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Book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 90 99 MCTP 12 10D Desert Operations April 2021

Download or read book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 90 99 MCTP 12 10D Desert Operations April 2021 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This United States Army and United States Marine Corps manual, Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-90.99 MCTP 12-10D Desert Operations April 2021, is a dual-designated Army/Marine Corps manual that provides Soldiers/Marines with the concepts and techniques associated with conducting operations in a desert environment. The principal audience for ATP 3-90.99/MCTP 12-10D includes Army/Marine Corps commanders, leaders, staffs, and Soldiers/Marines. Trainers and educators throughout the Army/Marine Corps will also use this manual. ATP 3-90.99/MCTP 12-10D applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, United States Army Reserve, United States Marine Corps, and the United States Marine Corps Reserve unless otherwise stated.

Book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 90 98 MCTP 12 10C Jungle Operations September 2020

Download or read book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 90 98 MCTP 12 10C Jungle Operations September 2020 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-07 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This United States Marine Corps USMC and United States Army manual, Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-90.98 MCTP 12-10C Jungle Operations September 2020, is a dual-designated Army and Marine Corps manual that provides Soldiers/Marines with concepts and techniques associated with conducting operations in a jungle environment. This publication supersedes FM 90-5 and MCTP 12-10C, dated August 1982. The principal audience for ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-10C includes Army/Marine Corps commanders, leaders, staffs, and Soldiers/Marines. Trainers and educators throughout the Army/Marine Corps will also use this manual. ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-10C denotes Marine Corps-specific text with underlining. ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-1OC uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint, Army, and Marine Corps terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. In doctrinal publications, the normal convention for identifying terms uses italics. Since this is a dual-designated Army and Marine Corps manual, the following protocol is used to distinguish proponency (authority) of information and terms: - Terms in italics and phrasing both underlined-Marine Corps specific terms, phrasing, or concepts. - Terms in italics and definitions in plain text-joint and Army terms with proponent publication in parentheses. ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-10C implements standardization agreement (known as STANAG) Allied Tactical Publication-3.2.1B. ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-10C uses the current USMC doctrinal numbering schema for reference. Appendix D contains a cross reference table between the current and historical USMC doctrine numbers as many Army multi-service publications do not currently reflect the current USMC doctrine numbering schema. ATP 3-90.98/MCTP 12-10C applies to Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, United States Army Reserve, and Marine Corps, and United States Marine Corps Reserveunless otherwise stated.

Book Desert Operations   FM 90 3  MCTP 12 10D  Formerly MCWP 3 35 6

Download or read book Desert Operations FM 90 3 MCTP 12 10D Formerly MCWP 3 35 6 written by Us Marine Corps and published by . This book was released on 2018-09-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes all instances of MCWP 3-35.6, Desert Operations, to MCTP 12-10D, Desert Operations.

Book Desert Operations FM 90 3

    Book Details:
  • Author : Department of the Army
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2016-02-29
  • ISBN : 9781530296316
  • Pages : 224 pages

Download or read book Desert Operations FM 90 3 written by Department of the Army and published by . This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Desert Operations FM 90-3 describes the tactics, techniques, and procedures that the United States (US) Army uses to fight in desert regions. It is a key reference for commanders and staff regarding how the desert affects personnel, equipment and operations. It will assist them in planning and conducting combat operations in a desert environment.

Book U S  Army Desert Operations Handbook

Download or read book U S Army Desert Operations Handbook written by Department of the Army and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-03-06 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagine working all day in 100-degree plus temperatures under constant life-threatening circumstances, sometimes relying only on the negligible amount of hydration from a cactus you’ve dug up. This is the life of a U.S. Army soldier in places like Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, which is why the U.S. Army Desert Operations Handbook is a vital reference for survival in one of the harshest environments in the world. This official guide covers how to plan and conduct operations, how the environment affects personnel and equipment, and most importantly, how to survive and receive supplies in the desert. The obvious problems with extreme temperatures are water location and mobility. However, from handling and caring for firearms to operating and fueling a tank, the entire game changes in the dry, sandy desert conditions. The skills in this guide are taken from lessons learned in real combat situations. Success in desert operations requires the ability to adapt with constant terrain and temperature changes, which are often drastic within the same twenty-four–hour period. All the while, the soldier must be able to move within a unit without being visible to unfriendly groups. This combat-tested manual is sure to arm anyone with the skills necessary to survive in the desert.

Book Army Tactical Standard Operating Procedures  ATP 3 90  90

Download or read book Army Tactical Standard Operating Procedures ATP 3 90 90 written by Department Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-90.90 facilitates development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in order to enhance efficiency and adaptability across the force. ATP 3-90.90 achieves this purpose through linking to a milWiki portal under the milSuite uniform resource locator (URL) containing guidance for tactical SOPs and unclassified examples of SOPs for reference. The SOP portal provides a baseline for developing new SOPs quickly and a forum for improving existing SOPs. The portal presents best practices consistent with doctrinal principles. The Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate established the SOP portal in 2009. The authors attempted to align the original information with pertinent doctrine and regulations. Where the portal's contents differ from current doctrine and regulations, the latter take precedence. The information in the SOP portal is not authoritative doctrine. The examples in the portal do not provide ready-to-use SOPs for Army units. Soldiers developing SOPs for their units are encouraged to apply critical thinking while referring to the models and other resources to aid their own content development. At a minimum, portal users must be familiar with this ATP, Field Manuals (FMs) 5-0 and 6-99.2; Army Regulations (ARs) 25-1, 34-4, and 380-5; and Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam) 25-403. Soldiers are encouraged to use the portal to collaborate, to improve the portal's contents, and to upload new SOP examples. The SOP portal is secure and requires an Army Knowledge Online or Defense Knowledge Online login. The portal's contents are unclassified. Neither this manual nor the SOP portal is intended to regulate the appearance or content of unit SOPs. This ATP uses joint terms where applicable. When formal military terms are identified in the text of this ATP, the terms are italicized and the number of the proponent manual follows the definition. A standard operating procedure is a set of instructions covering those features of operations which lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness. The procedure is applicable unless ordered otherwise (JP 3-31). A SOP is both standing and standard: it instructs how to perform a prescribed and accepted process established for completing a task. Features of operations that lend themselves to standardization are common and usually detailed processes performed often and requiring minimal variation each time. Well-written and properly used unit tactical SOPs enhance effective execution of tasks; the benefits of SOPs are numerous. They reduce training time, the loss of unwritten information, the commission of errors, the omission of essential steps or processes, and the time required for completion of tasks. This does not mean, however, that carrying out SOPs never requires thought or that SOPs should never change. Indeed, tactical units must change some operating procedures as rapidly as operational environments and missions change. The SOP portal helps units avoid an unnecessary loss of effectiveness that could occur by maintaining unthinking dependence on outdated written procedures. The portal also helps units avoid a loss of effectiveness that could occur when units delay writing down processes that need to become standardized. The doctrine in this manual provides techniques for developing unit tactical SOPs. Units throughout the Army can take advantage of technology to obtain guidance, collaborate in real time, and find information quickly. This manual and the SOP portal are intended to enhance operational adaptability Army-wide. In the short term, the information in the SOP portal will help units establish or improve SOPs more rapidly. In the long term, the intention is that more and more units will build SOPs using the portal and the doctrine in this manual. SOPs throughout the Army should increase in similarity as the combination of doctrinal guidance and Army-wide milWiki collaboration facilitates consensus.

Book Desert Operations

    Book Details:
  • Author : Department of the Army
  • Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
  • Release : 1993-08-24
  • ISBN : 9781494864347
  • Pages : 222 pages

Download or read book Desert Operations written by Department of the Army and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 1993-08-24 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FM 90-3/FMFM7-27 is the Army and Marine Corps' manual for desert operations. It is a key reference for commanders and staffs regarding how the desert affects personnel, equipment, and operations. It will assist them in planning and conducting combat operations in desert environments.

Book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 21  90 MCTP 3 01D Tactical Employment of Mortars October 2019

Download or read book Army Techniques Publication ATP 3 21 90 MCTP 3 01D Tactical Employment of Mortars October 2019 written by United States Government Us Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, Army Techniques Publication ATP 3-21.90 MCTP 3-01D Tactical Employment of Mortars October 2019, is a multiservice publication that provides Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) a doctrinal reference for the employment of mortar squads, sections, and platoons. It contains guidance on tactics and techniques that mortar elements use to execute their part of combat operations described in battalion-, squadron-, troop-, and company-level manuals. This publication contains guidance on how a mortar element's fires and displacement are best planned and employed to sustain a commander's intent for fire support.The target audience for ATP 3-21.90/MCTP 3-01D includes mortar squad, section, and platoon leaders, company and battalion commanders, battalion staff officers, and all others responsible for controlling and coordinating fire support. Training developers use this manual as a source document for combat critical tasks. Combat developers use this manual when refining and revising operational concepts for mortar organizations. This publication serves as the primary reference for both resident and nonresident mortar tactical employment instruction.ATP 3-21.90 / MCTP 3-01D applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve of the UnitedStates, and USMC.Chapter 1 discusses the overview of mortar systems, fire direction center systems, and duty positions for a mortar platoon or section in the Armored, Infantry, and Stryker Brigade Combat Team. This chapter discusses the role of mortars with an introduction to the purpose. Chapter 2 discusses an overview of fires organization and fire support plan and coordination with emphasis on the top-down bottom-up refinement. Chapter 3 establishes techniques and procedures for mortar platoons or sections in support of platoon, company, and battalion operations.Chapter 4 provides an overview of mortar platoon and section operations in support of company, troop, and battalion operations.Chapter 5 provides baseline survivability techniques for mortar platoons and sections in all operating environments. Chapter 6 covers the sustainment and logistics of mortar elements in support of operations. Appendix A discusses mortar ammunition utilization and effects on targets to include high explosive, phosphorus smoke, and illumination cartridges.

Book U  S  Army Desert Operations Manual

Download or read book U S Army Desert Operations Manual written by U. S. Army and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-07 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BEWARE: Many other sellers on Amazon are selling the Obsolete FM 7-27. This is the updated official FM 90-3 which contains more pages and updated information. The printed Desert Operations Manual is in the convenient 8.5 x 11 inch format. The book contains over 220 pages. Over one-third of the earth's land surface is arid. This is more than any other type of terrain. Operating in the desert requires special planning to deal with this harsh environment. The book is created, trusted and battle tested by the US Armed Forces. It should be part of every bug-out bag and vehicle, and used by preppers, hunters, climbers, campers, outdoorspeople, hikers and anyone looking to survive natural or man-made disasters. Contents of the Army Desert Operations Manual include: Effects on Personnel Effects on Equipment How to Train for Desert Ops Offensive Operations Defensive Operations Supply Maintenance Health Services Much Much More BUY YOUR COPY TODAY

Book Desert Operations  FM 90 3   FMFM 7 27

Download or read book Desert Operations FM 90 3 FMFM 7 27 written by Department Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-11-17 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FM 90-3 /FM FM 7-27 is the Army's and Marine Corps' manual for desert operations. It is a key reference for commanders and staffs regarding how the desert affects personnel, equipment, and operations. It will assist them in planning and conducting combat operations in desert environments. The manual complies with the contents of NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG)/Quadripartite Standardization Agreement (QSTAG).

Book Field Manual FM 3 99 Airborne and Air Assault Operations March 2015

Download or read book Field Manual FM 3 99 Airborne and Air Assault Operations March 2015 written by United States Government US Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-03-29 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication, Army Field Manual FM 3-99 Airborne and Air Assault Operations establishes doctrine to govern the activities and performance of Army forces in forcible entry (specifically airborne and air assault operations) and provides the doctrinal basis for vertical envelopment and follow-on operations. This publication provides leaders with descriptive guidance on how Army forces conduct vertical envelopment within the simultaneous combination of offense, defense, and stability. These doctrinal principles are intended to be used as a guide and are not to be considered prescriptive. FM 3-99 encompasses tactics for Army airborne and air assault operations and describes how commanders plan, prepare, and conduct airborne and air assault operations by means of joint combined arms operations. This publication supersedes FM 90-26, Airborne Operations and Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 3-18.12, Air Assault Operations. To comprehend the doctrine contained in this publication, readers must first understand the principles of war, the nature of unified land operations, and the links between the operational and tactical levels of war described in Joint Publication (JP) 3-0, Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 3-0, and Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 3-0. The reader must understand the fundamentals of the operations process found in ADP and ADRP 5-0 associated with the conduct of offensive and defensive tasks contained in FM 3-90-1 and reconnaissance, security, and tactical enabling tasks contained in FM 3-90-2. In addition the reader must also fully understand the principles of mission command as described in ADP 6-0 and ADRP 6-0 and command and staff organization and operations found in FM 6-0. The principal audience for FM 3-99 is the commanders, staff, officers, and noncommissioned officers (NCOs) of the brigade, battalions, and companies within the brigade combat team. The audience also includes the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command institutions and components, and the United States Army Special Operations Command. It serves as an authoritative reference for personnel developing doctrine, materiel and force structure, institutional and unit training, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for airborne or air assault operations. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

Book U S  Army Desert Operations Handbook

Download or read book U S Army Desert Operations Handbook written by Army and published by Skyhorse. This book was released on 2013-03-06 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagine working all day in 100-degree plus temperatures under constant life-threatening circumstances, sometimes relying only on the negligible amount of hydration from a cactus you’ve dug up. This is the life of a U.S. Army soldier in places like Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, which is why the U.S. Army Desert Operations Handbook is a vital reference for survival in one of the harshest environments in the world. This official guide covers how to plan and conduct operations, how the environment affects personnel and equipment, and most importantly, how to survive and receive supplies in the desert. The obvious problems with extreme temperatures are water location and mobility. However, from handling and caring for firearms to operating and fueling a tank, the entire game changes in the dry, sandy desert conditions. The skills in this guide are taken from lessons learned in real combat situations. Success in desert operations requires the ability to adapt with constant terrain and temperature changes, which are often drastic within the same twenty-four–hour period. All the while, the soldier must be able to move within a unit without being visible to unfriendly groups. This combat-tested manual is sure to arm anyone with the skills necessary to survive in the desert.

Book XXXXX

    Book Details:
  • Author : Xxxxx
  • Publisher : xxxxx
  • Release : 2006
  • ISBN : 0955066441
  • Pages : 477 pages

Download or read book XXXXX written by Xxxxx and published by xxxxx. This book was released on 2006 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: xxxxx proposes a radical, new space for artistic exploration, with essential contributions from a diverse range of artists, theorists, and scientists. Combining intense background material, code listings, screenshots, new translation, [the] xxxxx [reader] functions as both guide and manifesto for a thought movement which is radically opposed to entropic contemporary economies. xxxxx traces a clear line across eccentric and wide ranging texts under the rubric of life coding which can well be contrasted with the death drive of cynical economy with roots in rationalism and enlightenment thought. Such philosophy, world as machine, informs its own deadly flipside embedded within language and technology. xxxxx totally unpicks this hiroshimic engraving, offering an dandyish alternative by way of deep examination of software and substance. Life coding is primarily active, subsuming deprecated psychogeography in favour of acute wonderland technology, wary of any assumed transparency. Texts such as Endonomadology, a text from celebrated biochemist and chaos theory pioneer Otto E. Roessler, who features heavily throughout this intense volume, make plain the sadistic nature and active legacy of rationalist thought. At the same time, through the science of endophysics, a physics from the inside elaborated here, a delicate theory of the world as interface is proposed. xxxxx is very much concerned with the joyful elaboration of a new real; software-led propositions which are active and constructive in eviscerating contemporary economic culture. xxxxx embeds Perl Routines to Manipulate London, by way of software artist and Mongrel Graham Harwood, a Universal Dovetailer in the Lisp language from AI researcher Bruno Marchal rewriting the universe as code, and self explanatory Pornographic Coding from plagiarist and author Stewart Home and code art guru Florian Cramer. Software is treated as magical, electromystical, contrasting with the tedious GUI desktop applications and user-led drudgery expressed within a vast ghost-authored literature which merely serves to rehearse again and again the demands of industry and economy. Key texts, which well explain the magic and sheer art of programming for the absolute beginner are published here. Software subjugation is made plain within the very title of media theorist Friedrich Kittler's essay Protected Mode, published in this volume. Media, technology and destruction are further elaborated across this work in texts such as War.pl, Media and Drugs in Pynchon's Second World War, again from Kittler, and Simon Ford's elegant take on J.G Ballard's crashed cars exhibition of 1970, A Psychopathic Hymn. Software and its expansion stand in obvious relation to language. Attacking transparency means examining the prison cell or virus of language; life coding as William Burrough's cutup. And perhaps the most substantial and thorough-going examination is put forward by daring Vienna actionist Oswald Wiener in his Notes on the Concept of the Bio-adapter which has been thankfully unearthed here. Equally, Olga Goriunova's extensive examination of a new Russian literary trend, the online male literature of udaff.com provides both a reexamination of culture and language, and an example of the diversity of xxxxx; a diversity well reflected in background texts ranging across subjects such as Leibniz' monadology, the ur-crash of supreme flaneur Thomas de Quincey and several rewritings of the forensic model of Jack the Ripper thanks to Stewart Home and Martin Howse. xxxxx liberates software from the machinic, and questions the transparency of language, proposing a new world view, a sheer electromysticism which is well explained with reference to the works of Thomas Pynchon in Friedrich Kittler's essay, translated for the first time into English, which closes xxxxx. Further contributors include Hal Abelson, Leif Elggren, Jonathan Kemp, Aymeric Mansoux, and socialfiction.org.

Book Every War Must End

    Book Details:
  • Author : Fred Charles Iklé
  • Publisher : Columbia University Press
  • Release : 2005
  • ISBN : 9780231136662
  • Pages : 200 pages

Download or read book Every War Must End written by Fred Charles Iklé and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Every War Must End" analyzes the many critical obstacles to ending a war -- an aspect of military strategy that is frequently and tragically overlooked. Ikli considers a variety of examples from twentieth-century history and examines specific strategies that effectively "won the peace." In the new preface, Ikli explains how U.S. political decisions and military strategy and tactics in Iraq have delayed, and indeed jeopardized, a successful end to hostilities.

Book History of Plymouth Plantation

Download or read book History of Plymouth Plantation written by William Bradford and published by . This book was released on 1856 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Allure of Battle

    Book Details:
  • Author : Cathal Nolan
  • Publisher : Oxford University Press
  • Release : 2017-01-02
  • ISBN : 0199874654
  • Pages : 320 pages

Download or read book The Allure of Battle written by Cathal Nolan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History has tended to measure war's winners and losers in terms of its major engagements, battles in which the result was so clear-cut that they could be considered "decisive." Cannae, Konigsberg, Austerlitz, Midway, Agincourt-all resonate in the literature of war and in our imaginations as tide-turning. But these legendary battles may or may not have determined the final outcome of the wars in which they were fought. Nor has the "genius" of the so-called Great Captains - from Alexander the Great to Frederick the Great and Napoleon - play a major role. Wars are decided in other ways. Cathal J. Nolan's The Allure of Battle systematically and engrossingly examines the great battles, tracing what he calls "short-war thinking," the hope that victory might be swift and wars brief. As he proves persuasively, however, such has almost never been the case. Even the major engagements have mainly contributed to victory or defeat by accelerating the erosion of the other side's defences. Massive conflicts, the so-called "people's wars," beginning with Napoleon and continuing until 1945, have consisted of and been determined by prolonged stalemate and attrition, industrial wars in which the determining factor has been not military but matériel. Nolan's masterful book places battles squarely and mercilessly within the context of the wider conflict in which they took place. In the process it help corrects a distorted view of battle's role in war, replacing popular images of the "battles of annihilation" with somber appreciation of the commitments and human sacrifices made throughout centuries of war particularly among the Great Powers. Accessible, provocative, exhaustive, and illuminating, The Allure of Battle will spark fresh debate about the history and conduct of warfare.

Book Cyber Strategy

    Book Details:
  • Author : Brandon Valeriano
  • Publisher : Oxford University Press
  • Release : 2018-04-17
  • ISBN : 0190618116
  • Pages : 288 pages

Download or read book Cyber Strategy written by Brandon Valeriano and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some pundits claim cyber weaponry is the most important military innovation in decades, a transformative new technology that promises a paralyzing first-strike advantage difficult for opponents to deter. Yet, what is cyber strategy? How do actors use cyber capabilities to achieve a position of advantage against rival states? This book examines the emerging art of cyber strategy and its integration as part of a larger approach to coercion by states in the international system between 2000 and 2014. To this end, the book establishes a theoretical framework in the coercion literature for evaluating the efficacy of cyber operations. Cyber coercion represents the use of manipulation, denial, and punishment strategies in the digital frontier to achieve some strategic end. As a contemporary form of covert action and political warfare, cyber operations rarely produce concessions and tend to achieve only limited, signaling objectives. When cyber operations do produce concessions between rival states, they tend to be part of a larger integrated coercive strategy that combines network intrusions with other traditional forms of statecraft such as military threats, economic sanctions, and diplomacy. The books finds that cyber operations rarely produce concessions in isolation. They are additive instruments that complement traditional statecraft and coercive diplomacy. The book combines an analysis of cyber exchanges between rival states and broader event data on political, military, and economic interactions with case studies on the leading cyber powers: Russia, China, and the United States. The authors investigate cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful for maximizing informational asymmetries and disruptions, and thus are important, but limited coercive tools. This empirical foundation allows the authors to explore how leading actors employ cyber strategy and the implications for international relations in the 21st century. While most military plans involving cyber attributes remain highly classified, the authors piece together strategies based on observations of attacks over time and through the policy discussion in unclassified space. The result will be the first broad evaluation of the efficacy of various strategic options in a digital world.