this year. This new report updates the evidence of the harmful effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. This large body of research findings is captured in an accompanying dynamic database that profiles key epidemiologic findings, and allows the evidence on health effects of exposure to tobacco smoke to be synthesized and updated (following the format of the 2004 report, The Health Consequences of Smoking). The database enables users to explore the data and studies supporting the conclusions in the report. The database is available on the Web site of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco.
Download or read book Improving Health in the Community written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-05-21 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do communities protect and improve the health of their populations? Health care is part of the answer but so are environmental protections, social and educational services, adequate nutrition, and a host of other activities. With concern over funding constraints, making sure such activities are efficient and effective is becoming a high priority. Improving Health in the Community explains how population-based performance monitoring programs can help communities point their efforts in the right direction. Within a broad definition of community health, the committee addresses factors surrounding the implementation of performance monitoring and explores the "why" and "how to" of establishing mechanisms to monitor the performance of those who can influence community health. The book offers a policy framework, applies a multidimensional model of the determinants of health, and provides sets of prototype performance indicators for specific health issues. Improving Health in the Community presents an attainable vision of a process that can achieve community-wide health benefits.
Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.
Download or read book Health United States 2017 written by Government Publishing Office and published by Health, United States. This book was released on 2019-09-23 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This annual overview is a report of national trends in health statistics
