Download or read book Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena written by F.J. Humphreys and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The annealing of deformed materials is of both technological importance and scientific interest. The phenomena have been most widely studied in metals, although they occur in all crystalline materials such as the natural deformation of rocks and the processing of technical ceramics. Research is mainly driven by the requirements of industry, and where appropriate, the book discusses the extent to which we are able to formulate quantitative, physically-based models which can be applied to metal-forming processes. The subjects treated in this book are all active research areas, and form a major part of at least four regular international conference series. However, there have only been two monographs published in recent times on the subject of recrystallization, the latest nearly 20 years ago. Since that time, considerable advances have been made, both in our understanding of the subject and in the techniques available to the researcher. The book covers recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in depth including specific chapters on ordered materials, two-phase alloys, annealing textures and annealing during and after hot working. Also contained are treatments of the deformed state and the structure and mobility of grain boundaries, technologically important examples and a chapter on computer simulation and modelling. The book provides a scientific treatment of the subject for researchers or students in Materials Science, Metallurgy and related disciplines, who require a more detailed coverage than is found in textbooks on physical metallurgy, and a more coherent treatment than will be found in the many conference proceedings and review articles.
Download or read book Crystal Growth and Annealing Method and Apparatus written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method and apparatus for producing crystals that minimizes birefringence even at large crystal sizes, and is suitable for production of CaF.sub. 2 crystals. The method of the present invention comprises annealing a crystal by maintaining a minimal temperature gradient in the crystal while slowly reducing the bulk temperature of the crystal. An apparatus according to the present invention includes a thermal control system added to a crystal growth and annealing apparatus, wherein the thermal control system allows a temperature gradient during crystal growth but minimizes the temperature gradient during crystal annealing. An embodiment of the present invention comprises a secondary heater incorporated into a conventional crystal growth and annealing apparatus. The secondary heater supplies heat to minimize the temperature gradients in the crystal during the annealing process. The secondary heater can mount near the bottom of the crucible to effectively maintain appropriate temperature gradients.
Download or read book Annealing of Quartz Crystals written by John Duffy Harnish and published by . This book was released on 1933 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Automatic Electric Annealing Furnace written by Joseph A. Adamski and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel technique for annealing corundum crystals consists in rapidly cooling the crystals to room temperature after growth is complete, transferring them to an automatically programmed electric furnace and reheating them to 1980 deg. C, and then cooling them at the same rate as they were brought up to the annealing temperature. The total cycle is 32 hr. Results are consistently reproducible. (Author).
Download or read book Subsecond Annealing of Advanced Materials written by Wolfgang Skorupa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-16 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thermal processing of materials ranges from few fem to seconds by Swift Heavy Ion Implantation to about one second using advanced Rapid Thermal Annealing. This book offers after an historical excursus selected contributions on fundamental and applied aspects of thermal processing of classical elemental semiconductors and other advanced materials including nanostructures with novel optoelectronic, magnetic, and superconducting properties. Special emphasis is given on the diffusion and segregation of impurity atoms during thermal treatment. A broad range of examples describes the solid phase and/or liquid phase processing of elemental and compound semiconductors, dielectric composites and organic materials.
Download or read book Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers written by Claudio De Rosa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-26 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the tools needed to master and apply the fundamentals of polymer crystallography Using core concepts in physics, chemistry, polymer science and engineering, this book sheds new light on the complex field of polymer crystallography, enabling readers to evaluate polymer crystallization data and determine the best methods to use for their investigations. The authors set forth a variety of tested and proven methods for analyzing ordered and disordered structures in polymer crystals, including X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and microscopy. In addition to the basics, the book explores several advanced and emerging topics in the field such as symmetry breaking, frustration, and the principle of density-driven phase formation. Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers introduces two new concepts in crystallinity and crystals in synthetic polymers. First, crystallinity in polymeric materials is compatible with the absence of true three-dimensional long-range order. Second, the disorder may be described as a structural feature, using the methods of X-ray scattering and electron diffraction analysis. The book begins by introducing the basic principles and methods for building structural models for the conformation of polymer crystal chains. Next, it covers: Packing of macromolecules in polymer crystals Methods for extracting structural parameters from diffraction data Defects and disorder in polymer crystals Analytical methods for diffuse scattering from disordered polymer structures Crystal habit Influence of crystal defects and structural disorder on the physical and mechanical properties of polymeric materials Crystals and Crystallinity in Polymers examines all the possible types of structural disorder generally present in polymer crystals and describes the influence of each kind of disorder on X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. Its comprehensive, expert coverage makes it possible for readers to learn and apply the fundamentals of polymer crystallography to solve a broad range of problems.
Download or read book Rapid Annealing of Polyethylene Single Crystals written by Jay Jui-Hsiang Liu and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Extended Chain Crystals Vi Annealing of Polyethylene Under Elevated Pressure written by Charles Gruner and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyethylene crystals of different degree of perfection were annealed at 5.1 kb pressure for 20 hours at varying temperatures and analyzed by electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and density determination. No annealing took place until the temperature of annealing was close to the melting point of the starting material. Up to 235C increasing solid state annealing was observed. Mixed crystals of up to 0.989 g/cu cm density and 1,500 A thickness in the chain direction could be produced. At slightly higher temperature recrystallization to extended chain crystals rather than annealing occurred. Annealing at atmospheric pressure seems to be similar in nature, but takes much longer times for comparable perfection. From a comparison of annealing and crystallization it is concluded that polymer crystallization goes through a stage of internally imperfect order during which most of the observed chain extension occurs. Estimates of this outer imperfect layer of a growing crystal place its depth at 30,000 A. (Author).
Download or read book Macromolecular Physics Crystal nucleation growth annealing written by Bernhard Wunderlich and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vapor Crystal Growth and Characterization written by Ching-Hua Su and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-14 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book describes developments in the crystal growth of bulk II-VI semiconductor materials. A fundamental, systematic, and in-depth study of the physical vapor transport (PVT) growth process is the key to producing high-quality single crystals of semiconductors. As such, the book offers a comprehensive overview of the extensive studies on ZnSe and related II-VI wide bandgap compound semiconductors, such as CdS, CdTe, ZnTe, ZnSeTe and ZnSeS. Further, it shows the detailed steps for the growth of bulk crystals enabling optical devices which can operate in the visible spectrum for applications such as blue light emitting diodes, lasers for optical displays and in the mid-IR wavelength range, high density recording, and military communications. The book then discusses the advantages of crystallization from vapor compared to the conventional melt growth: lower processing temperatures, the purification process associated with PVT, and the improved surface morphology of the grown crystals, as well as the necessary drawbacks to the PVT process, such as the low and inconsistent growth rates and the low yield of single crystals. By presenting in-situ measurements of transport rate, partial pressures and interferometry, as well as visual observations, the book provides detailed insights into in the kinetics during the PVT process. This book is intended for graduate students and professionals in materials science as well as engineers preparing and developing optical devices with semiconductors.
Download or read book Characterization of Crystal Growth Defects by X Ray Methods written by B.K. Tanner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute entitled "Characterization of Crystal Growth Defects by X-ray Methods' held in the University of Durham, England from 29th August to 10th September 1979. The current interest in electronic materials, in particular silicon, gallium aluminium arsenide, and quartz, and the recent availability of synchrotron radiation for X-ray diffraction studies made this Advanced Study Institute particularly timely. Two main themes ran through the course: 1. A survey of the various types of defect occurring in crystal growth, the mechanism of their different methods of generation and their influence on the properties of relativelY perfect crystals. 2. A detailed and advanced course on the observation and characterization of such defects by X-ray methods. The main emphasis was on X-ray topographic techniques but a substantial amount of time was spent on goniometric techniques such as double crystal diffractometry and gamma ray diffraction. The presentation of material in this book reflects these twin themes. Section A is concerned with defects, Section C with techniques and in linking them. Section B provides a concise account of the basic theory necessary for the interpretation of X-ray topographs and diffractometric data. Although the sequence follows roughly the order of presentation at the Advanced Study Institute certain major changes have been made in order to improve the pedagogy. In particular, the first two chapters provide a vital, and seldom articulated, case for the need for characterization for crystals used in device technologies.
Download or read book Grain Boundaries written by Louisette Priester and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grain boundaries are a main feature of crystalline materials. They play a key role in determining the properties of materials, especially when grain size decreases and even more so with the current improvements of processing tools and methods that allow us to control various elements in a polycrystal. This book presents the theoretical basis of the study of grain boundaries and aims to open up new lines of research in this area. The treatment is light on mathematical approaches while emphasizing practical examples; the issues they raise are discussed with reference to theories. The general approach of the book has two main goals: to lead the reader from the concept of ‘ideal’ to ‘real’ grain boundaries; to depart from established knowledge and address the opportunities emerging through "grain boundary engineering", the control of morphological and crystallographic features that affect material properties. The book is divided in three parts: I ‘From interganular order to disorder’ deals with the concept of the perfect grain boundary, at equilibrium, and questions the maintenance of its crystalline state. II ‘From the ideal to the real grain boundary’ deals with the concept of the faulted grain boundary. It attempts to reveal the influence of the grain boundary structure on its defects, their formation and their accommodation. III ‘From free to constrained grain boundaries’ is devoted to grain boundary ensembles starting from the triple junction (the elemental configuration) to real grain boundary networks in polycrystals This part covers a new and topical development in the field. It presents for the first time an avenue for researchers working on macroscopic aspects, to approach the scale of description of grain boundaries. Audience: graduate students, researchers and engineers in Materials Science and all those scientists pursuing grain boundary engineering in order to improve materials performance.
Download or read book Sapphire written by Elena R. Dobrovinskaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science had come into being — crystalline materials research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the “ceramic era” was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of the “ceramic era.” Widening the field of sapphire application necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products, especially those with stipulated properties including a preset structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the physical–chemical processes that take place during the formation of the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the nature and causes of crystal imperfections.
Download or read book Crystallization and annealing of polyamides under elevated pres written by Jan Evert Stamhuis and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Crystal Growth and Annealing for Minimized Residual Stress written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method and apparatus for producing crystals that minimizes birefringence even at large crystal sizes, and is suitable for production of CaF.sub. 2 crystals. The method of the present invention comprises annealing a crystal by maintaining a minimal temperature gradient in the crystal while slowly reducing the bulk temperature of the crystal. An apparatus according to the present invention includes a thermal control system added to a crystal growth and annealing apparatus, wherein the thermal control system allows a temperature gradient during crystal growth but minimizes the temperature gradient during crystal annealing.
Download or read book Crystallization written by Marcello Andreeta and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-09-19 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crystallization is one of the most ancient and interdisciplinary topics of research known to mankind. Crystals can be organic or inorganic and may be produced from melts, liquid solutions, vapors or even in solid state. Notwithstanding its inherently high complexity, the crystallization process is part of our everyday lives, from ice making in our homes to the most state-of-the-art chemical and electronic industry. In this book, our purpose was to present new insights to the reader, as well as crucial and very useful information for researchers working in this field, while simultaneously creating a comprehensive text about crystallization processes which may serve as a starting point for people with different backgrounds.
Download or read book Defects in Annealed Al subscript X Ga1 subscript X As Single Crystals written by Stanford University. Stanford Electronics Laboratories and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
