Download or read book Analysis of Sectoral Water Demands and Optimal Water Allocation in the Middle Olifants Sub Basin of South Africa The Case of Mining and Irrigation written by Teresa Walter and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2010-12-07 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Industrial Water Demand Analysis in the Middle Olifants Sub Basin of South Africa written by Teresa Linz and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper seeks to determine water demand of the mining sector in the Middle Olifants sub-basin of South Africa. Despite the growing economic importance of mining in the area, only little is known about its water demand and the role of water in the mines ́ extraction process. By means of econometric estimation water price elasticities as well as substitution possibilities between water and other inputs are derived to analyze the response of mines to changes in water tariffs. Using primary data, a translog cost function is estimated for five mines operating in the area. Cost share equations of each input are specified and estimated using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method. The mean cost share of water for all five mines, with around 1%, is relatively small, reflecting the low water tariff and results show industrial water demand to be inelastic. Nevertheless, with water price elasticity values ranging from -0.77 to -0.95 for the five mines, there is a potential to influence water use patterns through higher tariffs. As mines are water intensive industries, possible water savings owing to raised water tariffs should not be neglected. Water intake is found to be a substitute for labor and capital for most of the mines, implying that capital investments in water saving technologies might be an alternative means to reduce water intake of the mining sector.

Download or read book Application of the Water Evaluation and Planning WEAP Model to Assess Future Water Demands and Resources in the Olifants Catchment South Africa written by Roberto Arranz and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2007 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olifants catchment is one of 19 Catchment Management Areas in South Africa. Different water users (i.e., rural, urban, mining, subsistence and commercial irrigated agriculture, commercial forestry, industry and power generation) are present in the catchment. Rising population andincreasing water provision in rural areas, in conjunction with the development of the mining industry, the construction of new power generation plants, the implementation of environmental flows andthe need to meet international flow requirements are going to greatly exacerbate the complexity of future water resources management in what is already a water-stressed catchment. Being able to assess the ability of the catchment to satisfy potential water demands is crucial in order to plan for the future and make wise decisions. In this study, a scenario analysis approach was used in conjunction with the Water Evaluation And Planning model, in order to assess the impacts of possible water demands on the water resources of the Olifants catchment in 2025. Foreach scenario, the water resource implications were compared to a 1995 “baseline.” The model enabled analyses of unmet water demands, streamflows and water storage for each scenario. The model results show that for the different scenarios considered in this study the implementation of the Environmental Reserve (an instream requirement to guarantee the health of the riverine ecosystems) will increase the shortages for other sectors. The construction of the main water storage infrastructure proposed by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, in conjunction with the application of Water Conservation and Demand Management practices, can reduce the unmet demands and shortfalls to levels lower than, or similar to, those experienced in the 1995 baseline. However, in all cases these interventions will be insufficient to completely meet the demands of all the sectors. A tight control of the growth in future demands is essential, although this may be difficult in a rapidly developing country like South Africa.

Download or read book Evaluation of historic current and future water demand in the Olifants River Catchment South Africa written by McCartney, Matthew P., Arranz, Roberto and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2007 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water resource development has played a significant role in the expansion of agriculture and industry in the Olifants River Catchment. However, currently water deficit is one of the major constraints hampering development in the catchment; both the mining and agricultural sectors are producing below optimal levels because of their reliance on insufficient supplies. In this study, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to evaluate scenarios of historic, current and future water demand in the catchment. For each scenario, the WEAP model was used to simulate demand in five different sectors (rural, urban, mining, commercial forestry and irrigation) over a 70-year period of varying rainfall and hydrology. Levels of assured supply were estimated for each sector and the economic cost of failing to provide water was predicted. For the future scenarios, the impact of infrastructure development and water conservation measures were assessed. The study illustrates how a relatively simple model can provide useful insight for resource planning and management.

Download or read book Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Modeling Inter sectoral Water Demand in South Africa written by James Sharka Juana and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empirical studies have shown that while global per capita freshwater availability is declining, competition among production sectors for the withdrawal of this resource is rapidly increasing. This situation is exacerbated by the rapid population growth especially in developing countries, urbanization, industrialization, externality problems, environmental sustainability and the need to increase food production. At country specific levels, policies have been designed to institute water use efficiency, equity and sustainability. The need to promote sectoral water use efficiency from the demand-side management requires a study to investigate the responsiveness of different production sectors and sub-sectors to variations in water prices. In most instances however, efficient water allocation compromises social equity, especially in a country where there is widespread poverty and where the gap between the rich and the poor is so wide that policies aimed at promoting economic growth should be carefully investigated to find whether efficient water allocation can also address the issue of equity among the different population groups. Review of empirical literature on the econometric approaches to sectoral water demand analysis shows that the agriculture sector has the least marginal value of water compared with the manufacturing, mining and services sectors. Based on this evidence it can be hypothesized that water reallocation from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sectors in South Africa can lead to growth in sectoral output. However, in a country where there is a wide gap between the rich and the poor, equity issues are high on the development agenda. Therefore, the benefits derived from efficient water reallocation should be equitably distributed to improve the standard of living of the critical population. Hence, the second hypothesis is that water reallocation from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sector can lead to an increase in the income of the critical population. To investigate these hypotheses the study: estimated the sectoral water demand functions and marginal values, used both social accounting matrix multiplier and computable general equilibrium analysis to investigate the impact of water reallocation from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sectors on output, factor payments on households' welfare and analyzed the households' welfare of the impact of global change on water resources in South Africa. The study used the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) data, and adopted the marginal productivity approach, and the two-stage model to estimate the global sectoral water demand functions and marginal values for thirteen sectors. This model is extended to the sectoral water demand analysis in South Africa. Thus, to validate the results of the global model, the study estimated sectoral water demand functions in South Africa by extracting data from STATSSA's census of manufacturing and agricultural and services activities, published for each of the nine provinces in South Africa and the 2002 water supply and use accounts published by the same institution. The study tests the policy relevance of the computed marginal values for South Africa by using these values to investigate the impact of reallocating water from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sectors on output growth, value added, employment and households' income generation. To accomplish this objective, the study updates the 1999 social accounting matrix (SAM) for South Africa to reflect 2003 entries, computes the required multipliers and uses these to find how water reallocation on the basis of efficiency impacts sectoral output, households income generation and distribution. However, SAM multiplier analyses assume linearity, factor immobility and constant prices. The study therefore uses the computable general equilibrium analysis to investigate the households' welfare implications of sectoral water reallocation and reduction due to global change. The SAM multiplier analysis shows that reallocation of water from the agriculture to the non-agriculture sectors leads to decrease in the output of the agriculture and the highly inter-dependent sectors. Specifically, output declines in the agriculture, food, beverages and tobacco and the services sectors, while it increases in the other sectors. However, if more than ten percent of the agriculture sector's water is reallocated to the non-agriculture sector, net output declines, implying that the decline in output in the agriculture, food, beverages and tobacco and services sectors is more than the increase in output in the other sectors. This has consequences for factor remuneration, employment and households' income. The above decline in the agriculture sector's output leads to net job losses. Specifically the jobs lost in the agriculture sector are not countered by jobs created in the other sectors that benefit from the water reallocation. This is due to the fact that there are differences in skills requirements by the sectors. While the agriculture sector employs most of the unskilled workers, the other sectors require more medium and highly skilled individuals. This is reflected by changes in the wages paid to labourers. While the wages of unskilled labourers decline, there is an increase in the wages of medium and highly skilled labourers. The simulation results of the computable general equilibrium analysis show that sectoral water reallocation and reduction adversely impact the least and low-income households' welfare, while improving the welfare of the high-income households. The interpretation is that with water reallocation or reduction, capital is substituted for water in the non-agriculture sectors and this increases the interest paid on capital, which goes to high-income households who are the owners of the capital. The adverse consequence can be reduced if food consumption by the poor households is maintained. To do this, some welfare measures are necessary. One such measure is the distribution of food stamps to the poor households.

Download or read book Improving Water Use Efficiency Under Worsening Scarcity written by Teresa Walter and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Policies Legislation and Organizations Related to Water in South Africa with Special Reference to the Olifants River Basin written by H. Thompson and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2001 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study is reported in two Working Papers. Working Paper 17 reports the findings of the HIM exercise. This paper contains the policies, legislation and organizations relevant for understanding of the HIM for the Olifants river basin. It also includes the historical development of the institutional framework in the basin, as this history has left a profound imprint on the South African society at large and is still dictating, in many cases, the interactions between the different organizations. This background on previous and current institutions and policies at the different government levels is used to shed light on the current relationships between different organizations in the basin. Although focusing on the Olifants, the description provided is applicable to the rest of South Africa in broad terms.

Download or read book Advances in water research written by Nhamo, L. and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2023-03-09 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water scarcity has become one of the greatest challenges facing humankind today. Its scarcity is compounded by climate change and increasing demand from a growing population. In South Africa, over 60% of the available freshwater resources are used in agriculture, mainly in irrigated agriculture. There is an urgent need to promote sustainable irrigation technologies that optimize food production without increasing water applied and with positive environmental spinoffs. Sustainable irrigation technologies and practices could enhance water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity in agriculture and reduce environmental burdens, including energy use. This chapter highlights some of the innovative irrigation practices and technologies that enhance food production and, at the same time, reduce water use in agriculture. The chapter broadly discusses WUE and water productivity (WP) in irrigated agriculture from engineering and agronomic perspectives. The chapter further highlights some of the environmental impacts of irrigation expansion and the possible solutions. We further provide the importance of accurate spatial information on irrigated areas to inform policy on irrigation expansion. The Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa has been spearheading research on the sustainable use of water for the past 50 years as part of its research agenda. In Ting, D. S.-K.; O’Brien, P. G. (Eds.). Progress in sustainable development: sustainable engineering practices. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier

Download or read book Valuation of Domestic Water Use in the Middle Olifants Sub basin of South Africa written by Julia Kloos and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Allocating Contested Water written by J.W. Agterkamp and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After abolishing apartheid a new water policy framework was drafted. One of the main elements of the new water framework is the Reserve. The focus of this research is on the Ecological Reserve. A comprehensive Reserve determination is currently underway and due for completion in November 2009. Recently, South Africa is turning its attention to implementation of the new water legislation. However, implementing and meeting the Reserve is proven to be difficult. The new water policy faces a difficult transition period. Despite the new water policy framework, the water in the catchment is not managed according to new water legislation. There is a gap between actual water distribution and the desired distribution according to the new water legislation. The focus of this research is on the Sand catchment, a sub catchment of the Inkomati catchment. The Sand catchment is a relatively dry catchment with limited water resources and a large semiurban population. The main water user is the irrigation sector which is a relic from the homelands. Due to the limited water resources combined with a growing population there is a strong competition for water. The Sand catchment is in water deficit, especially during times of low river flow. Several strategies have been put in place to solve the water deficit and to address the Reserve; 1) Inter Basin Transfer, 2) Operating Rules, and 3) water licensing. In the near future the domestic demand in the Sand catchment will be supplied through the Inter Basin Transfer. The remaining water user is the irrigation sector (and forestry). Meeting the Reserve in the Sand catchment is only possible by limiting water abstraction of other water users. One of the ways to limit the irrigation water abstraction is by implementing the Operating Rules. These rules require irrigators to release a defined percentage of the flow past their abstraction works. However, six years after its completion the abstraction weirs are still not operated in this manner. The irrigators continue to divert flows up to the maximum capacity of the canals. One of the main reasons for the non functioning Operating Rules is the lack of knowledge about the rules amongst among decision makers and that the current irrigation abstraction points do not allow the release of a proportional flow. In conclusion, despite the policy reform the condition of the river(s) is not improving.

Download or read book The transformation of irrigation boards into water user associations in South Africa Case studies of the Umlaas Komati Lomati and Hereford Irrigation Boards Volume 2 written by Nicolas Faysse and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2004 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first case study deals with the Umlaas IB in KwaZulu-Natal. This Board manages water use in the upper part of the Mlazi River catchment. Around 4,000 ha are irrigated, mainly to produce maize and sugar cane. Times of water scarcity are rare. Slopes in the upper parts of the catchment are steep and the IB along with the upstream rural communities and commercial forestry companies, have undertaken several initiatives to address erosion problems in the area, with the cooperation of these companies. The second case study relates to the Komati and Lomati IBs in Mpumalanga. The irrigated area of around 21,000 ha is mainly dedicated to sugarcane farming. It hosts the largest area of small-scale irrigation farming in South Africa, but periods of water scarcity are frequent. While the IBs have not transformed into WUAs yet, they have already incorporated the emerging farmers in their area of jurisdiction, as well as in the management of water. The third case study assesses the Hereford IB in Mpumalanga. The Board manages an earthen canal, mainly for citrus and wheat farming, on a total area of 3,400 ha. Small-scale farmers have settled on an abandoned commercial farm, and the current upgrading of the emerging farmers’ scheme and the setting-up of water meters open the way for the meaningful integration of the emerging farmers in the forthcoming WUA.

Download or read book Hydrology and water resources development in the Olifants River Catchment written by M.P. McCartney and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2004 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Olifants River is one of the major tributaries of the Limpopo River. Approximately 3,400,000 people live in its catchment and a considerable proportion of South Africa’s mining, power production and agricultural activities are concentrated there. The catchment also encompasses important tourist destinations (e.g., the Kruger National Park). Consequently, in terms of the national economy it is one of the country’s most significant waterways. The catchment is one of the first in South Africa for which a Catchment Mangement Agency (CMA) is planned.

Download or read book Management of Water Demand in Africa and the Middle East written by International Development Research Centre (Canada) and published by IDRC. This book was released on 1997 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management of Water Demand in Africa and the Middle East: Current practices and future needs

Download or read book Economic Analysis of Water Supply Cost Structure in the Middle Olifants Sub basin of South Africa written by Daniel W. Tsegai and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, anhand von Datensammlungen des nationalen Finanzministeriums Südafrikas, die Struktur der Wasserversorgungskosten und Tarife der Wasseranbieter (WSAs) im Wassermanagementgebiet mittlerer Olifants in Südafrika. Mit Hilfe eines ökometrischen Ansatzes unter der Verwendung einer Translogkostenfunktion werden die Grenzkosten der Wasserversorgung sowie Skaleneffekte geschätzt. Der Vergleich von Wassertarifen und Grenzkosten zeigt, dass die geschätzten Grenzkosten höher sind als der tatsächlich bezahlte Tarif der Konsumenten. Dies bedeutet wiederum, dass die WSAs im Mittleren Olifants nicht genügend Gebühren verlangen, um die Kosten für die Wasserversorgung zu decken. Demnach würde eine Preiseinstufung anhand der Grenzkosten, neben anderen Maßnahmen, dazu beitragen, das Problem der Kostendeckung wenigstens teilweise zu lösen. Höhere Tarife würden im Gegenzug die Effizienz der Wassernutzung verbessern. Die Schätzungen der Skalenerträge (größer als eins) belegen, dass ein Zusammenschluss der WSAs ökonomisch vorteilhaft wäre. Demzufolge ist der Zusammenschluss von lokal verwalteten WSAs auf Bezirksebene eine wichtige politische Option, um die Effizienz der Wasserversorgung im Mittleren Olifants in Südafrika zu verbessern.

Download or read book Hydro institutional mapping in the Steelpoort River Basin South Africa written by Stimie, C., Richters, E., Thompson, H., Perret, S., Matete, M., Abdallah, K., Kau, J., Mulibana, E. and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 of the study on Hydro-Institutional Mapping of the Olifants River Basin. This study aims to give an overview of water users and influences on water use by institutions in the Steelpoort river basin, a sub-basin of the Olifants. Describes a general methodology and framework for setting out the HIM for a river basin and presents findings from case studies in the basin. The hydro-institutional interactions among all types of water users in a South African river basin are also described.

Download or read book Factors Determining the Demand for Water Recreationin the Middle Olifant Sub basin written by Lesetja Jacob Ledwaba and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Optimizing the Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater in Water Stressed River Basins written by Gislar Edgar Kifanyi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the new techniques currently used to address water shortage problems in the developed countries is the optimum conjunctive water use. Optimum conjunctive water use demands that the surface and subsurface reservoirs are fully characterized if deterministic methods are to give reliable results. However, in real world phenomena, full characterization of surface - groundwater reservoirs is neither practically nor economically feasible. This research, therefore, aimed at developing a combined simulation-optimization quantitative conjunctive water use management model which can sustainably manage water resources taking into account input parameter uncertainty.