Download or read book An Energy Efficient Accelerator with Relative Indexing Memory for Sparse Compressed Convolutional Neural Network written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Design of High performance and Energy efficient Accelerators for Convolutional Neural Networks written by Mahmood Azhar Qureshi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep neural networks (DNNs) have gained significant traction in artificial intelligence (AI) applications over the past decade owing to a drastic increase in their accuracy. This huge leap in accuracy, however, translates into a sizable model and high computational requirements, something which resource-limited mobile platforms struggle against. Embedding AI inference into various real-world applications requires the design of high-performance, area, and energy-efficient accelerator architectures. In this work, we address the problem of the inference accelerator design for dense and sparse convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a type of DNN which forms the backbone of modern vision-based AI systems. We first introduce a fully dense accelerator architecture referred to as the NeuroMAX accelerator. Most traditional dense CNN accelerators rely on single-core, linear processing elements (PEs), in conjunction with 1D dataflows, for accelerating the convolution operations in a CNN. This limits the maximum achievable ratio of peak throughput per PE count to unity. Most of the past works optimize their dataflows to attain close to 100% hardware utilization to reach this ratio. In the NeuroMAX accelerator, we design a high-throughput, multi-threaded, log-based PE core. The designed core provides a 200% increase in peak throughput per PE count while only incurring a 6% increase in the hardware area overhead compared to a single, linear multiplier PE core with the same output bit precision. NeuroMAX accelerator also uses a 2D weight broadcast dataflow which exploits the multi-threaded nature of the PE cores to achieve a high hardware utilization per layer for various dense CNN models. Sparse convolutional neural network models reduce the massive compute and memory bandwidth requirements inherently present in dense CNNs without a significant loss in accuracy. Designing sparse accelerators for the processing of sparse CNN models, however, is much more challenging compared to the design of dense CNN accelerators. The micro-architecture design, the design of sparse PEs, addressing the load-balancing issues, and the system-level architectural design issues for processing the entire sparse CNN model are some of the key technical challenges that need to be addressed in order to design a high-performance and energy-efficient sparse CNN accelerator architecture. We break this problem down into two parts. In the first part, using some of the concepts from the dense NeuroMAX accelerator, we introduce SparsePE, a multi-threaded, and flexible PE, capable of handling both the dense and sparse CNN model computations. The SparsePE core uses the binary mask representation to actively skip ineffective sparse computations involving zeros, and favors valid, non-zero computations, thereby, drastically increasing the effective throughput and the hardware utilization of the core as compared to a dense PE core. In the second part, we generate a two-dimensional (2D) mesh architecture of the SparsePE cores, which we refer to as the Phantom accelerator. We also propose a novel dataflow that supports processing of all layers of a CNN, including unit and non-unit stride convolutions (CONV), and fully-connected (FC) layers. In addition, the Phantom accelerator uses a two-level load balancing strategy to minimize the computational idling, thereby, further improving the hardware utilization, throughput, as well as the energy efficiency of the accelerator. The performance of the dense and the sparse accelerators is evaluated using a custom-built cycle accurate performance simulator and performance is compared against recent works. Logic utilization on hardware is also compared against the prior works. Finally, we conclude by mentioning some more techniques for accelerating CNNs and presenting some other avenues where the proposed work can be applied.

Download or read book Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks written by Vivienne Sze and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a structured treatment of the key principles and techniques for enabling efficient processing of deep neural networks (DNNs). DNNs are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications, including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Therefore, techniques that enable efficient processing of deep neural networks to improve key metrics—such as energy-efficiency, throughput, and latency—without sacrificing accuracy or increasing hardware costs are critical to enabling the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. The book includes background on DNN processing; a description and taxonomy of hardware architectural approaches for designing DNN accelerators; key metrics for evaluating and comparing different designs; features of DNN processing that are amenable to hardware/algorithm co-design to improve energy efficiency and throughput; and opportunities for applying new technologies. Readers will find a structured introduction to the field as well as formalization and organization of key concepts from contemporary work that provide insights that may spark new ideas.

Download or read book Exploiting Data Characteristics in The Design of Accelerators for Deep Learning written by Patrick H. Judd and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent "Cambrian explosion" of Deep Learning (DL) algorithms in concert with the end of Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling has spurred interest in the design of custom hardware accelerators for DL algorithms. While DL has progressed quickly thanks in part to the abundance of efficient parallel computation provided by General Purpose Graphics Processing Units, newer DL algorithms demand even higher levels of compute density and efficiency. Furthermore, applications of DL in the mobile and embedded domains demand the energy efficiency of special purpose hardware. DL algorithms are dominated by large matrix-vector product computations, making them ideal targets for wide Single Instruction Multiple Data architectures. For the most part, efficiently mapping the structure of these computations to hardware is straightforward. Building on such designs, this thesis examines the data characteristics of these computations and proposes hardware modifications to exploit them for performance and energy efficiency. Specifically, this thesis examines the sparsity and precision requirements of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, which comprise multiple layers of matrix-vector product computations. We propose a profiling method to find per layer reduced precision configurations while maintaining high classification accuracy. Following this, we propose three accelerator designs that build on top of the state-of-the-art DaDianNao accelerator. 1) Proteus exploits the reduced precision profiles by adding a light weight memory compression layer, saving energy in memory access and communication, and enabling larger networks in a fixed memory budget. 2) Cnvlutin exploits the presence of zero, and near zero, values in the inter-layer data by applying sparse compression to the data stream while maintain efficient utilization of the wide memory and compute structure of the SIMD accelerator. 3) Stripes exploits the reduced precision profiles for performance by processing data bit-serially, compensating for serial latency by exploiting the abundant parallelism in the convolution operation. All three designs exploit approximation, in terms of reduced precision and computation skipping to improve energy efficiency and/or performance while maintaining high classification accuracy. By approximating more aggressively, these designs can also dynamically trade-off accuracy for further improvements in performance and energy.

Download or read book Energy efficient ASIC Accelerators for Machine deep Learning Algorithms written by Minkyu Kim and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work, to reduce computation without accuracy degradation, an energy-efficient deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) accelerator is proposed based on a novel conditional computing scheme and integrates convolution with subsequent max-pooling operations. This way, the total number of bit-wise convolutions could be reduced by ~2x, without affecting the output feature values. This work also has been developing an optimized dataflow that exploits sparsity, maximizes data re-use and minimizes off-chip memory access, which can improve upon existing hardware works. The total off-chip memory access can be saved by 2.12x. Preliminary results of the proposed DCNN accelerator achieved a peak 7.35 TOPS/W for VGG-16 by post-layout simulation results in 40nm. A number of recent efforts have attempted to design custom inference engine based on various approaches, including the systolic architecture, near memory processing, and in-meomry computing concept. This work evaluates a comprehensive comparison of these various approaches in a unified framework. This work also presents the proposed energy-efficient in-memory computing accelerator for deep neural networks (DNNs) by integrating many instances of in-memory computing macros with an ensemble of peripheral digital circuits, which supports configurable multibit activations and large-scale DNNs seamlessly while substantially improving the chip-level energy efficiency. Proposed accelerator is fully designed in 65nm, demonstrating ultralow

Download or read book Energy efficient Accelerator SOC for Convolutional Neural Network Training written by 江子近 and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Autonomous driving algorithms and Its IC Design written by Jianfeng Ren and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-09 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and the emergence of various new sensors, autonomous driving has grown in popularity in recent years. The implementation of autonomous driving requires new sources of sensory data, such as cameras, radars, and lidars, and the algorithm processing requires a high degree of parallel computing. In this regard, traditional CPUs have insufficient computing power, while DSPs are good at image processing but lack sufficient performance for deep learning. Although GPUs are good at training, they are too “power-hungry,” which can affect vehicle performance. Therefore, this book looks to the future, arguing that custom ASICs are bound to become mainstream. With the goal of ICs design for autonomous driving, this book discusses the theory and engineering practice of designing future-oriented autonomous driving SoC chips. The content is divided into thirteen chapters, the first chapter mainly introduces readers to the current challenges and research directions in autonomous driving. Chapters 2–6 focus on algorithm design for perception and planning control. Chapters 7–10 address the optimization of deep learning models and the design of deep learning chips, while Chapters 11-12 cover automatic driving software architecture design. Chapter 13 discusses the 5G application on autonomous drving. This book is suitable for all undergraduates, graduate students, and engineering technicians who are interested in autonomous driving.

Download or read book Compact and Fast Machine Learning Accelerator for IoT Devices written by Hantao Huang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest techniques for machine learning based data analytics on IoT edge devices. A comprehensive literature review on neural network compression and machine learning accelerator is presented from both algorithm level optimization and hardware architecture optimization. Coverage focuses on shallow and deep neural network with real applications on smart buildings. The authors also discuss hardware architecture design with coverage focusing on both CMOS based computing systems and the new emerging Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) based systems. Detailed case studies such as indoor positioning, energy management and intrusion detection are also presented for smart buildings.

Download or read book TinyML written by Pete Warden and published by O'Reilly Media. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep learning networks are getting smaller. Much smaller. The Google Assistant team can detect words with a model just 14 kilobytes in size—small enough to run on a microcontroller. With this practical book you’ll enter the field of TinyML, where deep learning and embedded systems combine to make astounding things possible with tiny devices. Pete Warden and Daniel Situnayake explain how you can train models small enough to fit into any environment. Ideal for software and hardware developers who want to build embedded systems using machine learning, this guide walks you through creating a series of TinyML projects, step-by-step. No machine learning or microcontroller experience is necessary. Build a speech recognizer, a camera that detects people, and a magic wand that responds to gestures Work with Arduino and ultra-low-power microcontrollers Learn the essentials of ML and how to train your own models Train models to understand audio, image, and accelerometer data Explore TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers, Google’s toolkit for TinyML Debug applications and provide safeguards for privacy and security Optimize latency, energy usage, and model and binary size

Download or read book Deep Learning for Computer Architects written by Brandon Reagen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning, and specifically deep learning, has been hugely disruptive in many fields of computer science. The success of deep learning techniques in solving notoriously difficult classification and regression problems has resulted in their rapid adoption in solving real-world problems. The emergence of deep learning is widely attributed to a virtuous cycle whereby fundamental advancements in training deeper models were enabled by the availability of massive datasets and high-performance computer hardware. This text serves as a primer for computer architects in a new and rapidly evolving field. We review how machine learning has evolved since its inception in the 1960s and track the key developments leading up to the emergence of the powerful deep learning techniques that emerged in the last decade. Next we review representative workloads, including the most commonly used datasets and seminal networks across a variety of domains. In addition to discussing the workloads themselves, we also detail the most popular deep learning tools and show how aspiring practitioners can use the tools with the workloads to characterize and optimize DNNs. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the design and optimization of hardware and architectures for machine learning. As high-performance hardware was so instrumental in the success of machine learning becoming a practical solution, this chapter recounts a variety of optimizations proposed recently to further improve future designs. Finally, we present a review of recent research published in the area as well as a taxonomy to help readers understand how various contributions fall in context.

Download or read book Professional CUDA C Programming written by John Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-09 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Break into the powerful world of parallel GPU programming with this down-to-earth, practical guide Designed for professionals across multiple industrial sectors, Professional CUDA C Programming presents CUDA -- a parallel computing platform and programming model designed to ease the development of GPU programming -- fundamentals in an easy-to-follow format, and teaches readers how to think in parallel and implement parallel algorithms on GPUs. Each chapter covers a specific topic, and includes workable examples that demonstrate the development process, allowing readers to explore both the "hard" and "soft" aspects of GPU programming. Computing architectures are experiencing a fundamental shift toward scalable parallel computing motivated by application requirements in industry and science. This book demonstrates the challenges of efficiently utilizing compute resources at peak performance, presents modern techniques for tackling these challenges, while increasing accessibility for professionals who are not necessarily parallel programming experts. The CUDA programming model and tools empower developers to write high-performance applications on a scalable, parallel computing platform: the GPU. However, CUDA itself can be difficult to learn without extensive programming experience. Recognized CUDA authorities John Cheng, Max Grossman, and Ty McKercher guide readers through essential GPU programming skills and best practices in Professional CUDA C Programming, including: CUDA Programming Model GPU Execution Model GPU Memory model Streams, Event and Concurrency Multi-GPU Programming CUDA Domain-Specific Libraries Profiling and Performance Tuning The book makes complex CUDA concepts easy to understand for anyone with knowledge of basic software development with exercises designed to be both readable and high-performance. For the professional seeking entrance to parallel computing and the high-performance computing community, Professional CUDA C Programming is an invaluable resource, with the most current information available on the market.

Download or read book Dive Into Deep Learning written by Joanne Quinn and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading experts in system change and learning, with their school-based partners around the world, have created this essential companion to their runaway best-seller, Deep Learning: Engage the World Change the World. This hands-on guide provides a roadmap for building capacity in teachers, schools, districts, and systems to design deep learning, measure progress, and assess conditions needed to activate and sustain innovation. Dive Into Deep Learning: Tools for Engagement is rich with resources educators need to construct and drive meaningful deep learning experiences in order to develop the kind of mindset and know-how that is crucial to becoming a problem-solving change agent in our global society. Designed in full color, this easy-to-use guide is loaded with tools, tips, protocols, and real-world examples. It includes: • A framework for deep learning that provides a pathway to develop the six global competencies needed to flourish in a complex world — character, citizenship, collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking. • Learning progressions to help educators analyze student work and measure progress. • Learning design rubrics, templates and examples for incorporating the four elements of learning design: learning partnerships, pedagogical practices, learning environments, and leveraging digital. • Conditions rubrics, teacher self-assessment tools, and planning guides to help educators build, mobilize, and sustain deep learning in schools and districts. Learn about, improve, and expand your world of learning. Put the joy back into learning for students and adults alike. Dive into deep learning to create learning experiences that give purpose, unleash student potential, and transform not only learning, but life itself.

Download or read book FPGA Implementations of Neural Networks written by Amos R. Omondi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-04 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1980s and early 1990s there was signi?cant work in the design and implementation of hardware neurocomputers. Nevertheless, most of these efforts may be judged to have been unsuccessful: at no time have have ha- ware neurocomputers been in wide use. This lack of success may be largely attributed to the fact that earlier work was almost entirely aimed at developing custom neurocomputers, based on ASIC technology, but for such niche - eas this technology was never suf?ciently developed or competitive enough to justify large-scale adoption. On the other hand, gate-arrays of the period m- tioned were never large enough nor fast enough for serious arti?cial-neur- network (ANN) applications. But technology has now improved: the capacity and performance of current FPGAs are such that they present a much more realistic alternative. Consequently neurocomputers based on FPGAs are now a much more practical proposition than they have been in the past. This book summarizes some work towards this goal and consists of 12 papers that were selected, after review, from a number of submissions. The book is nominally divided into three parts: Chapters 1 through 4 deal with foundational issues; Chapters 5 through 11 deal with a variety of implementations; and Chapter 12 looks at the lessons learned from a large-scale project and also reconsiders design issues in light of current and future technology.

Download or read book Neural Network Methods in Natural Language Processing written by Yoav Goldberg and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neural networks are a family of powerful machine learning models and this book focuses on their application to natural language data. The first half of the book (Parts I and II) covers the basics of supervised machine learning and feed-forward neural networks, the basics of working with machine learning over language data, and the use of vector-based rather than symbolic representations for words. It also covers the computation-graph abstraction, which allows to easily define and train arbitrary neural networks, and is the basis behind the design of contemporary neural network software libraries. The second part of the book (Parts III and IV) introduces more specialized neural network architectures, including 1D convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, conditioned-generation models, and attention-based models. These architectures and techniques are the driving force behind state-of-the-art algorithms for machine translation, syntactic parsing, and many other applications. Finally, we also discuss tree-shaped networks, structured prediction, and the prospects of multi-task learning.

Download or read book NANO CHIPS 2030 written by Boris Murmann and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-08 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, a global team of experts from academia, research institutes and industry presents their vision on how new nano-chip architectures will enable the performance and energy efficiency needed for AI-driven advancements in autonomous mobility, healthcare, and man-machine cooperation. Recent reviews of the status quo, as presented in CHIPS 2020 (Springer), have prompted the need for an urgent reassessment of opportunities in nanoelectronic information technology. As such, this book explores the foundations of a new era in nanoelectronics that will drive progress in intelligent chip systems for energy-efficient information technology, on-chip deep learning for data analytics, and quantum computing. Given its scope, this book provides a timely compendium that hopes to inspire and shape the future of nanoelectronics in the decades to come.

Download or read book Pro Deep Learning with TensorFlow written by Santanu Pattanayak and published by Apress. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deploy deep learning solutions in production with ease using TensorFlow. You'll also develop the mathematical understanding and intuition required to invent new deep learning architectures and solutions on your own. Pro Deep Learning with TensorFlow provides practical, hands-on expertise so you can learn deep learning from scratch and deploy meaningful deep learning solutions. This book will allow you to get up to speed quickly using TensorFlow and to optimize different deep learning architectures. All of the practical aspects of deep learning that are relevant in any industry are emphasized in this book. You will be able to use the prototypes demonstrated to build new deep learning applications. The code presented in the book is available in the form of iPython notebooks and scripts which allow you to try out examples and extend them in interesting ways. You will be equipped with the mathematical foundation and scientific knowledge to pursue research in this field and give back to the community. What You'll Learn Understand full stack deep learning using TensorFlow and gain a solid mathematical foundation for deep learning Deploy complex deep learning solutions in production using TensorFlow Carry out research on deep learning and perform experiments using TensorFlow Who This Book Is For Data scientists and machine learning professionals, software developers, graduate students, and open source enthusiasts

Download or read book Efficient Learning Machines written by Mariette Awad and published by Apress. This book was released on 2015-04-27 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Machine learning techniques provide cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods for extracting underlying relationships between information and data and for predicting future events by processing existing information to train models. Efficient Learning Machines explores the major topics of machine learning, including knowledge discovery, classifications, genetic algorithms, neural networking, kernel methods, and biologically-inspired techniques. Mariette Awad and Rahul Khanna’s synthetic approach weaves together the theoretical exposition, design principles, and practical applications of efficient machine learning. Their experiential emphasis, expressed in their close analysis of sample algorithms throughout the book, aims to equip engineers, students of engineering, and system designers to design and create new and more efficient machine learning systems. Readers of Efficient Learning Machines will learn how to recognize and analyze the problems that machine learning technology can solve for them, how to implement and deploy standard solutions to sample problems, and how to design new systems and solutions. Advances in computing performance, storage, memory, unstructured information retrieval, and cloud computing have coevolved with a new generation of machine learning paradigms and big data analytics, which the authors present in the conceptual context of their traditional precursors. Awad and Khanna explore current developments in the deep learning techniques of deep neural networks, hierarchical temporal memory, and cortical algorithms. Nature suggests sophisticated learning techniques that deploy simple rules to generate highly intelligent and organized behaviors with adaptive, evolutionary, and distributed properties. The authors examine the most popular biologically-inspired algorithms, together with a sample application to distributed datacenter management. They also discuss machine learning techniques for addressing problems of multi-objective optimization in which solutions in real-world systems are constrained and evaluated based on how well they perform with respect to multiple objectives in aggregate. Two chapters on support vector machines and their extensions focus on recent improvements to the classification and regression techniques at the core of machine learning.