Download or read book Antiviral RNAi written by Ronald P. van Rij and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2011-03-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses and RNAi share an intricate relationship at many levels. RNAi is an important antiviral defense mechanism in plants and invertebrates, microRNAs – of viral or cellular origin – affect many aspects of virus biology, and replication of many, if not all, mammalian viruses can be suppressed by RNAi. Antiviral RNAi: Concepts, Methods, and Applications provides a collection of protocols for the analysis of viral small RNAs and natural antiviral RNAi responses as well as for the development and optimization of RNAi-based antiviral drugs. As RNAi is a central regulatory mechanism in the cell, the methods in this volume can also be applied out of the context of a virus infection. Divided into five convenient parts, this detailed volume reviews important basic concepts in the field of antiviral RNAi, provides experimental and bio-informatic tools for the analysis of small silencing RNAs, covers methods to biochemically dissect RNAi-based antiviral defense and viral counter-defense mechanisms, describes methods for the design, expression, and delivery of therapeutic antiviral siRNAs, and finally presents genome-wide RNAi approaches for the identification of factors involved in virus replication. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Antiviral RNAi: Concepts, Methods, and Applications serves as an ideal guide for both novice and experienced researchers alike striving to dissect the role of RNAi in the viral life cycle or to further boost the development of novel therapeutics and experimental tools based on RNAi technology.
Download or read book Antiviral RNAi written by Ronald P. van Rij and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses and RNAi share an intricate relationship at many levels. RNAi is an important antiviral defense mechanism in plants and invertebrates, microRNAs – of viral or cellular origin – affect many aspects of virus biology, and replication of many, if not all, mammalian viruses can be suppressed by RNAi. Antiviral RNAi: Concepts, Methods, and Applications provides a collection of protocols for the analysis of viral small RNAs and natural antiviral RNAi responses as well as for the development and optimization of RNAi-based antiviral drugs. As RNAi is a central regulatory mechanism in the cell, the methods in this volume can also be applied out of the context of a virus infection. Divided into five convenient parts, this detailed volume reviews important basic concepts in the field of antiviral RNAi, provides experimental and bio-informatic tools for the analysis of small silencing RNAs, covers methods to biochemically dissect RNAi-based antiviral defense and viral counter-defense mechanisms, describes methods for the design, expression, and delivery of therapeutic antiviral siRNAs, and finally presents genome-wide RNAi approaches for the identification of factors involved in virus replication. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Antiviral RNAi: Concepts, Methods, and Applications serves as an ideal guide for both novice and experienced researchers alike striving to dissect the role of RNAi in the viral life cycle or to further boost the development of novel therapeutics and experimental tools based on RNAi technology.
Download or read book Genetics Characterization of Antiviral RNA Interference in Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Jing Zhong and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA interference (RNAi) acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in fungi, plants, nematodes, insects, and mammals. In antiviral RNAi, virus-specific double-stranded RNA is processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to guide specific viral RNA degradation by the RNAi machinery. Although antiviral RNAi is non cell-autonomous in plants, it is unknown if antiviral RNAi is also systemic in animals. In this dissertation, I characterized the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans mutants defective in systemic RNAi in their antiviral RNAi response induced by either the replication of a Flock house virus-derived replicon or the infection of Orsay virus. The results from these genetic studies provided evidence for the first time to support an antiviral function of systemic RNAi in animals. Comparison of the population of viral siRNAs by deep sequencing further revealed that C. elegans mutants with strong defects in systemic antiviral RNAi were all partially defective in the biogenesis of the viral secondary siRNAs. A possible role for the viral siRNAs in systemic antiviral RNAi is discussed.
Download or read book Antiviral RNAi is Initiated by DsRNA Internalization Into Midgut Cells in the Insect Model Drosophila written by Benjamin Obadia and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects have successfully adapted to an incredible variety of environments where they co-exist with diverse microorganisms (e.g., fungi, bacteria, viruses). Consequently, insect defense mechanisms have been shaped over their evolution to generate a versatile immune system, allowing them to better survive infection, but also to better spread infection to others. Although insect-borne diseases have caused severe threats to humans since recorded history, studies had mainly focused on the dissection and understanding of insect-bacterium interactions while insect-virus interactions have remained poorly characterized. A few years ago, the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as an antiviral immune mechanism opened new perspectives on understanding insect immunity, which may potentially lead to the control of insect-borne viruses. RNAi is naturally triggered by virus-derived double-stranded (ds) RNA molecules and gives the insect a sequence-specific way of controlling viral replication. In insects, the antiviral RNAi response may also be mounted after artificial immunization with dsRNA, and evidence shows that a systemic protective state is established against viruses. Using the insect model Drosophila melanogaster, the present work inquires on the capacity of dsRNA to generate such a systemic silencing response against RNA viruses and focuses on the fate of dsRNA once in the insect organism. We provide evidence that the intestinal epithelium is the principal tissue involved in dsRNA uptake from both environmental and systemic media. The antiviral immune property of the midgut mediated by RNA interference is also debated.
Download or read book Antiviral Resistance in Plants written by John M. Watson and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies related to pathogen-mediated virus resistance in plants were instrumental in providing some of the historical observations which ultimately led to the vital discovery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced gene silencing or RNA interference (RNAi), which has since revolutionized research on plant-virus interactions. In Antiviral Resistance in Plants: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study the phenomenon of RNA silencing in relation to viral infections of plants. These include methods and techniques for the isolation and quantitative/qualitative analyses of plant small 21-24 nucleotide RNAs such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as the analysis and manipulation of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledenous plants and the use of hairpin RNA (hpRNA) transgenes. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Antiviral Resistance in Plants: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists in the further study of this crucially important botanical trait.
Download or read book Gene Therapy for Viral Infections written by Patrick Arbuthnot and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gene Therapy for Viral Infections provides a comprehensive review of the broader field of nucleic acid and its use in treating viral infections. The text bridges the gap between basic science and important clinical applications of the technology, providing a systematic, integrated review of the advances in nucleic acid-based antiviral drugs and the potential advantages of new technologies over current treatment options. Coverage begins with the fundamentals, exploring varying topics, including harnessing RNAi to silence viral gene expression, antiviral gene editing, viral gene therapy vectors, and non-viral vectors. Subsequent sections include detailed coverage of the developing use of gene therapy for the treatment of specific infections, the principles of rational design of antivirals, and the hurdles that currently face the further advancement of gene therapy technology. Provides coverage of gene therapy for a variety of infections, including HBV, HCV, HIV, hemorrhagic fever viruses, and respiratory and other viral infections Bridges the gap between the basic science and the important medical applications of this technology Features a broad approach to the topic, including an essential overview and the applications of gene therapy, synthetic RNA, and other antiviral strategies that involve nucleic acid engineering Presents perspectives on the future use of nucleic acids as a novel class of antiviral drugs Arms the reader with the cutting-edge information needed to stay abreast of this developing field
Download or read book Intrinsic Immunity written by Bryan R. Cullen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-17 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent research has focused attention on the importance of intrinsic antiviral immunity, i.e. immunity mediated by factors that are constitutively expressed in many cells. In this volume, leading experts provide a comprehensive overview of this relatively new and rapidly evolving field. They cover intrinsic proteinaceous antiviral immune effectors, such as the APOBEC3 and TRIM protein families as well as Tetherin and SAMHD1, which were initially discovered by researchers studying HIV-1. Furthermore, the role of RNA interference in antiviral defense in plants and invertebrates, as well as the interplay between microRNAs and viruses in mammalian cells, are analysed. One chapter discusses how intrinsic immunity and viral countermeasures to intrinsic immune effectors drive both pathogen and host evolution, and finally the emerging evidence that DNA damage response proteins restrict infection by DNA viruses is highlighted.
Download or read book Genetic and Bioinformatic Characterization of Mammalian Antiviral RNA Interference written by Jinfeng Lu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diverse eukaryotic hosts produce virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to direct antiviral immunity by RNA interference (RNAi). However, it has been controversial in the past decade whether the mammalian RNAi pathway has a natural antiviral function. In this dissertation, I demonstrate the production of canonical virus-derived siRNAs processed by endoribonuclease Dicer from viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors in cultured hamster and human somatic cells and in mice infected by two distinct RNA viruses after their cognate viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) is rendered inactive. These mammalian viral siRNAs are predominantly 22 nucleotides long and contain mostly uridine as the 5'-terminal nucleotide, and are therefore similar to mammalian microRNAs. I show that canonical viral siRNAs are loaded into mouse and human Argonaute proteins at high levels in the infected cells. Further analysis reveals that the VSR protein NS1 of Influenza A virus inhibits the biogenesis of viral siRNAs whereas the VSR protein B2 of Nodamura virus suppresses both the biogenesis and the Argonaute loading of viral siRNAs during infection. The results together demonstrate that the antiviral RNAi response is conserved in mammals as found in fungi, plants, insects, and nematodes.
Download or read book RNA Silencing written by Gordon Carmichael and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-04 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of readily reproducible methods for the design, preparation, and use of RNAs for silencing gene expression in cells and organisms. The techniques range widely and include methods addressing the biochemical aspects of the silencing machinery, RNA silencing in non-mammalian organisms, and the in vivo delivery of siRNAs and silencing vectors. There are also techniques for designing, preparing, and using RNAs to silence gene expression, for fine-tuning regulation by targeting specific isoforms of a given gene, and for the study and use of microRNAs. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Download or read book The Antiviral Potential of Mammalian RNA Silencing written by Leonid Gitlin and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book RNA Towards Medicine written by Volker A. Erdmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-02-04 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments over the past few years have revealed the remarkable versatility of RNA in any compartment of the cell, tasks that had been thought to be exclusively in the realm of proteins and even beyond. The chapters in this book written by leading investigators in the field provide insight into various promising avenues where RNA and nucleic acid derivatives including antisense RNAs, such as siRNA, miRNAs, amplification/selection (SELEX) generated aptamers as well as ribozymes are at the threshold of impacting medicine.
Download or read book Drosophila CG4572 Protein and the Spread of the RNAi Antiviral Immune Signal written by Margot Karlikow and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During viral infection, cell survival will depend on adequately giving, receiving and processing information to establish an efficient antiviral immune response. Cellular communication is therefore essential to allow the propagation of immune signals that will confer protection to the entire organism.The major antiviral defense in insects is the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism that is activated by detection of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The antiviral RNAi mechanism can be divided in cell- and non-cell- autonomous. In cell-autonomous RNAi, the silencing process is limited to the cell in which the viral dsRNA is produced. In non-cell-autonomous (systemic) RNAi, the interfering effect occurs in cells different from where the viral dsRNA was produced. In insects the systemic RNAi response remains poorly characterized. My PhD explores the role of the Drosophila CG4572/DORA protein in the establishment of systemic antiviral RNAi. It also investigates the nature of immune signals that trigger the antiviral response. I provide evidence for the existence of two different mechanisms of cell-cell communication that allow the spread of the immune signal: extracellular vesicles and tunneling nanotubes. I describe that DORA-positive extracellular vesicles carry fragments of viral RNAs that can spread and confer specific antiviral protection in flies. I also present the characterization of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) containing components of the RNAi machinery, DORA and dsRNA and I hypothesize on the use of TNTs in the spread of the immune signal.Both mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication are coupled for the first time to the antiviral response in Drosophila melanogaster.
Download or read book RNAI mediated Antiviral Immunity in Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Xunyang Guo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nucleic Acid Sensors and Antiviral Immunity written by Dr. Prakash Sambhara and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-11-26 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the late 1990s ushered in a new age of discovery for innate immunity. The importance of TLRs for immunology and biomedical research was recognized with the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 2011. The prize was shared by three scientists: Ralph Steinman (for the discovery of dendritic cells, whi
Download or read book Antiviral Strategies written by Hans-Georg Kräusslich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-02 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A crucial issue for antiviral therapy is the fact that all antiviral substances rapidly select for resistance; thus, monitoring and overcoming resistance has become a most important clinical paradigm of antiviral therapy. This calls for cautious use of antiviral drugs and implementation of combination therapies. In parallel, efforts in drug discovery have to be continued to develop compounds with novel mode-of-action and activity against resistant strains. This book reviews the current status of antiviral therapy, from the roads to development of new compounds to their clinical use and cost effectiveness. Individual chapters address in more detail all available drug classes and outline new approaches currently under development.
Download or read book RNA Viruses written by Decheng Yang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive book on human/animal gene responses to RNA viral infections, including prevalent, emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses such as HIV, SARS-CoV, West Nile virus, influenza virus and many others. Human gene responses are reviewed by leading virologists worldwide in the following aspects: (i) the altered gene expression profiles at the transcriptional and translational levels detected with cutting-edge technologies such as cDNA microarray and proteomics; (ii) host innate and adapted immune responses to viral replication in target organs; (iii) virus-activated signal transduction pathways in cell survival, apoptosis and autophagosomal pathways; and (iv) the small interfering RNA/microRNA-mediated gene silencing pathway, a recently characterized new host defense mechanism against viral infection.
Download or read book RNAi written by Sailen Barik and published by Humana. This book was released on 2011-01-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA interference (RNAi) is the most recent discovery to revolutionize the study of biology. In this book, leaders in the field contribute state-of-the-art, easy to follow methods and bench protocols designed for practical, everyday use of RNAi in biological research. Cutting edge and clearly written, this book enables a researcher with standard molecular biological training to perform major RNAi-related experiments and contribute to this revolutionary, growing field.
