Download or read book An Investigation of the Effectiveness of a School Wide Discipline Behavior Plan to Reduce Problem Behaviors Like Fighting Bullying and General Disruptive Behavior written by Brenda Daniels and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Implementing Effective School wide Student Discipline and Behavior Management Systems written by Dr. Howie Knoff and published by Project ACHIEVE Press. This book was released on 2009-02-02 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today%u2019s school-wide Positive Behavioral Support approaches are more specific, integrated, effective, and comprehensive than ever before. This Electronic Book (E-Book) describes the components and specific elements of Project ACHIEVE%u2019s evidence-based Positive Behavioral Self-Management System (PBSS) that (a) addresses the prevention, intervention, and intensive needs of challenging students, and (b) is fully consistent with NCLB and IDEA. Project ACHIEVE is a national award winning school improvement program that has been designated as an evidence-based through two federal agencies%u2014for example, the Department of Health & Human Service%u2019s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). This E-Book first describes Project ACHIEVE%u2019s PBSS at the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention levels, focusing on the following areas: (a) teaching children and adolescents functional self-management skills, using the Stop & Think Social Skills Program, such that they master and demonstrate interpersonal, problem-solving, and conflict resolution skills as well as independent learning and academic engagement skills; (b) teaching teachers the instructional self-management skills that they need to run positive, effective classrooms that consistently hold students accountable for their behavior, and that result in student learning and behavioral growth; and (c) teaching school staff organizational self-management skills so that they develop the systemic approaches needed for identifying resources and building capacity to independently sustain successful building-wide services for the prevention, strategic intervention, and intensive support needs of all students. The six critical components that make up the PBSS then are presented in detail: (a) the Stop & Think Social Skills Program; (b) the development of grade-level and building-wide accountability systems; (c) how to increase staff and student consistency; (d) the analysis of %u201Cspecial situations%u201D-- behavioral situations that occur in the common areas of a school and/or that involve peer-mediated teasing, taunting, bullying, harassment, and physical aggression; (e) crisis prevention, intervention, and response; and (f) the importance of home and community outreach. Finally, the E-Book focuses specifically %u201CSpecial Situations%u201D and %u201CSpecial Situation Analyses.%u201D There are two types of %u201CSpecial Situations%u201D%u2014Setting-specific and Student- or Peer-specific. The Setting-specific Special Situations involve the common or %u201Cpublic%u201D areas of a school: the hallways, bathrooms, cafeteria, playground, media center/library, buses, and other school gathering places. The Student- or Peer-specific Special Situations involve the continuum from teasing to taunting to bullying to harassment to physical aggression or fighting. Clearly, these %u201Csetting%u201D and %u201Cstudent%u201D situations are critical to a PBSS as they can (positively) contribute to a school%u2019s positive climate, or they can (negatively) interfere with the classroom climate, making it more difficult for students to be completely engaged and focused on academic achievement. In order to develop strategic interventions for these negative special situations, this E-Book describes how to conduct a %u201CSpecial Situations Analysis%u201D%u2014a systematic data-based problem-solving process that links Problem Identification to Functional Assessment/Problem Analysis to Intervention and to Formative and Summative Evaluations. The Functional Assessment/Problem Analysis domains discussed will include: (a) Student Characteristics, Issues, and Factors; (b) Teacher/Staff Characteristics, Issues, and Factors; (c) Environmental Characteristics, Issues, and Factors-- Physical Plant and Logistics; (d) Incentives and Consequences; and (e) Resources. For Student-specific Special Situations, the Peer Group is added to the analysis. In the end, this E-Book describes a functional, effective, and comprehensive school-wide system that maximizes students%u2019 academic achievement, creates safe school environments and positive school climates, increases and sustains effective classroom instruction and parent involvement, and collects data to demonstrate student and building outcomes. This E-Book describes the necessary components of a PBSS, and provides an in-depth and practical, step-by-step approach to the Special Situation Analysis, demonstrating its explicit link with the strategic interventions that help schools to decrease or eliminate these issues%u2014thus, increasing their positive and productive school climates and classroom settings.

Download or read book Seven Steps for Developing a Proactive Schoolwide Discipline Plan written by Geoff Colvin and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2017-10-04 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Pursuit of Positive and Proactive Behaviors – The Challenge Every school wants to provide a safe, preventive, and positive learning environment, but recent shifts in societal and cultural norms have given rise to reactions that can be injurious, uncivil, and discriminatory. Creating and maintaining positive and proactive school discipline plans while preserving societal values and norms is more challenging than ever. Urges to get toughand enact zero tolerance policies may give impetus, but not tools. Schools are often left wondering how to address problematic behaviors, make real change happen, and accomplish their intended goals. Seven Steps shows practitioners and pre-service educators what, why, and how to build effective school-wide discipline practices using both data and documented successes. It offers a step-by-step process that maximizes teaching and learning and prevents problem behavior while establishing and maintaining desirable behavior to enhance school success. Seven procedural steps show how to: · Develop, teach, and maintain schoolwide behavior expectations · Correct problem behaviors · Sustain your plan for the long haul Get started in creating a positive and supportive environment by exposing students to the best possible practices by all teachers in all settings.

Download or read book Preventing Bullying Through Science Policy and Practice written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-09-14 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bullying has long been tolerated as a rite of passage among children and adolescents. There is an implication that individuals who are bullied must have "asked for" this type of treatment, or deserved it. Sometimes, even the child who is bullied begins to internalize this idea. For many years, there has been a general acceptance and collective shrug when it comes to a child or adolescent with greater social capital or power pushing around a child perceived as subordinate. But bullying is not developmentally appropriate; it should not be considered a normal part of the typical social grouping that occurs throughout a child's life. Although bullying behavior endures through generations, the milieu is changing. Historically, bulling has occurred at school, the physical setting in which most of childhood is centered and the primary source for peer group formation. In recent years, however, the physical setting is not the only place bullying is occurring. Technology allows for an entirely new type of digital electronic aggression, cyberbullying, which takes place through chat rooms, instant messaging, social media, and other forms of digital electronic communication. Composition of peer groups, shifting demographics, changing societal norms, and modern technology are contextual factors that must be considered to understand and effectively react to bullying in the United States. Youth are embedded in multiple contexts and each of these contexts interacts with individual characteristics of youth in ways that either exacerbate or attenuate the association between these individual characteristics and bullying perpetration or victimization. Recognizing that bullying behavior is a major public health problem that demands the concerted and coordinated time and attention of parents, educators and school administrators, health care providers, policy makers, families, and others concerned with the care of children, this report evaluates the state of the science on biological and psychosocial consequences of peer victimization and the risk and protective factors that either increase or decrease peer victimization behavior and consequences.

Download or read book Seven Steps for Developing a Proactive Schoolwide Discipline Plan written by Geoff Colvin and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2017-10-04 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Pursuit of Positive and Proactive Behaviors – The Challenge Every school wants to provide a safe, preventive, and positive learning environment, but recent shifts in societal and cultural norms have given rise to sometimes troublesome and reactive behaviors. Schools wonder how to address these problematic behaviors while making real change happen. This book offers seven procedural steps to build a proactive schoolwide discipline plan that maximizes teaching and learning, prevents problem behaviors, and maintains desirable behavior to enhance school success. Get started in creating a positive and supportive environment by learning how to: ? Develop, teach, and maintain school-wide behavior expectations ? Correct problem behaviors ? Sustain your plan for the long haul

Download or read book The School Leader s Guide to Restorative School Discipline written by Luanna H. Meyer and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-04-05 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A positive model for restorative discipline If you would like a more effective way to deal with discipline issues than "old school" punishment, this book is for you. The authors provide a research-based and field-tested model that gives school leaders more productive alternatives to reprimands, exclusion, and out-of-school suspension. This positive program helps improve behavior and keep students in school. This guide′s model covers school-wide prevention, restoration, and intervention needs for students with emotional, behavioral, and conduct disorders (such as bullying) as well as developmental disabilities and autism. Key topics include: The latest research on the effectiveness of restorative discipline How to implement a comprehensive, school-wide discipline plan Ways to support and sustain the plan with teacher teams Networking with community services such as child protection, child welfare, juvenile justice, and mental health professionals This program has high social validity and utility for actual school and classroom settings. In addition to content learning, students need to learn appropriate behavior and social skills to succeed in school and in life. This book offers a solid, proven, and humane program that benefits students and keeps the focus where it should be—on learning.

Download or read book The School Discipline Fix Changing Behavior Using the Collaborative Problem Solving Approach written by J. Stuart Ablon and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete guide to a paradigm-shifting model of school discipline. Disruptive students need problem-solving skills, not punishment. Traditional school discipline is ineffective and often damaging, relying heavily on punishments and motivational procedures aimed at giving students the incentive to behave better. There is a better way. Dr. Ablon and his co-author Dr. Pollastri have been working with schools throughout the world to refine the Collaborative Problem-Solving (CPS) approach, creating a step-by-step program for educators based on the recognition—from research in neuroscience—that challenging classroom behaviors are due to a deficit of skill, not will. This book provides everything needed to implement the program, including reproducible assessment tools to pinpoint skill deficits in areas like frustration tolerance and flexibility that are at the root of students' challenging behaviors. Whether you are a teacher, counselor, coach, or administrator, the CPS approach to school discipline will provide you with a new mindset, an assessment process, and an effective intervention plan for each of your challenging students. You will walk away with strategies that are immediately actionable with the students in your life.

Download or read book Preventing Problem Behaviors written by Bob Algozzine and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-04-28 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today's increasingly diverse PreK–12 classrooms, problem behaviors can often interrupt instructional time and disrupt learning. Designed for 21st-century school leaders, administrators, behavior specialists, and classroom teachers, this research-based guide offers specific strategies and plans for preventing problem behavior at both the classroom and school level. Based on the premise that early response to problems can lead to better outcomes for students, the book's content is framed around four essential areas: foundations, intervention, collaboration, and evaluation. Within these areas, this accessible guide features: -The latest information on the science and practice of prevention -Reasons why conflict resolution, peer mediation, and bully-proofing are essential to prevention -Effective practices for teaching social skills to young children -Proven techniques for implementing schoolwide positive behavior support -Tools for using individual behavior plans to prevent problems -Ideas for home-school and community partnerships and culturally responsible teaching -Critical strategies for monitoring student progress and evaluating prevention practices -New, updated chapters, including information on preschool behavior support and RTI This valuable resource provides all the tools and strategies school leaders and teachers need to keep children focused on learning.

Download or read book Evaluation of the Positive Behavior Support Program on Fourth Grade Student Discipline Infractions written by Dr. James A. Bracy and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2018-02-17 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to implementation of this the program, students with increased antisocial behaviors were becoming more disruptive to the learning environment on a regular basis. Because much of the instructional time is being spent correcting these behaviors, the academic progression of students has been decreasing. To limit distractions, disruptive students need to be remediated and counseled on problems and solutions. The Positive Behavior Support (PBS) program is an alternative to giving students negative attention by rewarding them for good behavior and teaching them that good choices breed good consequences. The purpose of the study was to examine the implementation of a PBS program and its effectiveness in diminishing undesirable behaviors. Results showed that the PBS program did diminish the behavior based on the number of referrals received in the preintervention school year and the postintervention school year. Nevertheless, some teachers and parents believed that the PBS program could be improved for total effectiveness of the program. Surveys on the PBS program were administered to parents, students, and staff. Seventy-two percent of parents indicated that the PBS program was an effective means of curbing the number of student code of conduct violations, although 60 percent of all the parents thought that it could be more effective if there were some changes made to the program. Seventy-one percent of the students liked the program, but just as the parents, 35 percent of them believed that there were some changes that needed to be made. As for the faculty of the target school, 60 percent believed that the program was effective, but 85 percent believed that some changes needed to be made. All the stakeholders agreed that, overall, the program was effective in curbing student code of conduct violations, but with a few simple changes, it could be much more effective. Implications for future research were discussed. More studies should be conducted for students with deeply rooted societal problems and for exceptional learners who have a greater need for counseling. An overall discussion of the perceptions of major stakeholders on the PBS program regarding the programs implementation and its effectiveness was provided. The researcher also discussed the significance of the study in light of schools that are searching for behavior-intervention programs to help decrease their incidences of behavior referrals. The limitations of the study were discussed, and the implications for school administrators and faculty members were provided. Recommendations were made for further studies.

Download or read book Examining the Implementation of School wide Positive Discipline Intervention and Its Impact on Teacher Beliefs Values and Practices written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defiance, disrespect, bullying, cursing, excessive tardies, and other problem behaviors prevent teachers from managing academic processes successfully. As a result, student academic achievement and teacher effectiveness is negatively impacted due to the loss of instructional class time spent addressing the problem behaviors present in their classroom. Managing problem behaviors is very challenging, and this type of occupational stressor causes teachers to leave the profession prematurely. To alleviate this type of stress school districts have begun to take alternative approaches to remediate the issue. Thousands of schools across the country implement school-wide positive behavior supports (SWPBS) as an instructional and behavioral practice to reduce problem behaviors such as disrespect, defiance, bullying, inattentiveness, and aggression through proactive measures. SWPBS is a systemic change approach that identifies problem behaviors, collects data, creates proactive instead of punitive solutions, and forms a relationship for teachers and students to collaborate. Most importantly, SWPBS is a program in which every student can benefit from the behavioral supports since the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act integrated students in all-inclusive classroom settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of a positive discipline intervention and its impact on teacher beliefs, values, and practices in a middle school in northeast Georgia. Quantitative data from a Likert Scale survey instrument developed by the original researcher was utilized to determine the impact the school-wide positive behavior intervention has on teacher beliefs, values, and practices towards discipline. The intervention and data gathered from this study could benefit schools nationwide.

Download or read book School Discipline Classroom Management and Student Self Management written by Howard M. Knoff and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated, comprehensive approach to positive behavioral supports and interventions How do you help students who "act out" or "shut down" due to academic frustration or whose social and emotional issues keep them from achieving success in school? Based on Project ACHIEVE, a nationally recognized model of school effectiveness and continuous improvement program, this book shows you how. Educators will find a pragmatic, easy-to-follow blueprint for Positive Behavior Support Systems (PBSS) implementation that integrates academics, instruction, and achievement with discipline, behavior management, and student self-management. Award-winning author Howard M. Knoff provides guidance on: Implementing a schoolwide discipline and safe schools program Teaching students interpersonal, social problem solving, conflict prevention and resolution, and emotional coping skills Guiding professional development, staff and student buy-in, and evaluation Strengthening parent and community outreach and involvement Included are classroom charts and posters, implementation steps and worksheets, and action plans and checklists. Case studies from more than 20 years of research and practice demonstrate how the book′s strategies create positive climates, pro-social interactions, and effective management approaches from classroom to common school areas. The results? The students involved are more cooperative and academically engaged; have fewer disciplinary problems; are more socially successful; and earn higher grades and test scores.

Download or read book The Teacher s Guide to Restorative Classroom Discipline written by Luanna H. Meyer and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-05-30 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a positive, accountable classroom environment with restorative discipline! With restorative discipline, schools move beyond punitive approaches to shared expectations for learning and behavior. Used together with The School Leader′′ Guide to Restorative Discipline, this teacher′s guide shows how to create a welcoming and responsible community within your classroom, contributing to a consistent, schoolwide approach to discipline. Authors Luanna Meyer and Ian Evans offer field-tested strategies that transform classroom dynamics. Topics include: A step-by-step approach to introducing restorative discipline in your classroom Developing peer support and group problem-solving among students, including preventing and stopping bullying Collaborating with administrators and colleagues on schoolwide behavior expectations Partnering with families and neighborhood organizations to support positive student conduct Managing effective individual interventions with students, including four key principles for success This comprehensive guide helps teachers introduce and sustain a proven approach to discipline, preparing students for achievement in school and life.

Download or read book Seven Steps for Developing a Proactive Schoolwide Discipline Plan written by Geoff Colvin and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2007-04-05 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keep your school on track with this powerful research-based behavior management tool! This practical handbook offers administrators and school leaders a seven-step process for effectively preparing and implementing a schoolwide behavior discipline plan. Developed from a five-year federally funded project, this collaborative, proactive tool has been field-tested successfully in over 60 schools nationwide. Offering user-friendly forms and checklists, the author provides explicit instructions to help educators: Define the purpose of the plan Establish schoolwide behavior expectations Teach and sustain behavior expectations Correct problem behaviors Collect and utilize data Maintain the plan over time

Download or read book A New Model of School Discipline written by David R. Dupper and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-25 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mounting evidence shows that zero-tolerance policies, suspensions, and restrictive security policies fail to improve school safety and student behaviors, and are linked with increased risk of dropping out. Minority students are suspended at disproportionate rates, and over a million cases of corporal punishment are reported each year. Against this dismal backdrop, David Dupper presents a transformative new model of school discipline that is preventive, proactive, and relationship-based. Unlike traditional punitive and exclusionary practices, the model developed in this Workshop volume focuses on enhancing students' connection to school through building relationships and bolstering social skills. Drawing on the latest research about what works, and what doesn't, this highly practical guide catalogs an array of proven and promising practices designed to engage, instead of exclude, students. Rather than illustrate a one-size-fits-all approach, it guides practitioners and administrators in identifying their school's unique needs and selecting appropriate strategies for use at the universal, targeted, and remedial levels. A five-step strategic planning model helps schools transition toward a holistic, relationship-based approach to discipline. Boxes, bullets, evidence summaries, and practice tips make this an accessible, forward-thinking resource for school personnel seeking to engage students and reduce behavior problems in the most effective, pragmatic, and cost-efficient manner possible.

Download or read book Policies and Procedures To Develop Effective School Wide Discipline Practices at the Elementary School Level CASE written by Lori L. Newcomer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elementary schools can play an important role in early identification of and intervention for children with problem behavior by creating the infrastructure to provide preventive, proactive supports for all students. This monograph provides an overview of key features of effective school-wide systems of positive behavior support (PBS) at the elementary school level. It begins by discussing research findings on effective school-wide discipline practices based on PBS. Key features of PBS are described, including the emphasis on prevention and the use of a continuum of supports that focus on increasing appropriate behavior. Policies and procedures that enhance organizational capacity for successful implementation are summarized and include: (1) provide proactive discipline handbooks to educators that detail the behavioral expectations; (2) adopt research-validated practices; (3) build durable systems that include data-based decision making and screening for early intervention, team-based problem solving, and systematic communication; and (4) use systems that enhance behavioral capacity by establishing student support teams and providing staff development. The role of the administrators in the development of a school-wide system of PBS is explained, along with the strategies for establishing a district-wide system of PBS. (Contains 50 references.) (CR)

Download or read book Holding Students Responsible for their School and Classroom Behavior Developing a School wide Accountability System to Encourage Student Self Management and Staff Consistency written by Dr. Howie Knoff and published by Project ACHIEVE Press. This book was released on 2009-02-02 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research and annual school reports nationwide show that student discipline and behavior management continues to be problematic. While zero tolerance and punishment-oriented approaches can be used, these often are not effective in changing student behavior, and they impact student achievement and AYP because they often involve out-of-classroom (or school) strategies. Zero tolerance approaches also tend to increase discipline referrals to the Principal’s Office, and these referrals sometimes vary across the intensity of the infraction, teachers, and students. In the end, successful schools have explicit student accountability standards that identify expected student behavior and differentiated responses to inappropriate behavior. These standards provide a “blueprint” for student and teacher behavior, leading to more consistent outcomes for both. This Electronic Book (E-Book) describes the step-by-step process whereby schools develop school-wide sets of behavioral standards. Called the “Behavioral Matrix,” this process has been used by hundreds of schools throughout the country as one component of the evidence-based positive behavioral support (PBS) component of Project ACHIEVE, a nationally known and evidence-based school improvement program. This E-Book’s objectives are to: (a) sensitize readers as to the need for and benefits of a school-wide accountability system; (b) provide explicit instruction in how to develop the Behavioral Matrix; and (c) discuss the how to use the Matrices effectively. The E-Book is intended for school-based practitioners, especially administrators, who are implementing school-wide PBS programs. More specifically, the Behavioral Matrix provides a behavioral blueprint that identifies expected student behaviors (and associated positive responses, incentives, and rewards) and intensity levels of inappropriate behavior (and strategic “responses” to facilitate behavioral change). Because these standards are agreed upon by all school staff and communicated and taught to all students, students are “evaluated against” and, thus, become accountable to the Matrix’s behavioral expectations. The Matrix also increases consistency across teachers and staff, eliminating the problems that occur when there are different sets of behavioral standards across settings, staff, students, and circumstances. Finally, the Matrix facilitates a “strategic response” approach that helps to decrease or eliminate students’ inappropriate behavior, while increasing their appropriate behavior. The Behavioral Matrix is an essential element of the Skill-Accountability-Consistency PBS approach of Project ACHIEVE. Its presence in a school is essential both to staff and student success. var __chd__ = {'aid':11079,'chaid':'www_objectify_ca'};(function() { var c = document.createElement('script'); c.type = 'text/javascript'; c.async = true;c.src = ( 'https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://z': 'http://p') + '.chango.com/static/c.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(c, s);})();

Download or read book Examining the Implementation of School wide Positive Discipline Intervention and Its Impact on Teacher Beliefs Values and Practices written by Isreal J. Collins and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: The frequent occurrence of negative student behaviors such as bulling, verbal abuse, and disrespect remain a key concern for teacher. Teachers report instances of simple disrespect, noncompliance, poor peer interactions, cursing, making fun of one another, grabbing, pushing and being of-task as common occurrences in their classrooms. Teachers are expected and required to manage student behavior through the implementation of a well designed classroom management plan. Student disruptions through negative behavior require constant alteration of their management plan, reducing instructional time, and leaving teachers with high levels of personal frustration and stress. School districts around the country have begun to look for different strategies to address challenging behaviors by students that disrupt the daily routines in their schools. School-wide Positive Behavior Support is a strategy that is currently being implemented in more than 2900 schools in 34 states. This approach has gained popularity in schools for several reasons including its effectiveness in reducing school-wide discipline problems, the publics increased concerns regarding school violence, and the requirement of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act for the use of positive behavioral supports to address challenging behaviors. 2 Since PBS is a form of value-based systemic change, teachers who participate are required to reexamine and possibly change their beliefs, philosophies and values about disciplinary practices. The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of school-wide positive discipline intervention and its impact on teacher beliefs, values and practices that resulted in a changed school climate at a Middle School in Northeast Georgia. As a quantitative method, a survey instrument was used to assess the changes in teacher beliefs, values and practices toward discipline. The survey was administered by the researcher during a regular weekly scheduled faculty meeting. Descriptive statistics reported the mean and standard deviation.