Download or read book Air Pollution States Assigned a Major Role in EPA s Air Toxics Strategy written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a congressional request, GAO examined the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) strategy to rely more on states to regulate toxic air pollutants, specifically: (1) the status of the strategy; (2) certain legal issues related to state regulation of pollutants; and (3) variances among state air toxics programs. GAO noted that the EPA strategy of delegating its authority to set standards and regulations for toxic air pollutants and pollution sources raised concerns about legal issues, public health, and industry location implications. GAO found that: (1) the question of whether EPA has the discretion to delegate regulatory responsibility to states instead of issuing national standards is under litigation; (2) although EPA discontinued referring the regulation of toxic air pollutants to states, it continued to identify potential pollution sources in states and furnish them with studies for use in evaluation and regulation; (3) as of May 1968, 17 states had pollution control programs in place and 29 were developing programs; (4) since the state programs vary in terms of the pollutants and sources they regulate, their regulation strategies, and the methods they use to establish acceptable emission levels, then the levels of public exposure to toxic pollutants also vary; and (5) environmental regulation is generally not a significant factor in industry location decisions.

Download or read book Air Pollution States Assigned a Major Role in EPA s Air Toxics Strategy written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution written by Leah B. Cates and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Quality Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-30 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing the nation's air quality is a complex undertaking, involving tens of thousands of people in regulating thousands of pollution sources. The authors identify what has worked and what has not, and they offer wide-ranging recommendations for setting future priorities, making difficult choices, and increasing innovation. This new book explores how to better integrate scientific advances and new technologies into the air quality management system. The volume reviews the three-decade history of governmental efforts toward cleaner air, discussing how air quality standards are set and results measured, the design and implementation of control strategies, regulatory processes and procedures, special issues with mobile pollution sources, and more. The book looks at efforts to spur social and behavioral changes that affect air quality, the effectiveness of market-based instruments for air quality regulation, and many other aspects of the issue. Rich in technical detail, this book will be of interest to all those engaged in air quality management: scientists, engineers, industrial managers, law makers, regulators, health officials, clean-air advocates, and concerned citizens.

Download or read book EPA s Urban Air Toxics Strategy written by Renee J. Robins and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Executive summary: The Summer Air Symposium is a continuation of conferences established in 1993 for the purpose of informing decision makers on scientific aspects of important air pollution issues. Participation is limited to invited members of the scientific, regulatory, industrial, and public interest communities. The small size of the group promotes discussions that have led to important progress on ideas for improvements in air pollution control. The conference is co-sponsored by a variety of organizations (see Appendix I). The objective of the 1999 Symposium was to discuss scientific aspects of EPA's Urban Air Toxics Strategy, including the influence of science on policy and the influence of policy on scientific research. Specific questions to be addressed include: * What is known? * What are the uncertainties and their magnitude? * What research should be done? The EPA Urban Air Toxics Strategy is a new type of undertaking because it's a strategy, not a rule. It sets priorities and a schedule for ongoing action. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) identify 189 pollutants as air toxics. The CAAA establish a two-step approach for regulating these pollutants: (1) standard setting, which is designed to get broad reductions across the board, along with incidental reductions from mobile source programs, and (2) determination of whether additional reductions are needed to protect health and the environment. The Urban Air Toxics Strategy, residual risk standards, and mobile source study and standards come under the second step. The biggest challenge is to regulate while we're still learning: source inventories are evolving and our understanding of atmospheric transformation and cumulative effects is still incomplete. The paradigm is: source --> ambient conc. --> exposure -> dose --> effect control. Sources present a complex challenge. There are multiple pollutants, multiple sources, and we only have primitive emission characterization. Many ambient pollutants result from transformation in the atmosphere. Monitoring has provided some ambient data-showing some downward trends-but by no means enough. We need a national system, but need to be careful not to overbuild, for resources might be better used elsewhere. There are a lot of existing data that could be analyzed. Data challenges include a lack of prescribed methods and a need to better understand variability. States need to Ok participate in decisions concerning when and how to act. Exposure is the connection between ambient concentrations and health effects. For toxics, there is a special need to understand indoor vs. outdoor sources and exposures. Indoor exposures are poorly understood. We need to develop source apportionment tools, and this is critical to developing costeffective control strategies. The Cumulative Exposure Project is a major effort to address all sources, and it has come reasonably close to monitored levels. It is being brought into the Urban Air Toxics Strategy and updated (NATA). The challenges are dealing with a 1990 inventory, improving the quality of modeling, and public/risk communication. MATES II is an example of a very community-oriented attempt to do some of these same things. Diesel and mercury are in some sense the easy cases. We understand the sources, have health data, and there is a history and technology of controlling emissions. With respect to diesel, the debate is whether its emissions constitute an air toxic or not, and how large the risk is (which can be addressed with quantitative risk assessment tools). There has been less debate today concerning what to do about it. Is it regulated as PM? As an air toxic? Resolving these issues is important for determining diesel control strategies. Mercury is a very public issue because of fish advisories and TRI data. We know the primary anthropogenic sources, and control is possible, although at a cost ("catching a few fish in a big lake"). Health effects are a key element and a major challenge in developing an air toxics regulatory strategy. There is a "miserably inadequate data set for quantitative risk assessment." Only 14 of 33 priority HAPs have potency values, and there are quantification challenges, as well as questions about mechanisms at high and low doses. Unanswered is whether we are aiming for an "acceptable level of risk" (e.g. 1 excess cancer in a million) or an "acceptable level of control" (e.g. MACT). Finally, there are many research needs to support an overall strategy. Priorities include source characterization and inventory building, atmospheric transformation, improved monitoring techniques and standardization, exposure assessment for key indoor/outdoor toxics, and health science including biomarkers for exposure and dose-response information.

Download or read book Air Pollution written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is an independent agency that works for Congress. The GAO watches over Congress, and investigates how the federal government spends taxpayers dollars. The Comptroller General of the United States is the leader of the GAO, and is appointed to a 15-year term by the U.S. President. The GAO wants to support Congress, while at the same time doing right by the citizens of the United States. They audit, investigate, perform analyses, issue legal decisions and report anything that the government is doing. This is one of their reports.

Download or read book The Inside Story written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Better Air written by Jessica Lincoln-Oswalt and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authorities and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) derive primarily from a dozen major environmental statutes. This book provides a concise summary of one of those statutes, the Clean Air Act. It provides a brief history of federal involvement in air quality regulation and of the provisions added by legislation in 1970, 1977 and 1990. It also explains major authorities contained in the Act as well as key terms and references for more detailed information on the Act and its implementation.

Download or read book United States Code written by United States and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 1506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.

Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

Download or read book Nitrogen oxides NOx why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transportation Conformity written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transportation conformity is required under the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 176(c) to ensure that Federally-supported transportation activities are consistent with (“conform to”) the purpose of a State Implementation Plan (SIP). Transportation conformity establishes the framework for improving air quality to protect public health and the environment. Conformity to the purpose of the SIP means Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funding and approvals are given to highway and transit activities that will not cause new air quality violations, worsen existing air quality violations, or delay timely attainment of the relevant air quality standard, or any interim milestone. This Guide was prepared to help State and local officials understand transportation conformity and how conformity requirements relate to transportation investments in their communities. Specifically, the implications of conformity on metropolitan transportation plans, transportation improvement programs (TIPs), and transportation projects are discussed. The Guide provides overview information on the major elements of the conformity process and provides answers to basic questions. Several exhibits are included in the Guide to illustrate key elements of the conformity process. Appendices are also included that discuss the health effects of pollutants, options to reduce on-road mobile source emissions, and resource agency contacts.

Download or read book National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book America s Climate Choices written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-11 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is occurring. It is very likely caused by the emission of greenhouse gases from human activities, and poses significant risks for a range of human and natural systems. And these emissions continue to increase, which will result in further change and greater risks. America's Climate Choices makes the case that the environmental, economic, and humanitarian risks posed by climate change indicate a pressing need for substantial action now to limit the magnitude of climate change and to prepare for adapting to its impacts. Although there is some uncertainty about future risk, acting now will reduce the risks posed by climate change and the pressure to make larger, more rapid, and potentially more expensive reductions later. Most actions taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts are common sense investments that will offer protection against natural climate variations and extreme events. In addition, crucial investment decisions made now about equipment and infrastructure can "lock in" commitments to greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come. Finally, while it may be possible to scale back or reverse many responses to climate change, it is difficult or impossible to "undo" climate change, once manifested. Current efforts of local, state, and private-sector actors are important, but not likely to yield progress comparable to what could be achieved with the addition of strong federal policies that establish coherent national goals and incentives, and that promote strong U.S. engagement in international-level response efforts. The inherent complexities and uncertainties of climate change are best met by applying an iterative risk management framework and making efforts to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions; prepare for adapting to impacts; invest in scientific research, technology development, and information systems; and facilitate engagement between scientific and technical experts and the many types of stakeholders making America's climate choices.

Download or read book Advancing the Science of Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-10 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.